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Geography - Changing Places > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is tertiarisation?

A

growth of the tertiary sector

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2
Q

What has caused the growth of the tertiary sector?

A

increased productivity in manufacturing and agriculture, which has resulted in a decreased demand for labour

an increase in affluence has lead to an increase in this sector

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3
Q

What is the definition of gentrification?

A

the displacement of working class populations in an area as a more affluent population move in

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4
Q

What is the first stage of gentrification and how does it work? What is the impact on the original population?

A

The Early Stage:
- occurs in run down, de-industrialised, working class inner city locations
- artistic/hipster community take advantage of low rent buildings
- these groups are known as ‘urban pioneers’
- greasy spoon cafes = more food for lower price, services are relatively cheap
- limited impact on original population

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5
Q

What is the second stage of gentrification and how does it work? What is the impact on the original population?

A

The Transitional Stage:
- reputation of the area is enhanced as a ‘trendy’ hipster place
- new and more affluent residents move into the area, causing an increase in the no. of tourists/visitors
- demand for housing increases = prices increase
- more businesses are set up which leads to an increase in the prices of goods and services
- working class people struggle to keep up with affluence

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6
Q

What is the third stage of gentrification and how does it work? What is the impact on the original population?

A

The Late Stage:
- reputation is firmly established as a trendy, affluent and upcoming area
- new affluent population have higher wages
- private sector cooperate investment results in new exclusive housing development, services orientated to affluent pop.
- urban pioneers and working class people are priced out of the area

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7
Q

What is the case study for gentrification?

A

Shoreditch

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8
Q

Where is Shoreditch and when did they experience de-industrialisation?

A

Located in Hackney, East London (an inner city area)

In the 1980’s de-industrialisation of the garnet and furniture industry occurred, the area contained many derelict buildings

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9
Q

When and what happened in the first stage of gentrification in Shoreditch?

A

1990’s - stage 1
- area around Hoxton Square attracted the artistic community
- illegal warehouse raves took place and ‘greasy spoon’ cafes still operated

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10
Q

When and what happened in the second stage of gentrification in Shoreditch?

A

2000’s - stage 2
- area becomes one of the trendiest on London, attracting visitors and businesses
- causes an increase in property prices

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11
Q

In the second stage of gentrification in Shoreditch how did the property prices increase between 2005 and 2010?

A

average house price in…
2005 = £225,441

2010 = £345,827

(53% increase)

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11
Q

When and what happened in the third stage of gentrification in Shoreditch?

A

2010’s - stage 3
- demographics of shorditch were representative of wealthy middle class population
- change in services, reflecting the growing affluence
- Shoreditch cereal killer cafe targeted in gentrification protests
- involved 200 ppl, physically attacked business with torches and smoke bombs

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11
Q

What is a flagship development and how does it help with urban regeneration?

A

flagship = iconic development e.g. Birmingham Library

Creates a sense of ‘can only get this here’ and attracts tourists

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11
Q

What was the average price of a cereal bowl at the cereal killer cafe?

A

£3.00 - £6.00

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12
Q

What concerns do current residents have about this process in Shoreditch?

A
  1. marginalisation = splitting the community
  2. unaffordable for working class
  3. takes away industrial heritage
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13
Q

When was the Big City Plan put into place and what was the objective?

A

launched September 2010, aims to deliver sustainable growth, improve interconnectivity, new residential communities and diversify the economic base

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14
Q

How much was invested into the Big City Plan? How much is it going to contribute to economy?

A

£10 billion overall

  • £600 million investment to develop new street station
  • expanded city core area by 25%
  • 20 year vision
  • £2.1 billion to the city annually
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14
Q

What did the development of the Sandwell Aquatic Centre offer to Birmingham?

A
  • £6.5 million national investment in game sports
  • 40,000 new jobs, volunteering opportunities
  • more than £40 million of social value,
    approx. £200,000 input from it
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15
Q

What is reurbanisation?

A

the movement of people back into urban areas that have previously experienced outmigration.

this process attracts a more affluent population

16
Q

What is the case study for reurbanisation?

A

Brindley Place, Birmingham

17
Q

What was Brindley Place like in the 1970’s?

A

was based around a canal basin, dominated by derelict factories, extremely run down due to de-industrialisation

18
Q

When was the development funded and what was the funding for?

A

1987 a £200 million redevelopment involving an enterprise zone, Birmingham City Council regenerated the 15 hectar site into a premium leisure, commercial and residential area

19
Q

What was the first stage of the development of Brindley place?

A

construction of NIA, which opened in 1991

20
Q

How many jobs were created overall during the redevelopment?

A

10,000

21
Q

What did the scheme include? (features of the redevelopment - residential)

A

143 new houses and apartments in symphony court - completed in 1995

Later residential development included King Edwards Dwarf (243 apartments) in 2003

22
Q

What process occurred on Broad Street?

A

gentrification

23
Q

What employment opportunities were created due to the redevelopment scheme of Brindley Place?

A
  1. OOzells building -> HQ for city centre (retail and leisure job opportunities) boost in the secondary and tertiary sector
  2. 15,000 sq ft of office space
  3. foundry - flexible working space
24
Q

What is the local multiplier effect?

A

refers to the growth of a component of the local economy from an initial investment in another part of the economy

25
Q

Where was the entertainment district of Brindley Place?

A

The Broad Street area

26
Q

How has Broad Street changed over time?

A

1980’s -> suburban Highstreet
1990’s -> Broad Street was transformed into a night life quarter with bars and restaurants located in the area

27
Q

What retail aspects were incorporated into the development of Brindley Place?

A

Local multiplier effect from Broad Street

The development of the Mailbox which was constructed and gentrified from the Old Royal Mail sorting office

28
Q

Why might urban areas still experience decline even after reurbanisation? (what is the competition)

A
  • Retail competition from the internet
  • ‘Out of Town’ shopping centrs
  • Large CBD redevelopment schemes in nearby settlement
  • New entertainment complex
  • ‘Out of Town’ office developments
29
Q

What are the factors that have led to decline in traditional high streets?

A
  • de-industrialisation in inner cities
  • competition
  • Covid -19
  • internet/online shopping
30
Q

What are the advantages to online shopping compared to high street shopping?

A

+ saves travel cost
+ saves time
+ comparative shopping
+ greater range of goods
+ cheaper

31
Q

What are the advantages to ‘Out of Town’ shopping centres compared to high street shopping?

A

+ not weather dependent
+ more free parking available
+ more accessible, transport links
+safety (security and cameras)

32
Q

What is the high street case study?

A

Dudley

33
Q

What are the three measures used to calculate the Vitality Index?

A
  1. the proportion of premium/luxury retail outlets
  2. the proportion of low value retail
  3. the proportion of vacant premises
34
Q

What position was Dudley on the Vitality Index?

A

500 (lowest one)

35
Q

What was Dudley’s high street like in the 1970’s compared to now?

A

had many large department stores such as Debenhams, M&S, Curry’s

today its dominated by vacant premises or low value discount type stores
-> in 2014, 100 empty shops

36
Q

Why have ‘Out of Town’ shopping centres caused a decline to Dudley high street?

A

Merry hill was constructed in a series of phases between 1985 and 1989, covering a total area of 125 acres:
- has 220 stores, including 28 catering outlets
- includes leisure attractions e.g. Odeon multicomplex cinema
- offer 7,000 free parking spaces on site
- attracts over 20 million visitors annually

37
Q

Why have ‘Out of Town’ office developments caused a decline to Dudley’s high street?

A

The waterfront office park development is located 600m from Merry Hill and was constructed between 1990 and 1994 (area of 60 acres):
- over 45,000m2 of office space
- 4 star hotel with 138 rooms and 600 seat conference room
- numerous bars and restaurants
- employs over 3000 in tertiary secotr

38
Q

Why have retail developments in Birmingham caused a decline to Dudley’s high street?

A

The Bullring: costing £350 million, covering 26 acres and containing 160 shops
- very successful as it attracts 40 million visitors annually

Also can talk about the mailbox

39
Q

Why have transport developments in the West Midlands caused a decline to Dudley’s high street?

A

the Metro opened in 1999, connects Wolverhampton with Birmingham’s city centre, passing through Dudley

40
Q

What shop closed in 2007 on Dudley high street?

A

Woolworths

41
Q

How was Dudley’s regeneration attempt a fail?

A

£126 million invested over a decade on improving fire station, historic architecture
£6 million to improve the market place
expanding the college

-> non solved the retail problem

Geography - Changing Places (4 decks)

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