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Language 3 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Accept or agree on sth

A

a) Give in b) I will give/ allow you that
c) Have/get your way/have or get it your way
d) Be set in your ways
e) Admit defeat
f) Give ground
g) Throw in the towel/sponge

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2
Q

Accord

A

to give someone or something special attention or a particular type of treatment

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3
Q

Accord with sb

A

to match or agree with something

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4
Q

Account for sth

A

to form a particular amount or part of sth // to be the reason why sth happens

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5
Q

Act out

A

to behave badly especially because you are feeling painful emotions such as fear or anger.

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6
Q

Adjudge

A

to make a judgement about sth or smn (be adjudged to be sth/have done sth)

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7
Q

Adultery

A

sex between smn who is married and smn who is not their wife or husband

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8
Q

Advocate

A

to publicly support a particular way of doing sth (A for)

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9
Q

Affairs

A

public or political events and activities

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10
Q

Afflict

A

to affect smn or sth in an unpleasant way, and make them suffer (be afflicted with/by something)

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11
Q

Aftermath

A

the period of time after sth such as a war, storm, or accident when people are still dealing with the results

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12
Q

Aggrieved

A

angry and sad because you think you have been unfairly treated

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13
Q

Aid package

A

help, such as money or food, given by an organisation or government to a country or to people who are in a difficult situation

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14
Q

Aiding

A

help that you need to do a particular thing

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15
Q

Ailing

A

company, economy, organisation that has a lot of problems and is not successful

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16
Q

Albeit

A

used to add information that reduces the force or importance of what you have just said

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17
Q

Alienation

A

the feeling of not being part of society or a group

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18
Q

Alike

A

very similar

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19
Q

Altruism

A

when you care about or help other people, even though this brings no advantage to yourself

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20
Q

Ambiguities

A

the state of being unclear, confusing, or not certain, or things that produce this effect

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21
Q

Applicable

A

if sth is applicable to a particular person, group, or situation, it affects them or is related to them (A to/ where, if, as A)

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22
Q

Apprehend

A

when police catch a criminal // to understand sth

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23
Q

Area of contention

A

Argument and disagreement between people (a topic that makes people disagree)

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24
Q

Argument

A

A conversation or discussion in which two or more people disagree, often angrily

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25
Q

Arise

A

To result, issue or proceed from. To start/develop as the result of sth.

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26
Q

Armoured vehicle

A

armoured vehicles have an outside layer made of metal to protect them from attack (blindado)

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27
Q

Arousal

A

is a state in which you feel excited or very alert, for example as a result of fear, stress, or anger.

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28
Q

Arrogate (to yourself) sth

A

to claim that you have a particular right, position etc, without having the legal right to it

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29
Q

Ascendant

A

to be or become powerful or popular

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30
Q

Assertive

A

behaving in a confident way, so that people notice you // express effectively your needs

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31
Q

Assess

A

to make a judgement about a person or situation after thinking carefully about it

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32
Q

Assured

A

confident about your own abilities // certain to happen or to be achieved

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33
Q

Assured of sth

A

if you are assured of something, you will definitely get it or achieve it

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34
Q

Astonishing

A

so surprising that it is difficult to believe

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35
Q

At each other’s throats

A

arguing angrily

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36
Q

At full throttle/ FT at

A

Done with great speed and enthusiasm

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37
Q

At Half-staff/ half-mast

A

a flag flying from the middle of the pole, not the top, to show respect and sorrow for smn who has just died.

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38
Q

At odds with somebody

A

To disagree

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39
Q

At sb’s/ each other’s throat

A

to argue angrily

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40
Q

At stake/in jeopardy

A

if sth that you value very much is at stake, you will lose it if a plan or action is not successful

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41
Q

Avenge

A

to do sth to hurt or punish smn because they have harmed or offended you

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42
Q

Avert

A

to prevent sth unpleasant from happening (to A a calamity, risk, strike, threat danger, disaster, war) // avoid; to prevent sth bad or dangerous from happening.

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43
Q

Avert your eyes/ gaze

A

to turn away, ignore, not see sth

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44
Q

Awry

A

if something goes awry, it does not happen in the way that was planned

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45
Q

Backlash

A

a strong negative reaction by a number of people against recent events, especially against political or social developments

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46
Q

Backup

A

people or things that can be used to provide support and help if they are needed // sth that you can use to replace sth that does not work or is lost

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47
Q

Ban

A

an official order that prevents sth from being used or done (Ban on)

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48
Q

Ban

A

to say that something must not be done, seen, used etc

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49
Q

Banter

A

friendly conversation in which people make a lot of jokes with, and amusing remarks about, each other

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50
Q

Bargaining

A

discussion in order to reach an agreement about a sale, contract etc

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51
Q

Bargaining position/ power

A

the amount of influence smn has and their ability to achieve what they want when starting a discussion or making an agreement (to be in a B position)

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52
Q

Barricade

A

to prevent other people from entering the place

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53
Q

Barry sb’s step

A

.

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54
Q

Be the despair of sb

A

to make smn feel very worried, upset, or unhappy

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55
Q

Bear

A

to carry smn or sth, especially sth important

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56
Q

Bear the costs/ burden

A

to be responsible for or accept sth

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57
Q

Beset

A

to make smn experience serious problems or dangers

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58
Q

Between a rock and a hard place

A

to have a choice between two things, both of which are unpleasant or dangerous

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59
Q

Bewitch

A

to make someone feel so interested or attracted that they cannot think clearly

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60
Q

Bewitched

A

-

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61
Q

Bid

A

an offer to pay a particular price for something, especially at an auction // an attempt to achieve or obtain something

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62
Q

Bidding

A

.

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63
Q

Bide

A

to wait or stay somewhere, often for a long time

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64
Q

Bide your time

A

To wait until the right moment to do sth

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65
Q

Bigoted

A

having such strong opinions about a group of people that you are unwilling to listen to anyone else’s opinions

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66
Q

Bigotry

A

bigoted behaviour or beliefs (prejudice)

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67
Q

Bitter

A

Full of anger and acrimony

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68
Q

Bitter clashes between

A

clash between people who oppose or criticise each other with strong feelings of hate and anger

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69
Q

Blastocyst

A

cell structure formed in the early development of mammals.

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70
Q

Bloodbath

A

the violent killing of many people at one time

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71
Q

Bloody

A

With a lot of killing and injuries

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72
Q

Blow

A

Lit mng: expel air through pursed lips. Fig mng: suddenly give expression to violent emotion, especially anger.

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73
Q

Blow over

A

if an argument or unpleasant situation blows over, it ends or is forgotten

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74
Q

Blunt

A

speaking in an honest way even if this upsets people // not sharp or pointed

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75
Q

Bone marrow

A

flexible tissue in the interior of bones.

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76
Q

Bone of contention

A

sth that causes arguments between people

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77
Q

Break out

A

sth unpleasant starts to happen (war, fire, fight BO)

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78
Q

Break up the crowd

A

to make people leave a place where they have been meeting or protesting (BUthe meeting, demonstration)

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79
Q

Breathing space

A

a short time when you have a rest from doing sth before starting again

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80
Q

Bring about

A

to make sth happen/to cause to take place

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81
Q

Bring about

A

to make something happen.

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82
Q

Bring back

A

to think about something from the past.

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83
Q

Bring forward

A

to talk about or show something so that it can be seen or discussed by others.

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84
Q

Bring off

A

to succeed in doing something difficult.

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85
Q

Bring out

A

to produce something that will be sold to the public.

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86
Q

Bring sb around

A

to persuade someone to agree with you or to do what you want.

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87
Q

Bring sb/sth into

A

cause sb/sth to be in a particular situation

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88
Q

Bring sth up

A

to mention a subject or start to talk about it

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89
Q

Bring up

A

to mention a subject or start to talk about it.

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90
Q

Budget of

A

the amount of (money) that is available to an organisation or person, or a plan of how it will be spent.

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91
Q

Burning

A

Very important and urgent

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92
Q

Burst

A

to move somewhere suddenly or quickly, especially into or out of a place (B into, through, in)

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93
Q

Burst

A

the action of sth breaks open or apart suddenly and violently so that its contents come out // the action of moving somewhere suddenly or quickly, especially into or out of a place

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94
Q

Burst with

A

Be overfull with something, be unable to contain oneself with an emotion// BURSTING WITH crammed full of something

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95
Q

Bury the hatchet

A

end a quarrel/conflict and become friendly // to agree to stop arguing about sth and become friends

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96
Q

By virtue of sth

A

by means of, or as a result of something

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97
Q

Call for

A

ask publicly for something to be done

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98
Q

Callous

A

not caring that other people are suffering /ˈkæləs/

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99
Q

Calm down

A

to become quiet and relaxed after you have been angry, excited, nervous, or upset, or to make smn become quiet and relaxed

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100
Q

Carnage

A

when a lot of people are killed and injured, especially in a war /ˈkɑːnɪdʒ/

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101
Q

Carry out

A

to do sth that needs to be organised and planned

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102
Q

Carry torches for sb

A

to secretly admire them or love them.

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103
Q

Cash crops

A

a crop grown in order to be sold rather than to be used by the people growing it

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104
Q

Cathartic

A

helping you to remove strong or violent emotions

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105
Q

Cautious

A

careful to avoid danger or risks

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106
Q

Central

A

More important and having more influence than anything else

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107
Q

Channel

A

to control and direct energy towards a particular purpose

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108
Q

Chord

A

Lit mng: a line that joins two points on a curve. Figrtv mng: death.

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109
Q

Churn out

A

to produce large quantities of something, especially without caring about quality

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110
Q

Clash between/with

A

a short fight between two armies or groups – used in news reports

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111
Q

Class conflict

A

tension or antagonism which exists in society due to competing socio-economic interests and desires between people of different classes

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112
Q

Cleanse

A

to remove everything that is bad or immoral from a person’s character, an organisation, or a place – used especially in news reports

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113
Q

Clear the air

A

eliminate confusion, dispel controversy/differences/emotional tension; bad feelings disappear

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114
Q

Cling (on) to sth

A

to continue to believe or do sth, even though it may not be true or useful any longer (cling to the hope/belief/idea etc (that)) // to stay in a position of power or stay ahead, when this is difficult, or to try to do this (an attempt to cling to power)

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115
Q

Cling to life

A

.

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116
Q

Cling to/ grasp the possibility/ hope of sth

A

C to an idea or belief (belief, hope, idea, notion) // sth you refuses to give up (C to life, power, past)

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117
Q

Close sth off

A

to separate a road, room etc from the area around it so that people cannot go there or use it

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118
Q

Clueless

A

having no understanding or knowledge of sth – used to show disapproval

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119
Q

Coercive

A

using threats or orders to make smn do sth they do not want to do

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120
Q

Combat

A

to try to stop sth bad from happening or getting worse – used especially in news reports (C racism, crime, inflation)

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121
Q

Come / get to grips with sth

A

to understand or deal with something difficult

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122
Q

Come into (conflict)

A

To conflict/to be at odds. To be different in a way that prevents To conflict/to be at odds. To be different in a way that prevents

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123
Q

Come to blows

A

Start fighting after a disagreement/Have an argument or dispute.

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124
Q

Come/ be up against a brick wall

A

to reach a point where you cannot make progress, especially because something or someone is stopping you

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125
Q

Commence

A

to begin or to start something

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126
Q

Commodity

A

a product that is bought and sold

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127
Q

Compelling

A

an argument etc that makes you feel certain that sth is true or that you must do sth about it // very interesting or exciting, so that you have to pay attention

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128
Q

Concession

A

something that you allow someone to have in order to end an argument or a disagreement

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129
Q

Concession

A

something that you allow someone to have in order to end an argument or a disagreement

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130
Q

Conflict

A

a state of disagreement or argument between people, groups, countries etc

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131
Q

Consensual

A

involving the agreement of all or most people in a group

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132
Q

Consensus

A

an opinion that everyone in a group agrees with or accepts

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133
Q

Considerable

A

Fairly large, especially large enough to have an effect or be important.

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134
Q

Contempt

A

a feeling that smn or sth is not important and deserves no respect// complete lack of fear about sth

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135
Q

Contention

A

a strong opinion that smn expresses (sb’s contention that) // argument and disagreement between people (source/area/point of contention)

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136
Q

Contention

A

a strong opinion that someone expresses

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137
Q

Contentious

A

causing a lot of argument and disagreement between people

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138
Q

Contentious

A

causing a lot of argument and disagreement between people

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139
Q

Convey

A

to take or carry sth from one place to another // to communicate or express sth, with or without using words

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140
Q

Cook

A

Lit mng: to prepare food. Fig mng: show or feel barely suppressed anger or other strong emotion.

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141
Q

Cook up

A

to develop gradually over a long period of time

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142
Q

Cool down

A

to become calm after being angry

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143
Q

Cooperation

A

when you work with smn to achieve sth that you both want (C with, between, in C with sb)

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144
Q

Cooperativeness

A

.

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145
Q

Copious

A

existing or being produced in large quantities

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146
Q

Copycat

A

a crime, attack etc which is similar to a famous crime that another person has committed (C killers)

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147
Q

Core issues

A

most important

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148
Q

Cornucopia

A

a container in the shape of an animal’s horn, full of fruit and flowers, used to represent a time when there are large supplies of food // literary a lot of good things

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149
Q

Counterrally

A

opposing rally (a large public meeting, especially one that is held outdoors to support a political idea, protest etc)

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150
Q

Covert

A

secret or hidden, making it difficult to notice (norm. associate to passive aggression)

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151
Q

Crackdown

A

action that is taken to deal more strictly with crime, a problem, protests etc

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152
Q

Criminally disposed

A

to have a tendency to commit crimes

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153
Q

Crippling

A

causing so much damage or harm that something no longer works or is no longer effective // a crippling disease or condition causes severe pain and makes it difficult or impossible for someone to walk

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154
Q

Crisis unrest

A

A common and strong condition or problem which cannot be dealt with easily

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155
Q

Critical

A

Very important because what happens in the future depends on it (crucial)

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156
Q

Crop up

A

if a problem crops up, it happens or appears suddenly and in an unexpected way // if something such as a name or a subject crops up, it appears in something you read or hear

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157
Q

Cross a moral boundary

A

to go over and beyond

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158
Q

Cross swords with sb

A

Start fighting after a disagreement/Have an argument or dispute.

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159
Q

Cross-pollination

A

Mix of GE crops and not GE crops.

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160
Q

Crystallise

A

if an idea, plan etc crystallises or is crystallised, it becomes very clear in your mind

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161
Q

Cue to (aggression)

A

an action or event that is a signal for sth else to happen (cue to do sth) (cue for)

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162
Q

Cue-arousal Theory

A

suggests that the presence of specific cues in the environment triggers aggressive behaviour

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163
Q

Cut-throat competition

A

people competing with each other in an unpleasant way

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164
Q

Cynical

A

not caring that sth might not be morally right, might hurt smn etc, when you are trying to get sth for yourself (C attempt to, attitude, move, view)

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165
Q

Deadlock

A

a situation in which a disagreement cannot be settled

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166
Q

Death toll

A

the total number of people who die in an accident, war etc

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167
Q

Decouple

A

to end the connection between two parts or relationship between two things

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168
Q

Defuse

A

To calm a dangerous tense situation

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169
Q

Defuse

A

to improve a difficult or dangerous situation, for example by making people less angry or by dealing with the causes of a problem (D a situation, crisis, row, tension, anger)

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170
Q

Demand

A

to ask for sth very firmly, especially because you think you have a right to do this

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171
Q

Depend on

A

to be directly affected or decided by sth // to need the support, help, or existence of smn or sth in order to exist, be healthy, be successful

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172
Q

Deprivation

A

the lack of sth that you need in order to be healthy, comfortable, or happy

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173
Q

Despair

A

a feeling that you have no hope at all

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174
Q

Despair

A

feeling that you have no hope at all

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175
Q

Destrpy/ end

A

Extinguish, to commit murder, to take sb’s life.

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176
Q

Deterrence (U.N)/ Deterrent (C.N)

A

sth that makes smn less likely to do sth, by making them realise it will be difficult or have bad results

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177
Q

Detrimental

A

that causes harm or damage

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178
Q

Differentiated cells

A

cells that have taken on specialised properties and functions. They have lost the ability to create cells of other kinds.

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179
Q

Dilemma

A

a situation in which it is very difficult to decide what to do, because all the choices seem equally good or equally bad

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180
Q

Dire

A

used to emphasise how serious or terrible a situation or event is.

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181
Q

Direct

A

Saying exactly what you mean in an honest clear way

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182
Q

Disaffected

A

not satisfied with your government, leader etc, and therefore no longer loyal to them or no longer believing they can help you

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183
Q

Discussion

A

A conversation about somebody/something; the process of talking about something with somebody, especially in order to decide something

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184
Q

Disparity

A

a difference between two or more things, especially an unfair one /D in, between)

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185
Q

Displace

A

to force sth out of its usual place or position

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186
Q

Displaced aggression

A

.

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187
Q

Disposed to sth

A

to have a tendency towards sth (inclined)

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188
Q

Dispute

A

An argument between two people, groups or countries; a discussion about a subject on which people disagree.

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189
Q

Disruption

A

a situation in which sth is prevented from continuing in its usual way (D to)

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190
Q

Disruption

A

sth prevented from continuing or operating in a normal way

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191
Q

Dissatisfied

A

not satisfied because sth is not as good as you had expected (D with)

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192
Q

Distressed

A

very upset

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193
Q

Disturbed

A

not behaving normally because of a mental condition // worried or upset

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194
Q

Divulge

A

to give smn information that should be secret (divulge information/secrets/details etc (to sb))

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195
Q

Do away with sb/sth

A

to get rid of sth or stop using it // to kill smn

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196
Q

Downward spiral

A

moving to a lower level

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197
Q

Draconian

A

very strict and cruel

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198
Q

Drought

A

sequía

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199
Q

Dubious

A

probably not honest, true, right etc

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200
Q

Ease the path for

A

to make a process happen more easily

201
Q

Edible

A

fit to be eaten, esp. by humans

202
Q

Eerie

A

strange and frightening

203
Q

Elusive

A

difficult to find or not often seen // difficult to achieve // difficult to describe or understand

204
Q

Embattled

A

person, organization etc that has many problems or difficulties // surrounded by enemies, especially in war or fighting

205
Q

Embroil

A

to involve smn or sth in a difficult situation

206
Q

Enact

A

to make a proposal into a law

207
Q

Encroach

A

to gradually take more of smn’s time, possessions, rights etc than you should (E on/upon) (Bureaucratic power has encroached upon the freedom of the individual) // to gradually cover more and more land (E into) (The fighting encroached further east.)

208
Q

Endemic

A

an endemic disease or problem is always present in a particular place, or among a particular group of people

209
Q

Endure

A

to be in a difficult or painful situation for a long time without complaining

210
Q

Enforce

A

to make people obey a rule or law (E a law, ban, rule, regulation, discipline, sanctions) // to make sth happen or force smn to do sth (E sth on sb)

211
Q

Enhance

A

provide with improved, advanced or sophisticated features

212
Q

Enshroud

A

to cover or surround something so that it is not possible to see, understand, or explain it

213
Q

Enticing

A

attractive or interesting

214
Q

Enticing

A

to look attractive or interesting

215
Q

Entitle

A

to give smn the official right to do or have sth (to be E to do sth)

216
Q

Envision

A

to imagine something that you think might happen in the future, especially something that you think will be good

217
Q

Erect

A

to establish sth such as a system or institution

218
Q

Erect barriers

A

to build sth such as a building or wall

219
Q

Erupt

A

if fighting, violence, noise etc erupts, it starts suddenly

220
Q

Ethical dilemma

A

a situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two courses of action, either of which entails transgressing a moral principle.

221
Q

Ethnic Cleansing

A

the action of forcing people to leave an area or country because of their racial or national group

222
Q

Evasive

A

not willing to answer questions directly

223
Q

Exasperation

A

to feel annoyed because smn continues to do sth that is upsetting you

224
Q

Exceed

A

to go beyond what rules or laws say you are allowed to do

225
Q

Exclude

A

to show a quality or an emotion, for example, very clearly or strongly

226
Q

Expedient

A

helping you to deal with a problem quickly and effectively although sometimes in a way that is not morally right (expedient to do sth) // to do sth, it is useful or convenient to do it, even though it may not be morally right.

227
Q

Expenditure

A

C;U the total amount of money that a government, organization, or person spends during a particular period of time // U the action of spending or using time, money, energy etc

228
Q

Explosive

A

Likely to become violent or to cause feelings of violence // Showing sudden strong or angry emotion

229
Q

Expressed/ unexpressed

A

to (not) tell or show what you are feeling or thinking by using words, looks, or actions

230
Q

Extrinsic

A

reasons, forces, or factors exist outside the person or situation they affect.

231
Q

Exude

A

if you exude a particular quality, it is easy to see that you have a lot of it

232
Q

Face off

A

to fight, argue, or compete with smn, or to get into a position in which you are ready to do this (Presidential candidates will face off in a debate this Friday)

233
Q

Face the prospect of

A

a situation that is going to affect you and you must deal with it

234
Q

Face-to-face

A

Where you are with another person and talking to them

235
Q

Fall off

A

To decrease

236
Q

Fan

A

to make smn feel an emotion more strongly

237
Q

Far-reaching

A

having a great influence or effect

238
Q

Far-reaching

A

having a great influence or effect

239
Q

Faulty

A

not working properly, or not made correctly // a faulty way of thinking about something contains a mistake, so that you make a wrong decision

240
Q

Feasible

A

a plan, idea, or method that is feasible is possible and is likely to work

241
Q

Fervent

A

believing or feeling something very strongly and sincerely

242
Q

Fester

A

to get worse because it has not been dealt with

243
Q

Fetuses

A

NAmE → Foetuses BrE

244
Q

Feud

A

an angry and often violent quarrel between two people or groups that continues for a long time

245
Q

Fierce

A

Done with a lot of energy and strong feelings, and sometimes violence. (F attack, opposition, criticism)

246
Q

Firearms

A

a gun

247
Q

Fist fight

A

a fight in which people hit each other with their bare fists

248
Q

Flail

A

to beat someone or something violently, usually with a stick

249
Q

Flailing

A

beset by difficulties

250
Q

Flash

A

to move very quickly

251
Q

Flash of

A

if someone has a flash of brilliance, anger etc, they suddenly have a clever idea or a particular feeling

252
Q

Flash of violence

A

.

253
Q

Flood

A

Lit mng: filled/covered with water. Fgrtv mng: present in overwhelming amounts or quantities

254
Q

Forefinger

A

.

255
Q

Frame

A

to deliberately make smn seem guilty of a crime when they are not guilty, by lying to the police or in a court of law // to organise and develop a plan, system etc

256
Q

Frantic

A

extremely worried and frightened about a situation, so that you cannot control your feelings // extremely hurried and using a lot of energy, but not very organized

257
Q

Fratricide

A

the crime of murdering your brother or sister

258
Q

Frisson

A

a strong short feeling or emotion (of excitement or fear)

259
Q

Frustration

A

the feeling of being annoyed, upset, or impatient, because you cannot control or change a situation, or achieve sth

260
Q

Fuel

A

to make something, especially something bad, increase or become stronger

261
Q

Full of reproach

A

.

262
Q

Full-scale

A

As complete or thorough as possible (FS attack, war, riot)

263
Q

Functional purpose

A

relating to the purpose of something

264
Q

Fury

A

extreme, often uncontrolled anger (fury) // a feeling of extreme anger

265
Q

Gain

A

to obtain or achieve something you want or need

266
Q

Gamesmanship

A

the ability to succeed by using the rules of a game or activity to your own advantage

267
Q

Gauge

A

to judge how people feel about something or what they are likely to do ( /ɡeɪdʒ/)

268
Q

Gauge of sth

A

something that helps you make a judgment about a person or situation

269
Q

Genuine

A

that you really feel, not one you pretend to feel // really is what it seems to be

270
Q

Get hooked into sth/smn

A

to get control or influence over someone or something:

271
Q

Get hooked on the illusion of

A

.

272
Q

Get/ take a grip on yourself

A

to start to improve your behaviour or control your emotions when you have been very upset

273
Q

Giant leap forward

A

to increase quickly and by a large amount // a large increase or change

274
Q

Give in

A

to finally agree to do or accept sth that you had at first opposed, especially because smn has forced or persuaded you to // to accept that you are defeated in a game, fight, competition

275
Q

Give-and-take

A

a willingness between two people or groups to understand each other, and to let each other have or do some of the things they want (compromising)

276
Q

Go off

A

to explode or fire

277
Q

Go off the rails

A

to start behaving in a strange or socially unacceptable way

278
Q

Go on a shooting spree

A

to shoot a number of people

279
Q

Go/ run (a)round in circles

A

to think or argue about something without deciding anything or making progress

280
Q

Goal-seeking capability

A

.

281
Q

Goodwill

A

kind feelings towards or between people and a willingness to be helpful

282
Q

Governor

A

regulators

283
Q

Grab sb by their necktie/ collar

A

an act of physical force, such as smn grabbing and pulling smn else in an aggressive or forceful way.

284
Q

Grab/ grip/ catch/ seize the public’s attention:

A

.

285
Q

Grasp a concept/ idea:

A

to completely understand a fact or an idea, especially a complicated one

286
Q

Grasp the full extend of sth:

A

To understand a big part of an concept or area

287
Q

Grasp the importance of sth:

A

Understand how imprortant sth is

288
Q

Grasp the ultimate meaning of sth:

A

Understand the most important meaning or concept

289
Q

Greed

A

a strong desire for more food, money, power, possessions etc than you need (avarice)

290
Q

Grievances

A

a belief that you have been treated unfairly, or an unfair situation or event that affects and upsets you

291
Q

Grip/ grasp/ cling to/ seize an idea

A

.

292
Q

Gripe

A

something unimportant that you complain about

293
Q

Gripe

A

To complain about sth in an annoying way

294
Q

Groundbreaking

A

making new discoveries, using new methods etc

295
Q

Grow out of

A

to develop or happen as a result of sth else that happened or existed (legislation which grew out of concern over the increasing crime rate)

296
Q

Grudge

A

a feeling of dislike for smn because you cannot forget that they harmed you in the past

297
Q

Grudge fight/ match

A

a fight or sports competition between two people who dislike each other a lot

298
Q

Gun down

A

to shoot a person with a gun and kill them

299
Q

Gunfight

A

a fight between people using guns

300
Q

Gunman

A

a criminal who uses a gun

301
Q

Hail

A

to describe someone or something as being very good (To hail sb/sth as sth)

302
Q

Hail sth as a model

A

to describe smn or sth as being very good

303
Q

Handguns

A

a small gun that you hold in one hand when you fire it

304
Q

Harbour

A

to keep bad thoughts, fears, or hopes in your mind for a long time

305
Q

Hardship

A

something that makes your life difficult or unpleasant, especially a lack of money, or the condition of having a difficult life

306
Q

Harvest

A

the crops that have been gathered, or the amount and quality of the crops gathered

307
Q

Harvest

A

to gather crops from the fields

308
Q

Harvesting

A

the process of obtaining stem cells for use in cancer and other treatments.

309
Q

Hasten

A

to make something happen faster or sooner // to do or say something quickly or without delay

310
Q

Hatred

A

an angry feeling of extreme dislike for smn or sth (H of,for, towards/ passionate, intense, deep H)

311
Q

Have a scrap

A

To scrap (intr. v.) -> to fight with sb. (Scrap (noun) = fight or disagreement. Synonyms:squabble, scuffle).

312
Q

Have/bear/hold a grudge against

A

have or bear a grudge against smn, you have unfriendly feelings towards them because of sth they did in the past.

313
Q

Hazard

A

something that may be dangerous, or cause accidents or problems // a risk that cannot be avoided

314
Q

Heady

A

very exciting in a way that makes you feel as if you can do anything you want to

315
Q

Healing

A

the process of becoming healthy and strong again

316
Q

Heavily armed

A

With lots of guns

317
Q

Helpdesk

A

a department of a company that people call for help

318
Q

High- pressure

A

very exciting in a way that makes you feel as if you can do anything you want to

319
Q

Hinder

A

to make it difficult for something to develop or succeed

320
Q

Hinge on/ upon sth

A

if a result hinges on sth, it depends on it completely

321
Q

Hold

A

to have a particular opinion or belief ( H(one) meaning)

322
Q

Hold sth

A

to have a meeting, party, election etc in a particular place or at a particular time

323
Q

HOLD:To clasp

A

To hold smn or sth tightly, closing your fingers or arms around them

324
Q

HOLD:To cling to

A

To hold sth or smn tightly especially because you don’t feel safe

325
Q

HOLD:To clutch (at)

A

To hold sth tightly because you don’t want to lose it

326
Q

HOLD:To grab

A

to take hold of smn or sth with a sudden or violent movement

327
Q

HOLD:To grasp

A

To take and hold sth firmly

328
Q

HOLD:To grip

A

To hold sth very tightly

329
Q

HOLD:To hug

A

Involves love and affection

330
Q

HOLD:To seize

A

To take and hold sth suddenly and violently

331
Q

HOLD:To snatch (at)

A

To take sth away from smn with a quick, often violent, movement

332
Q

Hold/keep sth at bay

A

to prevent sth dangerous or unpleasant from happening or from coming too close

333
Q

Horror stricken

A

Full of horror, paralised by it

334
Q

Hostages

A

someone who is kept as a prisoner by an enemy so that the other side will do what the enemy demands

335
Q

hothouse atmosphere/environment etc

A

a situation or place where there is a lot of activity and ideas

336
Q

Hotly debated topic

A

in an excited or angry way

337
Q

Hotspot

A

a place where there is likely to be fighting or a particular problem

338
Q

Hype

A

attempts to make people think something is good or important by talking about it a lot

339
Q

I’ll warrant (you)

A

used to tell someone that you are sure about something

340
Q

Ignorance

A

From the grasp/ clutch/ grip of ignorance

341
Q

Impasse

A

A difficult position in which it is impossible to make progress

342
Q

Impervious

A

not affected or influenced by something and seeming not to notice it // not allowing anything to enter or pass through

343
Q

Impose

A

to force smn to have the same ideas, beliefs etc as you (I sth on sb) // if smn in authority imposes a rule, punishment, tax etc, they force people to accept it

344
Q

Impoverish

A

to make someone very poor// to make something worse in quality

345
Q

Improve

A

generate profits

346
Q

In a stew

A

confused or worried about a difficult situation you are in

347
Q

In dire straits

A

to be in a very difficult situation, especially a financial one

348
Q

In jeopardy

A

in danger of being lost or harmed (put/place something in jeopardy)

349
Q

In the carousel

A

.

350
Q

In the face of

A

in a situation where there are many problems, difficulties, or dangers

351
Q

In the grip of (constant fear)

A

to be experiencing a very unpleasant situation that cannot be controlled or stopped

352
Q

In the vicinity (of sth)

A

in the area around a particular place

353
Q

In two minds about something

A

to be unable to decide what to do, or what you think about something

354
Q

In-built

A

an inbuilt quality, feature etc is part of the nature of someone or something

355
Q

Inclined to agree/think/believe etc

A

to hold a particular opinion, but not very strongly

356
Q

Inclined to do sth/inclined to sth

A

to be likely to do sth or behave in a particular way

357
Q

Inconsequential

A

Not important

358
Q

Indictiments

A

accusations

359
Q

Indictment

A

an expression or statement of strong disapproval which describes society, a person, etc. as very bad or very wrong

360
Q

Inducement

A

a reason for doing something, especially something that you will get as a result

361
Q

Ineffectual

A

not having the ability, confidence, or personal authority to get things done

362
Q

Inescapable

A

an inescapable fact or situation is one that you cannot avoid or ignore

363
Q

Inexorable

A

a process that cannot be stopped

364
Q

Inflame

A

to make someone’s feelings of anger, excitement etc much stronger

365
Q

Inflict

A

to make smn suffer sth unpleasant (I sth on smn)

366
Q

Inner

A

on the inside or close to the centre of something // inner thoughts or feelings are ones that you feel strongly but do not always show to other people

367
Q

Insight

A

a sudden clear understanding of something or part of something, especially a complicated situation or idea

368
Q

Insurmountable

A

Too large or difficult to deal with

369
Q

Integration

A

the combining of two or more things so that they work together effectively (I of) // when people become part of a group or society and are accepted by them (I into)

370
Q

Interdependence

A

a situation in which people or things depend on each other (Interdependence of)

371
Q

Into the public’s eye

A

to be famous and written about in newspapers and magazines and seen on television

372
Q

Intractable

A

Very difficult to deal with or solve

373
Q

Intrinsic

A

belonging to the real nature of a thing; not dependent on external circumstances; essential; inherent

374
Q

Introversion

A

Unc noun (introverted)

375
Q

Isolationism

A

beliefs or actions that are based on the political principle that your country should not be involved in the affairs of other countries.

376
Q

Issue

A

problem that is often discussed or argued about, especially a social or political matter that affects the interests of a lot of people

377
Q

Issue

A

to officially make a statement, give an order, warning etc

378
Q

Itching for a fight

A

.

379
Q

Itching to do sth/be itching for sth

A

to want to do sth very much and as soon as possible

380
Q

Jar loses

A

.

381
Q

Jocular

A

Joking or humorous

382
Q

Joint

A

involving two or more people or groups, or owned or shared by them

383
Q

Keen

A

wanting to do sth or wanting sth to happen very much // interested in

384
Q

Keep a stiff upper lip

A

the ability to stay calm and not show your feelings in a difficult or upsetting situation

385
Q

Key

A

very important or necessary

386
Q

Kick back

A

To relax (NAmE)

387
Q

Killing or attacking

A

Commit murder, shooting, rampage, to gun (sb) down, to carry out a mass killing/murder, to go on a shooting spree

388
Q

Knotty

A

Difficult to solve

389
Q

Landmark

A

context: landmark for definition of life

390
Q

Lash out

A

to blow // to make a sudden and angry attack (against smn)

391
Q

Lash out (at sb)

A

to suddenly speak angrily to smn or criticise smn angrily // to try to hit smn with a series of violent uncontrolled movements

392
Q

Law-abiding

A

respectful of the law and obeying it

393
Q

Lawful

A

allowed or recognized by law

394
Q

Lawless

A

not obeying the law, or not controlled by the law

395
Q

Lay oneself open to criticism

A

something you do makes it possible or likely that other people will criticize or attack you.

396
Q

Lead

A

to cause something to happen or cause someone to do something

397
Q

Lead on to sth

A

to cause something to develop or become possible at a later time

398
Q

Leap

A

to increase quickly and by a large amount

399
Q

Leap

A

a large increase or change

400
Q

Leap at the chance/ opp

A

to accept an opportunity very eagerly

401
Q

Legacy

A

sth that happens or exists as a result of things that happened at an earlier time

402
Q

Letal outburst

A

Sudden and deadly attack

403
Q

Lever

A

something you use to influence a situation to get the result that you want

404
Q

Line your pockets

A

to make yourself richer, especially by doing sth dishonest

405
Q

Lineage

A

direct descent from a predecessor.

406
Q

Live up to

A

live up to a particular standard or promise, they do as well as they were expected to, do what they promised etc

407
Q

Lively

A

A lively discussion, description etc is very interesting and involves a lot of ideas

408
Q

Lobby

A

a group of people who try to persuade a government that a particular law or situation should be changed

409
Q

Loner

A

smn who prefers to be alone or who has no friends

410
Q

Lonewolf

A

smn who prefers to be alone

411
Q

Long-standing

A

having continued or existed for a long time (LS dispute, debate)

412
Q

Looking/itching for a fight

A

eager to fight or argue

413
Q

Lose one’s grip on sth

A

to become less confident and less able to deal with a situation // to lose understanding or control

414
Q

Lose sight of

A

to fail to keep in sight; see no longer // to fail to keep in mind; forget

415
Q

Lose your temper

A

to suddenly become very angry so that you cannot control yourself

416
Q

Madman

A

smn who behaves in a wild uncontrolled way // sb mentally ill

417
Q

Make-up

A

the make-up of a group or team is the combination of people that are in it

418
Q

Malign

A

to say unpleasant things about someone that are untrue (Passive)

419
Q

Malign

A

Harmful

420
Q

Manoeuvre

A

a skilful or carefully planned action intended to gain an advantage for yourself. NAmE: maneuver

421
Q

Massacre

A

when a lot of people are killed violently, especially people who cannot defend themselves

422
Q

Massacre

A

to kill a lot of people or animals in a violent way, especially when they cannot defend themselves

423
Q

Media spin

A

to talk about a situation in order to influence the way people think about it

424
Q

Mob

A

a large noisy crowd, especially one that is angry and violent // a group of people of the same type (gang)

425
Q

Moral minefield

A

a situation in which there are a lot of dangers and difficulties, and it is difficult to make the right decision

426
Q

Moral restraint

A

a rule or principle that limits what people can do

427
Q

Morally justifiable

A

An action, situation, emotion, or idea that is justifiable is acceptable or correct because there is a good reason for it

428
Q

Moratorium on

A

an official stopping of an activity for a period of time

429
Q

Mount an unequivocal moral defence of sth

A

completely clear and without any possibility of doubt

430
Q

Mounting

A

Gradually increasing – often used about things that cause problems or trouble (before Noun)

431
Q

Murderous rampage

A

shooting spree

432
Q

Newfound

A

recently obtained, found, or achieved

433
Q

No warrant for (doing) sth

A

no good reason for doing something

434
Q

Non-compliance (with rules)

A

failure or refusal to do sth that you are officially supposed to do (NC with)

435
Q

Nonthreatening

A

not making smn feel afraid or worried

436
Q

Nonviolence

A

Nonviolence is the personal practice of not causing harm to others under any condition. It may come from the belief that hurting people, animals and/or the environment is unnecessary to achieve an outcome and it may refer to a general philosophy of abstention from violence. It may be based on moral, religious or spiritual principles, or the reasons for it may be strategic or pragmatic.

437
Q

Nutshell

A

used when you are stating the main facts about something in a short clear way

438
Q

Odious

A

extremely unpleasant (horrible)

439
Q

Offspring

A

Someone’s child or children (humourously) // an animal baby or babies.

440
Q

On the edge of sth

A

close to the point at which something different, especially something bad, will happen

441
Q

On the far-reaching trade deal

A

.

442
Q

On the horns of a dilemma

A

to be in a situation in which you have to choose between two equally unpleasant or difficult situations

443
Q

On the rampage

A

rushing about in a wild and violent way, often causing damage

444
Q

Onslaught

A

a large violent attack by an army (O on/ against) // strong criticism of smn

445
Q

Open

A

Honest and not wanting to hide any facts from other people

446
Q

Open conflict

A

very visible and has deep roots, sometimes over several generations. Both the causes and the effects need to be addressed.

447
Q

Oppose sth. on ethical grounds

A

.

448
Q

Out of sight

A

outside the area that you can see

449
Q

Out-compete

A

surpass in a competitive situation.

450
Q

Outage

A

a period of time during which a service such as the electricity supply cannot be provided (/ˈaʊtɪdʒ/)

451
Q

Outbursts

A

sth you say suddenly that expresses a strong emotion, especially anger

452
Q

Outcome

A

the final result of a meeting, discussion, war etc – used especially when no one knows what it will be until it actually happens (O of)

453
Q

Outlaw

A

to completely stop something by making it illegal

454
Q

Outlaw (N)

A

someone who has done something illegal, and who is hiding in order to avoid punishment – used especially about criminals in the past

455
Q

Outmaneuvered

A

to gain an advantage over someone by using cleverer or more skilful plans or methods

456
Q

Outrage

A

a feeling of great anger and shock (O at, over/ public, popular O) // an event that produces great anger and shock, especially because it is cruel or violent

457
Q

Outsider

A

smn who is not accepted as a member of a particular social group // smn who does not seem to have much chance of winning a race or competition

458
Q

Outweigh

A

to be more important or valuable than sth else

459
Q

Overhaul

A

when a system or method is changed in order to improve it

460
Q

Overhaul

A

to change a system or method in order to improve it

461
Q

Overlook

A

to not notice something, or not see how important it is

462
Q

Overt

A

done in an open way and not secretly.

463
Q

Overwhelming

A

it affects you very strongly, and you do not know how to deal with it.

464
Q

Partisan (adj)

A

strongly supporting a particular political party, plan, or leader, usually without considering the other choices carefully (British newspapers are highly partisan.) // relating to the fighting of an armed group against an enemy that has taken control of its country

465
Q

Partisan (n)

A

smn who strongly supports a political party, plan, or leader // a member of an armed group that fights against an enemy that has taken control of its country

466
Q

Pass the buck

A

to make someone else responsible for something that you should deal with

467
Q

Patch up your differences

A

to deal with a problem/disagreement in order to improve or repair a relationship. (Patch up = mend, repair; restore a relationship; treat sb’s wound…)

468
Q

Patrons

A

smn who supports the activities of an organisation, for example by giving money

469
Q

Peacemakers

A

smn who tries to persuade other people or countries to stop fighting

470
Q

Peer

A

to look very carefully at sth, especially because you are having difficulty seeing it (P through)

471
Q

Pent-up

A

That have not been expressed or used for a long time

472
Q

Perilous

A

very dangerous

473
Q

Perpetrator

A

smn who does sth morally wrong or illegal (culprit)

474
Q

Personhood

A

the condition of being a person who is an individual with inalienable rights

475
Q

Persuade

A

to make smn decide to do sth, especially by giving them reasons why they should do it, or asking them many times to do it

476
Q

Phantom

A

something that exists only in your imagination

477
Q

Pick a fight/quarrel

A

talk/behave in such a way as to provoke a fight.

478
Q

Pit sb/sth against sb/sth

A

to test smn’s strength, ability, power etc in a competition or fight against smn or sth else

479
Q

Plain

A

very clear, and easy to understand or recognize

480
Q

Play out

A

to happen or occur in usually a gradually way

481
Q

Play out

A

to develop gradually over a long period of time

482
Q

Plunge

A

if a price, rate etc plunges, it suddenly decreases by a large amount

483
Q

Plunge

A

a sudden large decrease in the price, value etc of something

484
Q

Pluripotency

A

the ability of a cell to develop into the three primary cell layers of the early embryo and therefore, into cells of the adult body.

485
Q

Pool

A

to combine your money, ideas, skills etc with those of other people so that you can all use them

486
Q

Popular

A

Done by a lot of people in a society, group etc (before Noun)

487
Q

Pose

A

to exist in a way that may cause a problem, danger, difficulty etc (pose a threat/danger/risk; pose something to/for somebody/something)

488
Q

Pose a threat on… / cause lots of damage

A

to exist in a way that may cause a problem, danger, difficulty etc

489
Q

Pose pressing ethical questions

A

needing to be discussed or dealt with very soon

490
Q

Pour into

A

if people pour money into sth, they provide a lot of money for it over a period of time, in order to make it successful.

491
Q

Pouring out into the streets

A

a situation where a large number of people left a building or area and went into the street

492
Q

Precedence

A

when someone or something is considered to be more important than someone or something else, and therefore comes first or must be dealt with first

493
Q

Predicament

A

a difficult or unpleasant situation in which you do not know what to do, or in which you have to make a difficult choice

494
Q

Pressing

A

Needing to be discussed or dealt with very soon (P matter, need)

495
Q

Pride oneself on being

A

to be especially proud of something that you do well, or of a good quality that you have

496
Q

Profound

A

having a strong influence or effect

497
Q

Prolonged

A

Continuing for a long time

498
Q

Prompt

A

to make smn decide to do sth (prompt sb to do sth) // to make people say or do sth as a reaction

499
Q

Pure and simple

A

used to emphasise that there is only one thing involved or worth considering

Language 3 (17 decks)

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