Unit 4 Flashcards
Abreaction
The expression and consequent discharge of emotional tension associated with repressed ideas or emotions achieved through reliving the experience that caused it (typically through hypnosis or suggestion).
Absorb
to read or hear a large amount of new information and understand it //
Achieve
To do or get what you want.
Acquainted
To not be close friends with SB, but having met them a few times before, although you do not know them very well.
Act on/ upon sth
To do STH because of another person’s advice or order, or because you have received information or had an idea.
Acute
very serious
Adamant
determined not to change your opinion or a decision that you have made
Remain adamant
Adjunct
sth that is added or joined to sth bigger or more important
Affectation
a way of behaving, speaking etc that is not sincere or natural
Sth is an affectation.
“Calling everyone “darling” is an Aff she has
Affixed
to fasten or stick something to something else
Afflict
Afflicted (Adj)/ Affliction (N)
Aforementioned
mentioned before in an earlier part of a document, article, book etc
Afterthought
STH that is mentioned or added later because it has not been thought of it or planned it before.
Aggravate
to make a bad situation, an illness, or an injury worse // to make someone angry or annoyed
Agitation
when you are so anxious, nervous, or upset that you cannot think calmly // public argument or action for social or political change
1:She was in a state of considerable agitation. // 2: Mass agitation for political reform
Ailment
An illness that is not very serious.
Alternative Medicine
Acupuncture, Fengshui, Herbalism, Homeopathy, Chiropractic
Amorphous
having no definite shape or features
Ample
more than enough
Annoyance
a feeling of slight anger
Anti- inflammatory
What reduces or prevents swelling
Antonyms of “Fearless”
.
Aptly
very suitable (appropriate)
Arousal
excitement, especially sexual excitement
At the end of one’s tether
without patience, endurance or strength. Being worn out, exhausted, exasperated.
At the threshold of sth
at the beginning of a new and important event or development
At the threshold of
At/on the beginning of STH or very close to STH such as a new condition, an important discovery, an event, a development etc.
Attribute sth to sth/sb
to believe or say that a situation or event is caused by something // if people in general attribute a particular statement, painting, piece of music etc to someone, they believe that person said it, painted it etc
Attribute
a quality or feature, especially one that is considered to be good or useful
Avail oneself of sth
To accept an offer or use an opportunity to do STH.
Awake
To wake up or to make SB wake up.
Awaken
to stop sleeping, or to make SB stop sleeping.
Awoken/ woken from:
to stop sleeping, or to make SB stop sleeping.
Bashful
Shy and easily embarrassed
Be wronged
treated unfairly or unjustly
Bear responsibility
To support and endure a responsibility
Bear/ have/ hold/ harbour a grudge (against)
to maintain resentment or anger against someone for a past offence (related to anger).
Beget
To cause STH or make it happen.
Belie
to give someone a false idea about something // to show that something cannot be true or real
Bereave
Bereft (adj)/ Bereavement (noun)
Blow
a sudden event which has damaging effects on sb/sth causing sadness or disappointment.
Blow to your ego
A sudden action or event that harms or damages your ego, causing you to be sad or disappointed.
Boil
To be extremely angry
Bolster
To improve STH or make it stronger
Boost
to increase or improve something and make it more successful
Bound up with sth
To be very closely connected with STH such as a particular problem, situation, idea, activity, etc.
Bring sth out
to take something out of a place
Broaden
Broad/ Breadth
Buffer
SB/STH that reduces a shock or protects SB/STH against difficulties or from being harmed.
Bundle of nerves
to be very nervous
Bundle
a group of things such as papers, clothes, or sticks that are fastened or tied together
Burn out
extreme state which many times prevents you from doing basic everyday things.
Burn the candles at both ends
to work or do other things from early in the morning until late at night and get very little rest.
Burn the midnight oil
read or work late into the night
Bury your head in your arms
to cover or hide your face with something. (not related to stress)
Threshold
at the beginning of a new and important event or development
Cadre
a small group of specially trained people in a profession, political party, or military force
Catalysts
something or someone that causes an important change or event to happen
Causation
the action of causing something to happen or exist // causality
Cherish
To keep an ambition/a belief/a dream/a hope/a memory/a moment/a tradition in your mind for a long period of time, because you consider it very important for you.
Chimaera:
STH, especially an idea or hope, that is not really possible and can never exist
Come true:
When a dream becomes reality in the way that SB has said or hoped that they would after a long time.
Come/ get to grips with
To begin to understand and deal with STH difficult.
Concomitant
existing or happening together, especially as a result of something
Confer
to discuss something with other people, so that everyone can express their opinions and decide on something
Conquer one’s fears
.
Contrariwise
in the opposite way or direction
Cool (sb) down
To become calm after being angry.// To make SB calm, less excited, or less enthusiastic after being angry.
Cope with one’s fears
.
Cornerstone:
STH that is extremely important because everything else depends on it.
Coy
Shy or pretending to be shy and innocent, especially about love or sex, sometimes in order to make people more interested in you. A coy smile/look
Cram
to force something into a small space //
Crumble
To begin to fail or get weaker or to come to an end. To be crumbling emotionally
Crusader
SB who makes a long and determined effort to achieve STH that they believe to be right or to stop STH they believe to be wrong.
CRY Bawl:
to shout in a loud voice // cry loudly (llorar a gritos/ hacer berrinche)
CRY Blubber:
to cry noisily, especially in a way that annoys people (llorar a moco tendido)
CRY Sb’s eyes fill with tears:
To make SB’s eyes become full of tears.
CRY Sob:
to cry noisily while breathing in short sudden bursts (sollozar)
CRY Tears are streaming/ rolling/ running down sb’s face: When tears flow quickly over a surface smoothly in a particular direction or place and in great amounts without stopping.
.
CRY Tears well up and flood over (the most trivial situations):
Tears come into SB’s eyes and they are affected suddenly and strongly.
CRY Tears well up in sb’s eyes
: Tears come into SB’s eyes.
CRY To be in tears/ in floods of tears:
To be crying a lot.
CRY To be moved to tears:
To be so upset that you cry.
CRY To be on the verge of tears:
To be almost crying.
CRY To break down
To be very upset, lose control of your feelings, and start to cry, especially in front of other people
CRY To break down and cry/ weep: idem
To be very upset, lose control of your feelings, and start to cry, especially in front of other people
CRY To break down in tears
To be very upset, lose control of your feelings, and start to cry, especially in front of other people
CRY To bring tears to sb’s eyes
: To make SB cry.
CRY To burst into tears:
To suddenly start crying
CRY To cry one’s eyes/ heart out:
To be extremely sad and cry a lot.
CRY To cry oneself to sleep:
To cry until SB falls asleep.
CRY To do one’s best to never let tears come out:
.
CRY To feel a tear come to one’s eyes:
.
CRY To fight/ hold/ choke back tears:
To stop yourself from expressing how you really feel, especially with difficulty.
CRY To have an overbrimming lake of tears ever ready to flow just under the surface:
.
CRY To have teary eyes:
To be full of or involving tears.
CRY To let the tears flow:
.
CRY To reduce sb to tears:
To make SB cry.
CRY To shed public tears:
To cry so that everyone can see.
CRY To weep openly and tug at the world’s heartstrings:
To cry because you feel very sad without hiding your feelings and cause strong feelings of love or sympathy in everybody.
CRY Wail:
to say something in a loud, sad, and complaining way (gemido, llanto, lamento)
CRY Weep:
to cry, especially because you feel very sad (weep)
CRY Whimper:
to make low crying sounds, or to speak in this way (lloriquear, gimotear, especialmente en animales)
CRY Whine:
to complain in a sad annoying voice about something (gimotear, lloriquear, quejarse)
Culprit
the person who is guilty of a crime or doing something wrong
Daydream
Pleasant thoughts you have while you are awake that make you forget what you are doing.
Daydream
to think about something pleasant, especially when this makes you forget what you should be doing
Deem
To have a particular opinion about SB/STH.
Defeat one’s fears
.
Depict
to describe sth or smn in writing or speech, or to show them in a painting, picture etc
Deplete
To reduce STH by a large amount so that there is not enough left; to be reduced by a large amount.
Derisive
showing that you think someone or something is stupid or silly
Dial sth back/down
To reduce STH or make it less extreme.
Diffident
Not having much confidence in yourself; not wanting to talk about yourself. Shy.
Dire
extremely serious or terrible // A ~ about STH terrible that will happen in the future
Distraught
so upset and worried that you cannot think clearly
Divert sth from/ into
To cause SB/STH to change direction.
Monger
someone who says unpleasant things
Double-edged sword
STH that seems to be good or has advantages, but that can have a bad effect and disadvantages.
Drain
To make SB/STH weaker, poorer, etc. by using up their/its strength, money, etc.
Dreadful
Used to emphasise how bad SB/STH is.
Dwindle
(to gradually become less and less or smaller and smaller)
Effect
Efficient- effective- efficacious/ Efficacy
Elude
to escape from someone or something, especially by tricking them
Empower
Empowered/ -ing / Empowerment
Encourage
Courageous/ Courage
Endeavour
/ɪnˈdevə/ to try very hard
Endeavour
an attempt to do something new or difficult
Endure
to be in a difficult or painful situation for a long time without complaining // to remain alive or continue to exist for a long time
Entrust
to make someone responsible for doing something important, or for taking care of someone
Erode
To gradually destroy, remove, or reduce STH or make it weaker over a period of time.// To be destroyed, removed, reduced or made weaker in this way.
Eustress
A positive form of stress having a beneficial effect on health, motivation, performance, and emotional well-being.
Exacerbate
to make a bad situation worse
Exasperation
when you feel annoyed because someone continues to do something that is upsetting you
Exposed to
not protected from attack, from the weather
Extrovert
A lively and confident person who enjoys being with other people.
Extroverted
An extroverted person, behaviour
Face
Deal with a difficult situation
Far and wide
Over a large area or distance.
Fear
.
Entrepreneurs
/ɒntrəprəˈnɜː/ someone who starts a new business or arranges business deals in order to make money, often in a way that involves financial risks
FEAR get/ give goosebumps (NAmE)
A sudden action or event that harms or damages your ego, causing you to be sad or disappointed.
FEAR Get/give gooseflesh (BrE):
A sudden action or event that harms or damages your ego, causing you to be sad or disappointed.
FEAR To be as white as a sheet
To be extremely pale, usually because of illness, a shock, or fear.
FEAR To be frightened out of one’s wits/ to death:
To be very frightened.
FEAR To be scared stiff/silly (half) to death/ out of one’s wits:
To be extremely frightened so much that you stop behaving sensibly.
FEAR To chill somebody to the bone/ chill sb to the marrow/ chill sb’s blood
.
FEAR To chill the spine:
To make SB feel very frightened in an exciting way.
FEAR To feel one’s blood run cold/ freeze:
To make SB feel suddenly very frightened or worried.
FEAR To get the wind up/ put wind up somebody:
To become/be anxious, frightened, or nervous about STH.
FEAR To give someone the creeps:
To make SB feel nervous and a little frightened, especially because SB/STH is unpleasant or strange.
FEAR To give someone the jitters:
To have feelings of being anxious and nervous, especially before an important event or before having to do STH difficult.
FEAR To give someone the shivers:
To make SB feel very frightened or disgusted
FEAR To give someone the squeeby-jeebies/ the heebie-jeebies:
To give SB a nervous or frightened feeling or worry.
FEAR To give someone the willies:
To give SB a nervous, unpleasant or frightened feeling.
FEAR To have/ get butterflies in one’s stomach:
To feel very nervous or excited before doing STH.
FEAR To have/ get the jitters:
To have feelings of being anxious and nervous, especially before an important event or before having to do STH difficult.
FEAR To make one’s teeth chatter:
To make SB’s teeth hit or knock together quickly and continuously because SB is cold or afraid
FEAR To make someone’s flesh creep:
To make SB feel frightened, nervous, or uncomfortable.
FEAR To make someone’s hair stand on end:
To shock or frighten SB.
FEAR To put the fear of God into someone:
To make SB feel very frightened by making sure they know what will happen to them if they do not do STH that they must do, especially in order to make them do STH.
FEAR To send shivers (up and) down the spine:
To make SB feel very frightened or excited.
FEAR To set someone’s teeth on edge:
When a sound or taste makes SB feel physically uncomfortable.
FEAR To shiver:
To shake slightly because you are cold, frightened, excited, etc
FEAR To shudder with sth/ at sth/ to do sth:
To shake for a short time because of a strong feeling, because you are cold, frightened, or because you think STH is very unpleasant.
Feared
Producing fear in others.
Fearful
Frightened that STH bad might happen.
Fearless:
Not afraid of anything, in a way that people admire.
Fearmongers
People who cause fear in others
Fearsome
Making people feel very frightened // very frigthening
Feel annoyed
slightly angry
Feel bitter
angry, jealous, and upset because you think you have been treated unfairly
Feel miffed
slightly annoyed or upset
Feel offended
angry and upset by someone’s behaviour or remarks
Feel outraged
feeling of great anger and shock
Outrage
Make smn feel angry and shocked
Feel peeved
Annoyed
Feel pissed/ pissed off
Annoyed
Sorrow
a feeling of great sadness, usually because smn has died or because sth terrible has happened to you
Fend sb/sth off:
To defend yourself from STH such as difficult questions, criticisms, competition, or a situation you do not want to deal with, especially by avoiding them.
Fight-or-flight response
A reaction that people have to a dangerous situation that makes them either stay and deal with it, or run away.
Find different avenues for expression and different catalysts (precipitant)
To find a choice, a channel, an outlet, or a way of making progress towards sth, a person or thing that causes a change
Flare
To suddenly become angry, violent.
Flare (up)
To suddenly become very angry or violent with SB about STH they have said or done. To suddenly start burning more brightly, said of a person to suddenly become angry.
Flipside
The bad effects of STH such as an idea, argument, or action that also has good effects.
Flood
To cover a place with STH, or to become covered with STH.
Fly off the handle
to react in a very angry way to sth that someone says or does.
Foreboding
A strong feeling that STH bad, unpleasant or dangerous is going to happen soon.
Foster
to help a skill, feeling, idea etc develop over a period of time
Fraught with sth
To be full of STH unpleasant.
Frazzled
to be extremely tired in a nervous or slightly worried way after a lot of mental or physical effort (related to stress).
Freeze, flight, fight or fright response
The expanded version of the fight or flight response which scientists have come up with to cover a wide scope of fear responses.
Fright
a sudden feeling of fear
Frustration
the feeling of being annoyed, upset, or impatient, because you cannot control or change a situation, or achieve something
Fuel
To make STH, especially STH bad, increase or become stronger. To supply sth with material that can be burnt to produce heat or power.
Fulfil
To do or get what you want.
Full-blown
Having all the characteristics of SB/STH that is at its most complete or advanced stage; fully developed. Fully developed; having all characteristics.
Full-fledged:
Completely developed, trained, or established.// With all the qualifications necessary for STH.
Fury
(a feeling of) extreme, often uncontrolled anger
Geared toward/ to a particular purpose:
to organise or design sth in order to achieve a purpose.
Get down to brass tacks
(To start to consider) the basic facts or practical details of STH.
Get/lose one’s bearings
To figure out one’s position or situation relative to one’s surroundings
Give (sth) a nudge
To give STH a slight push
Give in
accept that you are defeated in a game, fight, competition // to finally agree to do or accept something that you had at first opposed, especially because someone has forced or persuaded you to
Give in to sth
to no longer try to stop yourself from doing something you want to do
Give sb the creeps
to give someone a feeling of uneasiness or mild fright.
Given that
taking that fact into account.
Go out of the way
to make more effort than expected.
Go through the roof:
to get very angry
Grease the wheels of life (NAmE):
To help STH to happen or to be done easily and successfully without problems, especially in business or politics.
Grief-stricken
extremely sad
Grievance
STH that you think is unfair and that you complain or protest about.// A feeling that you have been badly treated.
Grim (state)
Making you feel worried, unhappy, unpleasant, or depressing.
Haul
a large amount of illegal or stolen goods
Qualms
a feeling of slight worry or doubt because you are not sure that what you are doing is right
Have one’s hair standing on end
to cause one to be very frightened (related to fears and phobias).
Haze
A mental state in which SB’s thoughts, feelings, etc. are not clear and it is not possible to think clearly.
Hectic
Very busy or full of activity.
Herbalist
A practitioner of herbalism
Heresy
a belief that disagrees with the official principles of a particular religion
Hijack
To take control of STH and use it for SB’s own purposes. To keep your temper from hijacking your life
Hinder
: To make it difficult for SB to do STH or for STH to develop, happen or succeed.
Hirsute
having a lot of hair on your body and face
Hit like a tidal wave
STH that starts suddenly and strikes hard.
Hit the roof
to get very angry
Hold
to have a particular opinion or belief
Hone
To develop and improve STH, especially a skill at doing STH, especially when you are already very good at it, over a period of time.
Horror- stricken/ horror- struck:
so shocked or frightened that you do not know what to do
Host of emotions:
.
Hustlers
someone who tries to trick people into giving them money
Impair
To damage STH or make STH worse. One’s judgement, motor skills, academic performance, a function, freedom, vision, an ability.
Impede
to make it difficult for someone or something to move forward or make progress
In a huff
to be angry and offended // feeling angry or bad-tempered, especially because someone has offended you
In both, subtle and seismic way
In a way that is unnoticed (subtle) but has a strong effect (seismic)
In lieu
Instead of STH.
In the face of sth
in a situation where there are many problems, difficulties, or dangers
In the heat of
In the most intense or active stage of some activity or condition
In/ at/ to the forefront
To be in a leading position in a particular group or an important activity that is trying to achieve STH or develop new ideas.
Indignation
feelings of anger and surprise because you feel insulted or unfairly treated
Infuse
To slowly put a drug or other substance into a person’s vein.// To fill SB/STH with a particular feeling or quality.
Ingrained (in sb/ sth)
Firmly established attitudes, behaviours, habits, prejudices, beliefs, etc. that have existed for a long time and they are therefore difficult to change.
Inhibited
Unable to relax or express your feelings in a natural way
Introvert
A quiet person who is more interested in their own thoughts and feelings than in spending time with other people
Introverted
An introverted person, behaviour, child, individual, group.
Irrational
Not based on, or not using, clear logical thought or reason
Irritation
the feeling of being annoyed about something, especially something that happens repeatedly or for a long time
Jumpy
said of a person who is anxious and uneasy (related to stress).
Jungle a job with family and kids
(related to stress)
Keep a lid on
To keep STH secret or hidden.// To keep STH under control very carefully, especially so that it does not cause problems or becomes worse.
Keep alive
To make a dream continue to exist.
Keep/ hold sb/ sth in check
To keep SB/STH under control and prevent them/it from spreading, getting worse, becoming too great, or powerful. To keep one’s anger in check.
Knee-jerk
to react to a situation too quickly, usually by saying or doing something without thinking properly about it
Kneejerk (reaction):
A reaction in which you feel or say STH about a situation from habit, without thinking about it.
Languish
Be forced to remain in a place where they are unhappy // if something languishes, it fails to improve and develop or become successful
Lashing out
To suddenly speak angrily to SB/STH or suddenly criticise SB/STH very strongly.// To suddenly try to hit or attack SB/STH with a series of violent uncontrolled movements using your hands or feet.
LAUGH Burst out laughing:
To suddenly start laughing
LAUGH Laugh your head off:
To laugh a lot very loudly and for a long time
LAUGH To get/ to have a belly laugh:
To Get/have a deep and very loud laugh.
LAUGH To giggle:
to laugh quickly, quietly, and in a high voice, because something is funny or because you are nervous or embarrassed
LAUGH To let go with the kind of laughter that has us clutching our bellies and gasping for air:
.
LAUGH What tickles one’s funny bone:
To amuse.// To make SB laugh, to be humorous to SB.
LAUGH A barrel/ bundle of laughs:
SB/STH that is fun a lot or makes you laugh, often used jokingly when they are not fun at all.
LAUGH A burst of laughter:
A short period of loud laughter.
LAUGH A roar/ growl of laughter:
A deep long loud sound of laughter.
LAUGH Gales/ fits/ ripples of laughter:
A lot of sudden loud sounds of laughter
LAUGH In hysterics:
To be laughing loudly and uncontrollably without being able to stop.
LAUGH Laugh heartily/ uproariously/ hysterically:
To laugh a lot.
LAUGH To beam
to smile very happily
LAUGH To burst into laughter:
To suddenly start laughing
LAUGH To cackle
to laugh in a loud unpleasant way, making short high sounds
LAUGH To chortle
to laugh because you are amused or pleased about something
LAUGH To chuckle
to laugh quietly
LAUGH To crack up a joke:
To say STH intended to be funny, such as a joke, and make SB laugh a lot
LAUGH To explode/ bellow/ hoot/ gurgle/ snort/ roar/ shriek/ scream/ howl/ whoop/ rock/ shake with laughter:
.
LAUGH To get the giggles
a quick, quiet, high-sounding laugh (get or give G)
LAUGH To give a gurgle of laughter:
The moment when babies make a sound in the throat, especially when they are happy.
LAUGH To grimace
to twist your face in an ugly way because you do not like sth, because you are feeling pain, or because you are trying to be funny
LAUGH To grin
to smile widely
LAUGH To jeer
to laugh at smn or shout unkind things at them in a way that shows you do not respect them
LAUGH To leer
to look at smn in an unpleasant way that shows that you think they are sexually attractive
LAUGH To smirk
to smile in an unpleasant way that shows that you are pleased by smn else’s bad luck or think you are better than other people
LAUGH To sneer
to smile or speak in a very unkind way that shows you have no respect for smn or sth
LAUGH To snicker
to laugh quietly and in a way that is not nice at sth which is not supposed to be funny
LAUGH To snigger
to laugh quietly in a way that is not nice at sth which is not supposed to be funny
LAUGH To split one’s sides:
To laugh a lot at SB/STH
LAUGH To titter:
to laugh quietly in a high voice, especially because you are nervous
LAUGH To wipe the smile off sb’s face
: To make SB feel less happy or confident, especially because SB else is annoyed and they think they are clever and do not think the situation is funny
Lay the groundwork for sth
to provide the conditions that will make it possible for sth to happen or succeed.
Layperson:
someone who is not trained in a particular subject or type of work, especially when they are being compared with someone who is (layman/ laywoman)
Lean towards sth
To tend to support, begin to support, or prefer STH such as a particular set of opinions, beliefs, interests, etc.
Level-headed
calm and sensible in making judgments or decisions (OPP: hot-headed)
Like a red rag to a bull
to be certain to produce anger or violent reaction.
Likely to be removed from the gene pool
.
Lingering
continuing to exist for longer than is usual or desirable
Lodge
To become fixed or stuck somewhere; to make STH become fixed or stuck somewhere. Lodge in sth/ lodge sth in sth
Lodge a complaint/ porposal/ appeal
to make a formal or official complaint, protest etc
Lose your temper
to suddenly become angry; to be in a bad, foul, etc temper. To be feeling very angry.
Low bar of cost and a low risk of stigma
That will not cause or cost much stigmatisation or criticism
Maladaptive
not adjusting adequately or appropriately to the environment or situation.
Maladaptive daydreaming
when daydreaming becomes so intense that it disrupts your everyday life.
Malleable
People, ideas, etc, that can be easily influenced, changed, or controlled by other people
Meet
to experience a problem, attitude, or situation
Meet the eyes
to see sth
Meet/face one’s nemesis
To meet/face an opponent or enemy that is likely to be impossible for SB to defeat, or a situation that is likely to be impossible for SB to deal with.
Menacing
making you expect something unpleasant
Mend
to end a quarrel or difficult situation by dealing with the problem that is causing it
Mildly
in a gentle way without being angry // slightly
Mismatch
A combination of things or people that do not work well together or are not suitable for each other. Out of proportion to sth.
Monitor
to carefully watch and check a situation in order to see how it changes over a period of time
Motionless
not moving at al
Muster
To get enough courage to do STH, especially with difficulty, even though you are afraid to do it. To gather/ pluck up (courage).
Nervous wreck
someone who is very nervous, tired, or unhealthy
Never-never land
an imaginary place where everything is perfect
Niggling
sth continues to worry a person even though they refuse to think about it.
Hard and fast
A clear, fixed, or definite reason that is not able to be changed in any circumstances // clear, definite, and always able to be used
Oddity
a strange or unusual person or thing // a strange quality in someone or something
Offending
making people feel angry or insulted // relating to or guilty of an illegal offence
Offset
To use one cost, payment, or situation in order to cancel or reduce the effect of another.
Onwards
Forward
Optimist
A person who always expects good things to happen or things to be successful.
Optimistic
An optimistic person, view, outcome, result, response, mood. Optimistic + about
Outburst
A sudden strong expression of an emotion, especially anger.
Outcome
The final result or effect of an action or event, especially when no one knows what it will be until it actually happens.
Outlet
a way of expressing or getting rid of strong feelings
Outlook
your general attitude to life and the world // what is expected to happen in the future
Outweigh
To be more important or valuable than STH else
Outwit
to gain an advantage over someone using tricks or clever plans
Over-the-counter
Medicines which are sold without a medical prescription
Overcome
to successfully control a feeling or problem that prevents you from achieving something
Go into overdrive
To start being very active and working very hard.
Overhaul
To examine a system or method carefully and make many changes in it in order to improve it.
Panacea
STH that people think will make everything better and solve all their problems of a particular situation.
Panic-stricken:
feeling so afraid or worried that you cannot think clearly or calmly.
Passive constructions
To be traumatised, To be intimidated, To be harassed, To be threatened, To be menaced, To be overwhelmed, To be obsessed, To be undermined, To be crippled
Perilous
very dangerous
Peril
Great danger // A danger or problem in a particular activity or situation.
Pessimist
A person who always expects bad things to happen
Pessimistic
Thinking that bad things are more likely to happen or emphasising the bad part of a situation. Pessimistic + about
Phobias
Aerophobia, Insectphobia, Apiphobia, Coulrophobia, Technophobia, Atrophobia, Koumpounophobia, Claustrophobia, Sociophobia, Frigophobia, Ophidiophobia, Arachnophobia, Acrophobia
Pie in the sky
STH good that SB says will happen, but which seems impossible or unlikely to happen
Pipe dream
A dream that is impossible to achieve or is extremely unlikely to happen.
Pop out of thin air
To appear unexpectedly in a mysterious way from nowhere or nothing, as if by magic.
Poverty- stricken
extremely poor
Precipitant
A cause of a particular action or event.// A cause or stimulus which precipitates a particular condition
Prevalent
Preponderant or prevailing
Prey on a person’s mind
to make smn worry, to be constantly on someone’s mind, worries or anxieties related to a problem or a difficult situation.
Prime
the time in your life when you are strongest and most active
Prime
Most important // of the very best quality or kind
Prime
to prepare someone for a situation so that they know what to do
Proclivity
a tendency to behave in a particular way, or to like a particular thing – used especially about something bad
Prompt
To cause STH to happen. Trigger, cause. Make smn decide to do sth
Pump
To make liquid or gas move in a particular direction as if it is being forced by a pump. / To remove liquid from STH
Pursue
To continue doing an activity or trying to achieve STH over a long period of time.
Pursue the matter/argument/question etc
to continue trying to find out about or persuade someone about a particular subject
Push sb’s buttons
To make SB feel strong emotions or to react in either a positive or a negative way.
Put one’s finger on something
To (not) know or (not) be able to explain or identify exactly what is wrong, different, or unusual about a particular situation. To specify/ pinpoint.
Rage
a strong feeling of uncontrollable anger
Take advantage of sth
to use a particular situation to do or get what you want
Rear-ende
to hit the back of one car with another in an accident:
Receive credit for
Receive acknowledgment or praise for some accomplishment
Reframe
to change the way something is expressed or considered // to change the plans or basic details of (a policy, idea, etc) // cahnge focus or perspective
Reinforce
to give support to an opinion, idea, or feeling, and make it stronger // to make a group of people, especially an army, stronger by adding people, equipment etc
Release
To express feelings such as anger or worry in order to get rid of them
Resentment
a feeling of anger because something has happened that you think is unfair
Reserved
Said of a person or their character: slow or unwilling to show feelings or express opinions
Restore
Restored/ restorative / Restoration
Reverie
A state of imagining or thinking about pleasant things, almost as though you are dreaming. (/ˈrevəri/)
Revivify
to give new life and health to someone or something
Rev up
if you rev up a system or organization, or if it revs up, it becomes more active
Rift
A situation in which two people or groups have had a serious disagreement and begun to dislike and not trust each other.
Roam
to walk or travel, usually for a long time, with no clear purpose or direction (wander)
Rouse
To wake SB up, especially when they are sleeping deeply. To rouse sb from sleep/ bed, dreams, slumber
Ruminate
to think carefully and deeply about something
Run in families
When many people in a particular family have a common feature such as a quality, disease, or skill.
Rush
When a liquid /feeling flows strongly // a sudden strong, usually pleasant feeling that you get from taking a drug or from doing something exciting
Scaffold
the temporary support or guidance provided to a child by parents, older siblings, peers, or other adults in the process of solving a problem.
Scant
not enough
Scaremongers
People who say things in order to raise fear
Scar
A permanent mark that is left on the skin after a wound has got better.
See red
to become angry. It makes me see red.
Seethe
To be extremely angry about STH but to try not to show other people how angry you are.
Seethe/Seething:
extremely angry about something but not showing it to others.
Seismic
very great, serious, or important
Self-righteous
proudly sure that your beliefs, attitudes, and morals are good and right, in a way that annoys other people – used to show disapproval
Set off
To make STH start happening, especially when you do not intend to do so.
Set sth down:
to state how sth should be done in an official document or set of rules // to write about sth so that you have a record of it
Set sth off:
To make STH start happening, especially when you do not intend to do so.
Shell-shocked
related to PTSD, mainly traumatised soldiers from WWI // feeling tired, confused, or anxious because of a recent difficult experience
Shield
To protect SB/STH from danger, harm or STH unpleasant (barrier).
Shore (sth) up:
To help or support STH that is weak, likely to fail, or is not working well.
Short fuse:
to become angry quickly
Shrink
to become smaller, or to make something smaller, through the effects of heat or water
Shrink
to become or to make something smaller in amount, size, or value
Shrivel (up)
To become smaller and covered in lines because it is very dry, cold, hot or old.
Shrug one’s shoulders
to show indecision or indifference (not related to stress)
Shuttle
from one place to another place, they frequently go from one place to the other.
Skyrocket
if a price or an amount skyrockets, it greatly increases very quickly
Slight
In small degree
Slumber
to sleep
Slumber
Sleep
Smoulder
To be filled with a strong emotion that you do not fully express.
Snappy
to be annoyed and irritable, inclined to speak in an angry, sharpy way (related to anger)
Soar
To rise sharply to a high level and take place suddenly and steeply.
Social landscape
the general situation in which a particular activity takes place
Soothe
To make SB who is anxious, upset, angry, etc. feel calmer and less anxious. Self-soothing
Sought to
seek to (past part)/ Seek: to try to achieve or get something
Spike SB’s gun
to spoil an opponent’s plans
Spike
a sudden large increase in the number or rate of something
Spite
a feeling of wanting to hurt or upset people, for example because you are jealous or think you have been unfairly treated
Sheer
(Feeling) Pure
Squirt
To force out liquid, gas, etc. in a thin, fast stream through a narrow opening.
Standpoint
An opinion or a way of thinking about people, situations, ideas etc.
Stem from sth
To develop as a result of STH else.
Stem
to stop something from happening, spreading, or developing
Stepping stone
STH that helps you to make progress or begin to achieve STH.
Sth bottled-up:
To not allow other people to see that you are unhappy, angry, etc., especially when this happens over a long period of time.Feelings bottled up
Strengthen
Strong (adj) / Strength (noun)
Stress-riden
people overwhelmed by the circumstances of their lives
Stressed out
so worried and tired that you cannot relax
Stressors
a stimulus that causes stress
Strike fear into sb’s heart
to make sb afraid
Strike fear/ terror into sb
to make sb extremely frightened
Stringent
(law, rule standard) very strict and must be obeyed // stringent economic conditions exist when there is a severe lack of money and strict controls on the supply of money
Struck with horror/ terror/ awe
to suddenly feel very afraid/ shocked/ etc.
Succumb to
to stop opposing smn or sth that is stronger than you, and allow them to take control // if you succumb to an illness, you become very ill or die of it
Sulk
to be silently angry and refuse to be friendly or discuss what is annoying or upsetting you – used to show disapproval
Suppress:
to stop yourself from showing your feelings // to stop people from opposing the government, especially by using force
Surge (of sth)
a sudden increase of a strong feeling (syn: rush)
Swallow one’s pride:
To do STH even though it is embarrassing for you, because you have no choice.
Swamped
if sth swamps a person, system of place, more of it arrives than can be easily dealt with (related to stress).
Swamp
to suddenly give someone a lot of work, problems etc to deal with
Synergistically
In a way that makes use of the extra energy, power, success, etc. that is achieved by two or more people, companies or elements working together, instead of on their own.
Synergy:
the additional effectiveness when two or more companies or people combine and work together
Syrup
A thick sugary liquid
Taglines
phrase that comes at the end and is meant to be amusing or easy to remember at the end of a tv program or joke
Take (a) hold
To begin to have complete control over SB/STH; To become very strong
Talk sb/ sth up
To make SB/STH appear more important, interesting, successful, better etc than it really is.
Tame (the beast)
To make an animal, bird, etc. not afraid of people and used to living with them.// To make STH such as an emotion, an organisation, a situation, etc., less powerful or easier to control
Tamp
To reduce the amount, level, size, or importance of STH.
Temper
a tendency to become angry suddenly or easily // the way you are feeling at a particular time, especially when you are feeling angry for a short time
Terror-stricken
extremely frightened
Strain
worry that is caused by having to deal with a problem or work too hard over a long period of time
Think out
to think about all the parts of something carefully before deciding or planning exactly what to do
Threaten
Life-threatening (adj) / Threat (noun)
Threshold
the level at which something starts to happen or have an effect
Tirade
a long angry speech criticising someone or something
Tout:
To try to persuade people that SB/STH is important or valuable by praising them/it Be touted as sth.
Trait
a particular quality in someone’s character
Traumatise
Traumatised/ -ing/ -ic // Trauma
Trepidation
a feeling of anxiety or fear about something that is going to happen
Trigger
to make something happen very quickly, especially a series of events
Turn inward
To focus on and towards yourself and your interests
Turn it up a notch:
To increase to an extreme degree of intensity or quality.
Turn sour:
When a dream stops being pleasant or working properly and becomes less enjoyable or satisfactory.
Ubiquitous
seeming to be everywhere – sometimes used humorously
Under siege
To be being criticised, attacked, threatened, or put under pressure by problems, questions, etc. all the time.
Underlying causes
The root cause (of STH).
Underpin
to give strength or support to something and to help it succeed
Underwrite
to support an activity, business plan etc with money, and to take financial responsibility if it fails
Unhinged
Having a mental illness that makes SB unable to think or behave normally.
Unhinge
to make someone become very upset or mentally ill
Unwarranted
done without good reason, and therefore annoying
Upbeat
positive and making you feel that good things will happen
Utopia
An imaginary perfect world where everyone is happy.
Utter
complete, emphasise that something is very bad, or that a feeling is very strong
Vengeful
very eager to punish someone who has done something bad
Veritable
a word used to emphasise a description of someone or something
Wake from:
to stop sleeping, or to make SB stop sleeping.
Waking
The condition of not being asleep
Walking on eggshells
To be very careful about your words, actions or how you behave with SB because they are easily upset or made angry.
Wander (off)
To no longer pay attention to STH and move without much control to other ideas, subjects, etc, especially because you are bored or worried.
Wane
To become gradually less strong or less important.
Ward sth off
to do something to try to protect yourself from something bad, such as illness, danger, or attack
Warrant
an official document giving someone the right to do something, for example buy shares in a company
Warrant
to promise that something is true // to need or deserve (W attention, consideration)
Wary of
someone who is wary is careful because they think something might be dangerous or harmful
Watered down
Diluted and impure
Wear oneself to a shadow
to make oneself exhausted and anxious through too much work.
Wilt
to bend over because it is too dry or old)
Wise up to a situation
Wise / Wisdom
Withdrawn
Not wanting to talk to other people; extremely quiet and shy.
Wither
become drier and smaller and start to die // to gradually become weaker or less successful and then end
Withstand
to be strong enough to remain unharmed by sth // to defend yourself successfully against people who attack, criticise, or oppose you
Work like a Trojan horse
to work very hard.
Wrath
extreme anger
Wrongdoing
illegal or immoral behaviour
Yearn for sth
To have a strong desire for STH, especially STH that is difficult or impossible to get or STH for which you waited for a long time.
Yield
To produce a result, answer, profit, crop, or piece of information.
Yoke
to closely connect two ideas, people, or things
Yoke of sth, the
something that restricts your freedom, making life difficult
Zone out
To stop thinking about STH and not pay attention to anything else, for example because you are bored or tired.
