Unit 2 Flashcards
Accept or agree on sth
a) Give in b) I will give/ allow you that
c) Have/get your way/have or get it your way
d) Be set in your ways
e) Admit defeat
f) Give ground
g) Throw in the towel/sponge
Accord
to give someone or something special attention or a particular type of treatment
Accord with sb
to match or agree with something
Account for sth
to form a particular amount or part of sth // to be the reason why sth happens
Act out
to behave badly especially because you are feeling painful emotions such as fear or anger.
Adjudge
to make a judgement about sth or smn (be adjudged to be sth/have done sth)
Adultery
sex between smn who is married and smn who is not their wife or husband
Advocate
to publicly support a particular way of doing sth (A for)
Affairs
public or political events and activities
Afflict
to affect smn or sth in an unpleasant way, and make them suffer (be afflicted with/by something)
Aftermath
the period of time after sth such as a war, storm, or accident when people are still dealing with the results
Aggrieved
angry and sad because you think you have been unfairly treated
Aid package
help, such as money or food, given by an organisation or government to a country or to people who are in a difficult situation
Aiding
help that you need to do a particular thing
Ailing
company, economy, organisation that has a lot of problems and is not successful
Albeit
used to add information that reduces the force or importance of what you have just said
Alienation
the feeling of not being part of society or a group
Alike
very similar
Altruism
when you care about or help other people, even though this brings no advantage to yourself
Ambiguities
the state of being unclear, confusing, or not certain, or things that produce this effect
Applicable
if sth is applicable to a particular person, group, or situation, it affects them or is related to them (A to/ where, if, as A)
Apprehend
when police catch a criminal // to understand sth
Area of contention
Argument and disagreement between people (a topic that makes people disagree)
Argument
A conversation or discussion in which two or more people disagree, often angrily
Arise
To result, issue or proceed from. To start/develop as the result of sth.
Armoured vehicle
armoured vehicles have an outside layer made of metal to protect them from attack (blindado)
Arousal
is a state in which you feel excited or very alert, for example as a result of fear, stress, or anger.
Arrogate (to yourself) sth
to claim that you have a particular right, position etc, without having the legal right to it
Ascendant
to be or become powerful or popular
Assertive
behaving in a confident way, so that people notice you // express effectively your needs
Assess
to make a judgement about a person or situation after thinking carefully about it
Assured
confident about your own abilities // certain to happen or to be achieved
Assured of sth
if you are assured of something, you will definitely get it or achieve it
Astonishing
so surprising that it is difficult to believe
At each other’s throats
arguing angrily
At full throttle/ FT at
Done with great speed and enthusiasm
At Half-staff/ half-mast
a flag flying from the middle of the pole, not the top, to show respect and sorrow for smn who has just died.
At odds with somebody
To disagree
At sb’s/ each other’s throat
to argue angrily
At stake/in jeopardy
if sth that you value very much is at stake, you will lose it if a plan or action is not successful
Avenge
to do sth to hurt or punish smn because they have harmed or offended you
Avert
to prevent sth unpleasant from happening (to A a calamity, risk, strike, threat danger, disaster, war) // avoid; to prevent sth bad or dangerous from happening.
Avert your eyes/ gaze
to turn away, ignore, not see sth
Awry
if something goes awry, it does not happen in the way that was planned
Backlash
a strong negative reaction by a number of people against recent events, especially against political or social developments
Backup
people or things that can be used to provide support and help if they are needed // sth that you can use to replace sth that does not work or is lost
Ban
an official order that prevents sth from being used or done (Ban on)
Ban
to say that something must not be done, seen, used etc
Banter
friendly conversation in which people make a lot of jokes with, and amusing remarks about, each other
Bargaining
discussion in order to reach an agreement about a sale, contract etc
Bargaining position/ power
the amount of influence smn has and their ability to achieve what they want when starting a discussion or making an agreement (to be in a B position)
Barricade
to prevent other people from entering the place
Barry sb’s step
.
Be the despair of sb
to make smn feel very worried, upset, or unhappy
Bear
to carry smn or sth, especially sth important
Bear the costs/ burden
to be responsible for or accept sth
Beset
to make smn experience serious problems or dangers
Between a rock and a hard place
to have a choice between two things, both of which are unpleasant or dangerous
Bewitch
to make someone feel so interested or attracted that they cannot think clearly
Bewitched
-
Bid
an offer to pay a particular price for something, especially at an auction // an attempt to achieve or obtain something
Bidding
.
Bide
to wait or stay somewhere, often for a long time
Bide your time
To wait until the right moment to do sth
Bigoted
having such strong opinions about a group of people that you are unwilling to listen to anyone else’s opinions
Bigotry
bigoted behaviour or beliefs (prejudice)
Bitter
Full of anger and acrimony
Bitter clashes between
clash between people who oppose or criticise each other with strong feelings of hate and anger
Blastocyst
cell structure formed in the early development of mammals.
Bloodbath
the violent killing of many people at one time
Bloody
With a lot of killing and injuries
Blow
Lit mng: expel air through pursed lips. Fig mng: suddenly give expression to violent emotion, especially anger.
Blow over
if an argument or unpleasant situation blows over, it ends or is forgotten
Blunt
speaking in an honest way even if this upsets people // not sharp or pointed
Bone marrow
flexible tissue in the interior of bones.
Bone of contention
sth that causes arguments between people
Break out
sth unpleasant starts to happen (war, fire, fight BO)
Break up the crowd
to make people leave a place where they have been meeting or protesting (BUthe meeting, demonstration)
Breathing space
a short time when you have a rest from doing sth before starting again
Bring about
to make sth happen/to cause to take place
Bring about
to make something happen.
Bring back
to think about something from the past.
Bring forward
to talk about or show something so that it can be seen or discussed by others.
Bring off
to succeed in doing something difficult.
Bring out
to produce something that will be sold to the public.
Bring sb around
to persuade someone to agree with you or to do what you want.
Bring sb/sth into
cause sb/sth to be in a particular situation
Bring sth up
to mention a subject or start to talk about it
Bring up
to mention a subject or start to talk about it.
Budget of
the amount of (money) that is available to an organisation or person, or a plan of how it will be spent.
Burning
Very important and urgent
Burst
to move somewhere suddenly or quickly, especially into or out of a place (B into, through, in)
Burst
the action of sth breaks open or apart suddenly and violently so that its contents come out // the action of moving somewhere suddenly or quickly, especially into or out of a place
Burst with
Be overfull with something, be unable to contain oneself with an emotion// BURSTING WITH crammed full of something
Bury the hatchet
end a quarrel/conflict and become friendly // to agree to stop arguing about sth and become friends
By virtue of sth
by means of, or as a result of something
Call for
ask publicly for something to be done
Callous
not caring that other people are suffering /ˈkæləs/
Calm down
to become quiet and relaxed after you have been angry, excited, nervous, or upset, or to make smn become quiet and relaxed
Carnage
when a lot of people are killed and injured, especially in a war /ˈkɑːnɪdʒ/
Carry out
to do sth that needs to be organised and planned
Carry torches for sb
to secretly admire them or love them.
Cash crops
a crop grown in order to be sold rather than to be used by the people growing it
Cathartic
helping you to remove strong or violent emotions
Cautious
careful to avoid danger or risks
Central
More important and having more influence than anything else
Channel
to control and direct energy towards a particular purpose
Chord
Lit mng: a line that joins two points on a curve. Figrtv mng: death.
Churn out
to produce large quantities of something, especially without caring about quality
Clash between/with
a short fight between two armies or groups – used in news reports
Class conflict
tension or antagonism which exists in society due to competing socio-economic interests and desires between people of different classes
Cleanse
to remove everything that is bad or immoral from a person’s character, an organisation, or a place – used especially in news reports
Clear the air
eliminate confusion, dispel controversy/differences/emotional tension; bad feelings disappear
Cling (on) to sth
to continue to believe or do sth, even though it may not be true or useful any longer (cling to the hope/belief/idea etc (that)) // to stay in a position of power or stay ahead, when this is difficult, or to try to do this (an attempt to cling to power)
Cling to life
.
Cling to/ grasp the possibility/ hope of sth
C to an idea or belief (belief, hope, idea, notion) // sth you refuses to give up (C to life, power, past)
Close sth off
to separate a road, room etc from the area around it so that people cannot go there or use it
Clueless
having no understanding or knowledge of sth – used to show disapproval
Coercive
using threats or orders to make smn do sth they do not want to do
Combat
to try to stop sth bad from happening or getting worse – used especially in news reports (C racism, crime, inflation)
Come / get to grips with sth
to understand or deal with something difficult
Come into (conflict)
To conflict/to be at odds. To be different in a way that prevents To conflict/to be at odds. To be different in a way that prevents
Come to blows
Start fighting after a disagreement/Have an argument or dispute.
Come/ be up against a brick wall
to reach a point where you cannot make progress, especially because something or someone is stopping you
Commence
to begin or to start something
Commodity
a product that is bought and sold
Compelling
an argument etc that makes you feel certain that sth is true or that you must do sth about it // very interesting or exciting, so that you have to pay attention
Concession
something that you allow someone to have in order to end an argument or a disagreement
Concession
something that you allow someone to have in order to end an argument or a disagreement
Conflict
a state of disagreement or argument between people, groups, countries etc
Consensual
involving the agreement of all or most people in a group
Consensus
an opinion that everyone in a group agrees with or accepts
Considerable
Fairly large, especially large enough to have an effect or be important.
Contempt
a feeling that smn or sth is not important and deserves no respect// complete lack of fear about sth
Contention
a strong opinion that smn expresses (sb’s contention that) // argument and disagreement between people (source/area/point of contention)
Contention
a strong opinion that someone expresses
Contentious
causing a lot of argument and disagreement between people
Contentious
causing a lot of argument and disagreement between people
Convey
to take or carry sth from one place to another // to communicate or express sth, with or without using words
Cook
Lit mng: to prepare food. Fig mng: show or feel barely suppressed anger or other strong emotion.
Cook up
to develop gradually over a long period of time
Cool down
to become calm after being angry
Cooperation
when you work with smn to achieve sth that you both want (C with, between, in C with sb)
Cooperativeness
.
Copious
existing or being produced in large quantities
Copycat
a crime, attack etc which is similar to a famous crime that another person has committed (C killers)
Core issues
most important
Cornucopia
a container in the shape of an animal’s horn, full of fruit and flowers, used to represent a time when there are large supplies of food // literary a lot of good things
Counterrally
opposing rally (a large public meeting, especially one that is held outdoors to support a political idea, protest etc)
Covert
secret or hidden, making it difficult to notice (norm. associate to passive aggression)
Crackdown
action that is taken to deal more strictly with crime, a problem, protests etc
Criminally disposed
to have a tendency to commit crimes
Crippling
causing so much damage or harm that something no longer works or is no longer effective // a crippling disease or condition causes severe pain and makes it difficult or impossible for someone to walk
Crisis unrest
A common and strong condition or problem which cannot be dealt with easily
Critical
Very important because what happens in the future depends on it (crucial)
Crop up
if a problem crops up, it happens or appears suddenly and in an unexpected way // if something such as a name or a subject crops up, it appears in something you read or hear
Cross a moral boundary
to go over and beyond
Cross swords with sb
Start fighting after a disagreement/Have an argument or dispute.
Cross-pollination
Mix of GE crops and not GE crops.
Crystallise
if an idea, plan etc crystallises or is crystallised, it becomes very clear in your mind
Cue to (aggression)
an action or event that is a signal for sth else to happen (cue to do sth) (cue for)
Cue-arousal Theory
suggests that the presence of specific cues in the environment triggers aggressive behaviour
Cut-throat competition
people competing with each other in an unpleasant way
Cynical
not caring that sth might not be morally right, might hurt smn etc, when you are trying to get sth for yourself (C attempt to, attitude, move, view)
Deadlock
a situation in which a disagreement cannot be settled
Death toll
the total number of people who die in an accident, war etc
Decouple
to end the connection between two parts or relationship between two things
Defuse
To calm a dangerous tense situation
Defuse
to improve a difficult or dangerous situation, for example by making people less angry or by dealing with the causes of a problem (D a situation, crisis, row, tension, anger)
Demand
to ask for sth very firmly, especially because you think you have a right to do this
Depend on
to be directly affected or decided by sth // to need the support, help, or existence of smn or sth in order to exist, be healthy, be successful
Deprivation
the lack of sth that you need in order to be healthy, comfortable, or happy
Despair
a feeling that you have no hope at all
Despair
feeling that you have no hope at all
Destrpy/ end
Extinguish, to commit murder, to take sb’s life.
Deterrence (U.N)/ Deterrent (C.N)
sth that makes smn less likely to do sth, by making them realise it will be difficult or have bad results
Detrimental
that causes harm or damage
Differentiated cells
cells that have taken on specialised properties and functions. They have lost the ability to create cells of other kinds.
Dilemma
a situation in which it is very difficult to decide what to do, because all the choices seem equally good or equally bad
Dire
used to emphasise how serious or terrible a situation or event is.
Direct
Saying exactly what you mean in an honest clear way
Disaffected
not satisfied with your government, leader etc, and therefore no longer loyal to them or no longer believing they can help you
Discussion
A conversation about somebody/something; the process of talking about something with somebody, especially in order to decide something
Disparity
a difference between two or more things, especially an unfair one /D in, between)
Displace
to force sth out of its usual place or position
Displaced aggression
.
Disposed to sth
to have a tendency towards sth (inclined)
Dispute
An argument between two people, groups or countries; a discussion about a subject on which people disagree.
Disruption
a situation in which sth is prevented from continuing in its usual way (D to)
Disruption
sth prevented from continuing or operating in a normal way
Dissatisfied
not satisfied because sth is not as good as you had expected (D with)
Distressed
very upset
Disturbed
not behaving normally because of a mental condition // worried or upset
Divulge
to give smn information that should be secret (divulge information/secrets/details etc (to sb))
Do away with sb/sth
to get rid of sth or stop using it // to kill smn
Downward spiral
moving to a lower level
Draconian
very strict and cruel
Drought
sequía
Dubious
probably not honest, true, right etc
Ease the path for
to make a process happen more easily
Edible
fit to be eaten, esp. by humans
Eerie
strange and frightening
Elusive
difficult to find or not often seen // difficult to achieve // difficult to describe or understand
Embattled
person, organization etc that has many problems or difficulties // surrounded by enemies, especially in war or fighting
Embroil
to involve smn or sth in a difficult situation
Enact
to make a proposal into a law
Encroach
to gradually take more of smn’s time, possessions, rights etc than you should (E on/upon) (Bureaucratic power has encroached upon the freedom of the individual) // to gradually cover more and more land (E into) (The fighting encroached further east.)
Endemic
an endemic disease or problem is always present in a particular place, or among a particular group of people
Endure
to be in a difficult or painful situation for a long time without complaining
Enforce
to make people obey a rule or law (E a law, ban, rule, regulation, discipline, sanctions) // to make sth happen or force smn to do sth (E sth on sb)
Enhance
provide with improved, advanced or sophisticated features
Enshroud
to cover or surround something so that it is not possible to see, understand, or explain it
Enticing
attractive or interesting
Enticing
to look attractive or interesting
Entitle
to give smn the official right to do or have sth (to be E to do sth)
Envision
to imagine something that you think might happen in the future, especially something that you think will be good
Erect
to establish sth such as a system or institution
Erect barriers
to build sth such as a building or wall
Erupt
if fighting, violence, noise etc erupts, it starts suddenly
Ethical dilemma
a situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two courses of action, either of which entails transgressing a moral principle.
Ethnic Cleansing
the action of forcing people to leave an area or country because of their racial or national group
Evasive
not willing to answer questions directly
Exasperation
to feel annoyed because smn continues to do sth that is upsetting you
Exceed
to go beyond what rules or laws say you are allowed to do
Exclude
to show a quality or an emotion, for example, very clearly or strongly
Expedient
helping you to deal with a problem quickly and effectively although sometimes in a way that is not morally right (expedient to do sth) // to do sth, it is useful or convenient to do it, even though it may not be morally right.
Expenditure
C;U the total amount of money that a government, organization, or person spends during a particular period of time // U the action of spending or using time, money, energy etc
Explosive
Likely to become violent or to cause feelings of violence // Showing sudden strong or angry emotion
Expressed/ unexpressed
to (not) tell or show what you are feeling or thinking by using words, looks, or actions
Extrinsic
reasons, forces, or factors exist outside the person or situation they affect.
Exude
if you exude a particular quality, it is easy to see that you have a lot of it
Face off
to fight, argue, or compete with smn, or to get into a position in which you are ready to do this (Presidential candidates will face off in a debate this Friday)
Face the prospect of
a situation that is going to affect you and you must deal with it
Face-to-face
Where you are with another person and talking to them
Fall off
To decrease
Fan
to make smn feel an emotion more strongly
Far-reaching
having a great influence or effect
Far-reaching
having a great influence or effect
Faulty
not working properly, or not made correctly // a faulty way of thinking about something contains a mistake, so that you make a wrong decision
Feasible
a plan, idea, or method that is feasible is possible and is likely to work
Fervent
believing or feeling something very strongly and sincerely
Fester
to get worse because it has not been dealt with
Fetuses
NAmE → Foetuses BrE
Feud
an angry and often violent quarrel between two people or groups that continues for a long time
Fierce
Done with a lot of energy and strong feelings, and sometimes violence. (F attack, opposition, criticism)
Firearms
a gun
Fist fight
a fight in which people hit each other with their bare fists
Flail
to beat someone or something violently, usually with a stick
Flailing
beset by difficulties
Flash
to move very quickly
Flash of
if someone has a flash of brilliance, anger etc, they suddenly have a clever idea or a particular feeling
Flash of violence
.
Flood
Lit mng: filled/covered with water. Fgrtv mng: present in overwhelming amounts or quantities
Forefinger
.
Frame
to deliberately make smn seem guilty of a crime when they are not guilty, by lying to the police or in a court of law // to organise and develop a plan, system etc
Frantic
extremely worried and frightened about a situation, so that you cannot control your feelings // extremely hurried and using a lot of energy, but not very organized
Fratricide
the crime of murdering your brother or sister
Frisson
a strong short feeling or emotion (of excitement or fear)
Frustration
the feeling of being annoyed, upset, or impatient, because you cannot control or change a situation, or achieve sth
Fuel
to make something, especially something bad, increase or become stronger
Full of reproach
.
Full-scale
As complete or thorough as possible (FS attack, war, riot)
Functional purpose
relating to the purpose of something
Fury
extreme, often uncontrolled anger (fury) // a feeling of extreme anger
Gain
to obtain or achieve something you want or need
Gamesmanship
the ability to succeed by using the rules of a game or activity to your own advantage
Gauge
to judge how people feel about something or what they are likely to do ( /ɡeɪdʒ/)
Gauge of sth
something that helps you make a judgment about a person or situation
Genuine
that you really feel, not one you pretend to feel // really is what it seems to be
Get hooked into sth/smn
to get control or influence over someone or something:
Get hooked on the illusion of
.
Get/ take a grip on yourself
to start to improve your behaviour or control your emotions when you have been very upset
Giant leap forward
to increase quickly and by a large amount // a large increase or change
Give in
to finally agree to do or accept sth that you had at first opposed, especially because smn has forced or persuaded you to // to accept that you are defeated in a game, fight, competition
Give-and-take
a willingness between two people or groups to understand each other, and to let each other have or do some of the things they want (compromising)
Go off
to explode or fire
Go off the rails
to start behaving in a strange or socially unacceptable way
Go on a shooting spree
to shoot a number of people
Go/ run (a)round in circles
to think or argue about something without deciding anything or making progress
Goal-seeking capability
.
Goodwill
kind feelings towards or between people and a willingness to be helpful
Governor
regulators
Grab sb by their necktie/ collar
an act of physical force, such as smn grabbing and pulling smn else in an aggressive or forceful way.
Grab/ grip/ catch/ seize the public’s attention:
.
Grasp a concept/ idea:
to completely understand a fact or an idea, especially a complicated one
Grasp the full extend of sth:
To understand a big part of an concept or area
Grasp the importance of sth:
Understand how imprortant sth is
Grasp the ultimate meaning of sth:
Understand the most important meaning or concept
Greed
a strong desire for more food, money, power, possessions etc than you need (avarice)
Grievances
a belief that you have been treated unfairly, or an unfair situation or event that affects and upsets you
Grip/ grasp/ cling to/ seize an idea
.
Gripe
something unimportant that you complain about
Gripe
To complain about sth in an annoying way
Groundbreaking
making new discoveries, using new methods etc
Grow out of
to develop or happen as a result of sth else that happened or existed (legislation which grew out of concern over the increasing crime rate)
Grudge
a feeling of dislike for smn because you cannot forget that they harmed you in the past
Grudge fight/ match
a fight or sports competition between two people who dislike each other a lot
Gun down
to shoot a person with a gun and kill them
Gunfight
a fight between people using guns
Gunman
a criminal who uses a gun
Hail
to describe someone or something as being very good (To hail sb/sth as sth)
Hail sth as a model
to describe smn or sth as being very good
Handguns
a small gun that you hold in one hand when you fire it
Harbour
to keep bad thoughts, fears, or hopes in your mind for a long time
Hardship
something that makes your life difficult or unpleasant, especially a lack of money, or the condition of having a difficult life
Harvest
the crops that have been gathered, or the amount and quality of the crops gathered
Harvest
to gather crops from the fields
Harvesting
the process of obtaining stem cells for use in cancer and other treatments.
Hasten
to make something happen faster or sooner // to do or say something quickly or without delay
Hatred
an angry feeling of extreme dislike for smn or sth (H of,for, towards/ passionate, intense, deep H)
Have a scrap
To scrap (intr. v.) -> to fight with sb. (Scrap (noun) = fight or disagreement. Synonyms:squabble, scuffle).
Have/bear/hold a grudge against
have or bear a grudge against smn, you have unfriendly feelings towards them because of sth they did in the past.
Hazard
something that may be dangerous, or cause accidents or problems // a risk that cannot be avoided
Heady
very exciting in a way that makes you feel as if you can do anything you want to
Healing
the process of becoming healthy and strong again
Heavily armed
With lots of guns
Helpdesk
a department of a company that people call for help
High- pressure
very exciting in a way that makes you feel as if you can do anything you want to
Hinder
to make it difficult for something to develop or succeed
Hinge on/ upon sth
if a result hinges on sth, it depends on it completely
Hold
to have a particular opinion or belief ( H(one) meaning)
Hold sth
to have a meeting, party, election etc in a particular place or at a particular time
HOLD:To clasp
To hold smn or sth tightly, closing your fingers or arms around them
HOLD:To cling to
To hold sth or smn tightly especially because you don’t feel safe
HOLD:To clutch (at)
To hold sth tightly because you don’t want to lose it
HOLD:To grab
to take hold of smn or sth with a sudden or violent movement
HOLD:To grasp
To take and hold sth firmly
HOLD:To grip
To hold sth very tightly
HOLD:To hug
Involves love and affection
HOLD:To seize
To take and hold sth suddenly and violently
HOLD:To snatch (at)
To take sth away from smn with a quick, often violent, movement
Hold/keep sth at bay
to prevent sth dangerous or unpleasant from happening or from coming too close
Horror stricken
Full of horror, paralised by it
Hostages
someone who is kept as a prisoner by an enemy so that the other side will do what the enemy demands
hothouse atmosphere/environment etc
a situation or place where there is a lot of activity and ideas
Hotly debated topic
in an excited or angry way
Hotspot
a place where there is likely to be fighting or a particular problem
Hype
attempts to make people think something is good or important by talking about it a lot
I’ll warrant (you)
used to tell someone that you are sure about something
Ignorance
From the grasp/ clutch/ grip of ignorance
Impasse
A difficult position in which it is impossible to make progress
Impervious
not affected or influenced by something and seeming not to notice it // not allowing anything to enter or pass through
Impose
to force smn to have the same ideas, beliefs etc as you (I sth on sb) // if smn in authority imposes a rule, punishment, tax etc, they force people to accept it
Impoverish
to make someone very poor// to make something worse in quality
Improve
generate profits
In a stew
confused or worried about a difficult situation you are in
In dire straits
to be in a very difficult situation, especially a financial one
In jeopardy
in danger of being lost or harmed (put/place something in jeopardy)
In the carousel
.
In the face of
in a situation where there are many problems, difficulties, or dangers
In the grip of (constant fear)
to be experiencing a very unpleasant situation that cannot be controlled or stopped
In the vicinity (of sth)
in the area around a particular place
In two minds about something
to be unable to decide what to do, or what you think about something
In-built
an inbuilt quality, feature etc is part of the nature of someone or something
Inclined to agree/think/believe etc
to hold a particular opinion, but not very strongly
Inclined to do sth/inclined to sth
to be likely to do sth or behave in a particular way
Inconsequential
Not important
Indictiments
accusations
Indictment
an expression or statement of strong disapproval which describes society, a person, etc. as very bad or very wrong
Inducement
a reason for doing something, especially something that you will get as a result
Ineffectual
not having the ability, confidence, or personal authority to get things done
Inescapable
an inescapable fact or situation is one that you cannot avoid or ignore
Inexorable
a process that cannot be stopped
Inflame
to make someone’s feelings of anger, excitement etc much stronger
Inflict
to make smn suffer sth unpleasant (I sth on smn)
Inner
on the inside or close to the centre of something // inner thoughts or feelings are ones that you feel strongly but do not always show to other people
Insight
a sudden clear understanding of something or part of something, especially a complicated situation or idea
Insurmountable
Too large or difficult to deal with
Integration
the combining of two or more things so that they work together effectively (I of) // when people become part of a group or society and are accepted by them (I into)
Interdependence
a situation in which people or things depend on each other (Interdependence of)
Into the public’s eye
to be famous and written about in newspapers and magazines and seen on television
Intractable
Very difficult to deal with or solve
Intrinsic
belonging to the real nature of a thing; not dependent on external circumstances; essential; inherent
Introversion
Unc noun (introverted)
Isolationism
beliefs or actions that are based on the political principle that your country should not be involved in the affairs of other countries.
Issue
problem that is often discussed or argued about, especially a social or political matter that affects the interests of a lot of people
Issue
to officially make a statement, give an order, warning etc
Itching for a fight
.
Itching to do sth/be itching for sth
to want to do sth very much and as soon as possible
Jar loses
.
Jocular
Joking or humorous
Joint
involving two or more people or groups, or owned or shared by them
Keen
wanting to do sth or wanting sth to happen very much // interested in
Keep a stiff upper lip
the ability to stay calm and not show your feelings in a difficult or upsetting situation
Key
very important or necessary
Kick back
To relax (NAmE)
Killing or attacking
Commit murder, shooting, rampage, to gun (sb) down, to carry out a mass killing/murder, to go on a shooting spree
Knotty
Difficult to solve
Landmark
context: landmark for definition of life
Lash out
to blow // to make a sudden and angry attack (against smn)
Lash out (at sb)
to suddenly speak angrily to smn or criticise smn angrily // to try to hit smn with a series of violent uncontrolled movements
Law-abiding
respectful of the law and obeying it
Lawful
allowed or recognized by law
Lawless
not obeying the law, or not controlled by the law
Lay oneself open to criticism
something you do makes it possible or likely that other people will criticize or attack you.
Lead
to cause something to happen or cause someone to do something
Lead on to sth
to cause something to develop or become possible at a later time
Leap
to increase quickly and by a large amount
Leap
a large increase or change
Leap at the chance/ opp
to accept an opportunity very eagerly
Legacy
sth that happens or exists as a result of things that happened at an earlier time
Letal outburst
Sudden and deadly attack
Lever
something you use to influence a situation to get the result that you want
Line your pockets
to make yourself richer, especially by doing sth dishonest
Lineage
direct descent from a predecessor.
Live up to
live up to a particular standard or promise, they do as well as they were expected to, do what they promised etc
Lively
A lively discussion, description etc is very interesting and involves a lot of ideas
Lobby
a group of people who try to persuade a government that a particular law or situation should be changed
Loner
smn who prefers to be alone or who has no friends
Lonewolf
smn who prefers to be alone
Long-standing
having continued or existed for a long time (LS dispute, debate)
Looking/itching for a fight
eager to fight or argue
Lose one’s grip on sth
to become less confident and less able to deal with a situation // to lose understanding or control
Lose sight of
to fail to keep in sight; see no longer // to fail to keep in mind; forget
Lose your temper
to suddenly become very angry so that you cannot control yourself
Madman
smn who behaves in a wild uncontrolled way // sb mentally ill
Make-up
the make-up of a group or team is the combination of people that are in it
Malign
to say unpleasant things about someone that are untrue (Passive)
Malign
Harmful
Manoeuvre
a skilful or carefully planned action intended to gain an advantage for yourself. NAmE: maneuver
Massacre
when a lot of people are killed violently, especially people who cannot defend themselves
Massacre
to kill a lot of people or animals in a violent way, especially when they cannot defend themselves
Media spin
to talk about a situation in order to influence the way people think about it
Mob
a large noisy crowd, especially one that is angry and violent // a group of people of the same type (gang)
Moral minefield
a situation in which there are a lot of dangers and difficulties, and it is difficult to make the right decision
Moral restraint
a rule or principle that limits what people can do
Morally justifiable
An action, situation, emotion, or idea that is justifiable is acceptable or correct because there is a good reason for it
Moratorium on
an official stopping of an activity for a period of time
Mount an unequivocal moral defence of sth
completely clear and without any possibility of doubt
Mounting
Gradually increasing – often used about things that cause problems or trouble (before Noun)
Murderous rampage
shooting spree
Newfound
recently obtained, found, or achieved
No warrant for (doing) sth
no good reason for doing something
Non-compliance (with rules)
failure or refusal to do sth that you are officially supposed to do (NC with)
Nonthreatening
not making smn feel afraid or worried
Nonviolence
Nonviolence is the personal practice of not causing harm to others under any condition. It may come from the belief that hurting people, animals and/or the environment is unnecessary to achieve an outcome and it may refer to a general philosophy of abstention from violence. It may be based on moral, religious or spiritual principles, or the reasons for it may be strategic or pragmatic.
Nutshell
used when you are stating the main facts about something in a short clear way
Odious
extremely unpleasant (horrible)
Offspring
Someone’s child or children (humourously) // an animal baby or babies.
On the edge of sth
close to the point at which something different, especially something bad, will happen
On the far-reaching trade deal
.
On the horns of a dilemma
to be in a situation in which you have to choose between two equally unpleasant or difficult situations
On the rampage
rushing about in a wild and violent way, often causing damage
Onslaught
a large violent attack by an army (O on/ against) // strong criticism of smn
Open
Honest and not wanting to hide any facts from other people
Open conflict
very visible and has deep roots, sometimes over several generations. Both the causes and the effects need to be addressed.
Oppose sth. on ethical grounds
.
Out of sight
outside the area that you can see
Out-compete
surpass in a competitive situation.
Outage
a period of time during which a service such as the electricity supply cannot be provided (/ˈaʊtɪdʒ/)
Outbursts
sth you say suddenly that expresses a strong emotion, especially anger
Outcome
the final result of a meeting, discussion, war etc – used especially when no one knows what it will be until it actually happens (O of)
Outlaw
to completely stop something by making it illegal
Outlaw (N)
someone who has done something illegal, and who is hiding in order to avoid punishment – used especially about criminals in the past
Outmaneuvered
to gain an advantage over someone by using cleverer or more skilful plans or methods
Outrage
a feeling of great anger and shock (O at, over/ public, popular O) // an event that produces great anger and shock, especially because it is cruel or violent
Outsider
smn who is not accepted as a member of a particular social group // smn who does not seem to have much chance of winning a race or competition
Outweigh
to be more important or valuable than sth else
Overhaul
when a system or method is changed in order to improve it
Overhaul
to change a system or method in order to improve it
Overlook
to not notice something, or not see how important it is
Overt
done in an open way and not secretly.
Overwhelming
it affects you very strongly, and you do not know how to deal with it.
Partisan (adj)
strongly supporting a particular political party, plan, or leader, usually without considering the other choices carefully (British newspapers are highly partisan.) // relating to the fighting of an armed group against an enemy that has taken control of its country
Partisan (n)
smn who strongly supports a political party, plan, or leader // a member of an armed group that fights against an enemy that has taken control of its country
Pass the buck
to make someone else responsible for something that you should deal with
Patch up your differences
to deal with a problem/disagreement in order to improve or repair a relationship. (Patch up = mend, repair; restore a relationship; treat sb’s wound…)
Patrons
smn who supports the activities of an organisation, for example by giving money
Peacemakers
smn who tries to persuade other people or countries to stop fighting
Peer
to look very carefully at sth, especially because you are having difficulty seeing it (P through)
Pent-up
That have not been expressed or used for a long time
Perilous
very dangerous
Perpetrator
smn who does sth morally wrong or illegal (culprit)
Personhood
the condition of being a person who is an individual with inalienable rights
Persuade
to make smn decide to do sth, especially by giving them reasons why they should do it, or asking them many times to do it
Phantom
something that exists only in your imagination
Pick a fight/quarrel
talk/behave in such a way as to provoke a fight.
Pit sb/sth against sb/sth
to test smn’s strength, ability, power etc in a competition or fight against smn or sth else
Plain
very clear, and easy to understand or recognize
Play out
to happen or occur in usually a gradually way
Play out
to develop gradually over a long period of time
Plunge
if a price, rate etc plunges, it suddenly decreases by a large amount
Plunge
a sudden large decrease in the price, value etc of something
Pluripotency
the ability of a cell to develop into the three primary cell layers of the early embryo and therefore, into cells of the adult body.
Pool
to combine your money, ideas, skills etc with those of other people so that you can all use them
Popular
Done by a lot of people in a society, group etc (before Noun)
Pose
to exist in a way that may cause a problem, danger, difficulty etc (pose a threat/danger/risk; pose something to/for somebody/something)
Pose a threat on… / cause lots of damage
to exist in a way that may cause a problem, danger, difficulty etc
Pose pressing ethical questions
needing to be discussed or dealt with very soon
Pour into
if people pour money into sth, they provide a lot of money for it over a period of time, in order to make it successful.
Pouring out into the streets
a situation where a large number of people left a building or area and went into the street
Precedence
when someone or something is considered to be more important than someone or something else, and therefore comes first or must be dealt with first
Predicament
a difficult or unpleasant situation in which you do not know what to do, or in which you have to make a difficult choice
Pressing
Needing to be discussed or dealt with very soon (P matter, need)
Pride oneself on being
to be especially proud of something that you do well, or of a good quality that you have
Profound
having a strong influence or effect
Prolonged
Continuing for a long time
Prompt
to make smn decide to do sth (prompt sb to do sth) // to make people say or do sth as a reaction
Pure and simple
used to emphasise that there is only one thing involved or worth considering
