Unit 3 Flashcards
A constructive non-conformist
( behaviour that deviates from organisational norms, others’ actions, or common expectations, to the benefito of your organisation.)
A far cry from sth
to be very different from something
Able-bodied
physically strong and healthy, especially when compared with someone who is disabled
Ableism
Unfair treatment of or negative attitudes towards disabled people /ˈeɪbəlɪzəm/
Abridged
Sth thar has been made shorter but keeps its basic structure and meaning
Abrogate
to officially end a legal agreement, practice etc
Adherent
a person who supports a particular set of ideas
Affront
affront (to somebody/something) a remark or an action that offends somebody/something to offend / insult sb
Affront
to offend or insult someone, especially by not showing respect
Ageism
unfair treatment of people because they are considered too old (/ˈeɪdʒɪzəm/) (NAmE: Agism)
Allure
the quality of being attractive and exciting // a mysterious, exciting, or desirable quality
Amass
gradually collect a large amount of
Anarchistic
someone who believes that governments, laws etc are not necessary
Antagonistic
your opponent in a competition, battle, quarrel etc
Anti-Semite
someone who hates Jewish people
Apartheid
Apartheid was a system of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa and South West Africa from 1948 to the early 1990s
Appraise
to officially judge how successful, effective, or valuable something is // to look carefully at someone or something to make an opinion about them
apprehensive
worried or nervous about something that you are going to do, or about the future
As you do
in the way that people usually do something or how they normally behave
Ascribe sth to sb/sth
to claim that something is caused by a particular person, situation etc // to claim that something has been written, said, made etc by a particular person // to believe that something or someone has a particular quality
Asinine
extremely stupid or silly
Assent
to agree to a suggestion, idea etc after considering it carefully
Assent
approval or agreement from someone who has authority
Attribute
A quality or feature, especially one that is considered to be good or useful
Attribute sth to sth/ sb
to believe or say that a situation or event is caused by something // if people in general attribute a particular statement, painting, piece of music etc to someone, they believe that person said it, painted it etc // to believe or say that someone or something has a particular quality
Barbarous
extremely cruel in a way that is shocking // wild and not civilized
Barrier
.
Bashing
the action of attacking someone and hitting them // strong and usually unfair public criticism of a particular group or person
Bedeck
to decorate something such as a building or street by hanging things all over it
Bereft
feeling very sad and lonely
Bereft of
completely without
Bestow
to give someone something of great value or importance
Bigotry
the state of feeling, or the act of expressing, strong, unreasonable beliefs or opinions // intolerance for the beliefs of others, particularly those of minority groups.
Bizarre
very strange and unusual
Black sheep
someone who is regarded by other members of their family or group as a failure or embarrassment
Blatant
something bad that is blatant is very clear and easy to see, but the person responsible for it does not seem embarrassed or ashamed (/ˈbleɪtnt/)
Bleak
without anything to make you feel happy or hopeful
Blind
strong feelings that someone has without thinking about why they have them – used to show disapproval // strong feelings of fear or anger that you cannot control
Block-busting
when property prices in an area are deliberately forced down either by speculators saying falsely that the area is becoming poorer or less popular, or by factories that deliberately cause noise, pollution etc, hoping that people living nearby will sell their houses for less than they are worth
Block-busting
a blockbusting film, book, or performance has high sales and is usually full of action or adventure but is not very serious
Boom
a quick increase of business activity // an increase in how popular or successful something is, or in how often it happens
Breadth
The quality of including a lot of different people, things, or ideas
Break away
to leave a group or political party and form another group, usually because of a disagreement // to leave your home, family, or job and become independent
Break down
to stop working // to fail or stop working in a successful way
Break sth down
hit sth so hard that it breaks and falls to the ground // to change or remove something that prevents people from working together and having a successful relationship with each other
Breakdown
.
Bring sb into line
to start to do what someone else wants you to do, or to make someone do this // to bring (or come or cause to come) into a straight row or into conformity; bring or come into alignment
Brutish
cruel and not sensitive to people’s feelings
Burden
something difficult or worrying that you are responsible for
Burdensome
causing problems or additional work
Campaign
a series of actions intended to achieve a particular result relating to politics or business, or a social improvement
Campaign
to lead or take part in a series of actions intended to achieve a particular social or political result
Cast out
To be forced to leave one’s family // to force someone or something to leave a place
Castaway
someone who is left alone on an island after their ship has sunk// thrown away or rejected
Chart
to record information about a situation or set of events over a period of time, in order to see how it changes or develops // to make a plan of what should be done to achieve a particular result
Chasten
to make someone realize that their behaviour was wrong or mistaken
Cherokee
a member of a native North American people, many of whom now live in the US states of Oklahoma and North Carolina
Chime in
to say something in a conversation, especially to agree with what someone has just said
Civil rights
the rights that every person should have, such as the right to vote or to be treated fairly by the law, whatever their sex, race, or religion
Clash
start fighting – used in news reports // argue because they have very different beliefs and opinions – used in news reports
Clash
a short fight between two armies or groups – used in news reports // an argument between two people or groups because they have very different beliefs or opinions – used in news reports
Classism
unfair treatment of or negative opinions about someone based on their social class (= economic and social position), especially because they are thought to be from a low social class:
Code
a set of rules, laws, or principles that tell people how to behave
Complaint
a statement in which someone complains about something
Compliant
willing to obey or to agree to other people’s wishes and demands // made or done according to particular rules or standards (/kəmˈplaɪənt/)
Comply
to do what you have to do or are asked to do
Conceal
to hide something carefully // to hide your real feelings or the truth
Concur
to agree with someone or have the same opinion as them // to happen at the same time
Conform
to behave in the way that most other people in your group or society behave // to obey a law, rule etc
Conform to a pattern/model/ideal etc
to be similar to what people expect or think is usual
Conformable
(of a person) disposed or accustomed to conform to what is acceptable.
Conformation
the shape of something or the way in which it is formed
Conformism
the act or practice of conforming, as to social convention, religious orthodoxy, or established political belief
Conformist
thinking and behaving like everyone else, because you do not want to be different, or forcing people to do this – often used to show disapproval
Conformity
behaviour that obeys the accepted rules of society or a group, and is the same as that of most other people
Conformity with sth, In
in a way that obeys rules, customs etc
Confound
to confuse and surprise people by being unexpected // to prove someone or something wrong // to defeat an enemy, plan etc// if a problem etc confounds you, you cannot understand it or solve it
Confound sb
used to show that you are annoyed with someone or something
Conscientious objector
one who is opposed to serving in the armed forces and/or bearing arms on the grounds of moral or religious principles.
Consent
to give your permission for something or agree to do something
Consent
permission to do something // agreement about something (OPP: dissent)
Consumed with
to have so much of a feeling that it affects everything you do:
Contravene
to do something that is not allowed according to a law or rule
Cornerstone
literal meaning: a stone at the corner of the base of a building, often laid in a special ceremony // figurative meaning: the most important part of something that the rest depends on
Counteract
to reduce or prevent the bad effect of something, by doing something that has the opposite effect
Crank
someone who has unusual ideas and behaves strangely // NAmE: someone who easily gets angry or annoyed with people
Crawl in (to) your shell
to become less interested in other people and less willing to talk and take part in social activities:
Cripple
to hurt someone badly so that they cannot walk properly
Cripple
someone who is unable to walk properly because their legs are damaged or injured, now considered offensive
Cripple through
to cause damage to sth/sb - debilitate, undermine, make less effective
Daft
Silly
Daft about sth
To be extremely interested in sth
Daft as a brush
Extremely silly
Debunk
to show that an idea or belief is false
Defy
to refuse to obey a law or rule, or refuse to do what someone in authority tells you to do
Defy description/ analysis/ belief
to be almost impossible to describe or understand
Defy logics/ the odds
to not happen according to the principles you would expect
Defy sb to do sth
To ask someone to do something that you think is impossible
Degenerate
to become worse
Degeneration
.
Delve
to try to find more information about someone or something // to search for something by putting your hand deeply into a bag, container etc
Demagogue
a political leader who tries to make people feel strong emotions in order to influence their opinions – used to show disapproval
Deride
to make remarks or jokes that show you think someone or something is silly or useless
Deviant
different, in a bad way, from what is considered normal
Deviant members
a group member who does not fit with the present group because of interactions and behavior in the group sessions.
Deviate
to change what you are doing so that you are not following an expected plan, idea, or type of behaviour
Dilute
to make a quality, belief etc weaker or less effective
Din sth into sb
to make someone learn and remember something by saying it to them many times
Disavow
to say that you are not responsible for something, that you do not know about it, or that you are not involved with it
Discriminate
[intransitive, transitive] to recognize that there is a difference between people or things; to show a difference between people or things
Discrimination
The unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people, especially on the grounds of ethnicity, age, sex, or disability.
Disdain
to have no respect for someone or something, because you think they are not important or good enough
Disdain
a complete lack of respect that you show for someone or something because you think they are not important or good enough
Disdain to do sth
to refuse to do something because you are too proud to do it
Disinformation
false information which is given deliberately in order to hide the truth or confuse people, especially in political situations
Disregard
to ignore something or treat it as unimportant
Dissent
refusal to agree with an official decision or accepted opinion // a statement by a judge giving their reasons for disagreeing with the other judges in a law case
Dissent
to say that you disagree with an official decision or accepted opinion // if a judge dissents, they say formally that they do not agree with the other judges in a law case
Dissident
someone who publicly criticizes the government in a country where this is punished
Do as others do
to do what others do in orther to fit
Docile
quiet and easily controlled
Doom
to make someone or something certain to fail, die, be destroyed etc
Doom
something very bad that is going to happen, or the fact that it is going to happen
Drop out
to no longer do an activity or belong to a group // to refuse to take part in ordinary society because you do not agree with its principles
Eccentric
behaving in a way that is unusual and different from most people
Eerie
behaving in a way that is unusual and different from most people
Emotional cripple
someone who cannot express their feelings to other people – used to show disapproval
Endorse
to express formal support or approval for someone or something
Enjoyment
the feeling of pleasure you get from having or doing something, or something you enjoy doing
Ensnare
to trap someone in an unpleasant or illegal situation, from which they cannot escape
Ensnare
to trap someone in an unpleasant or illegal situation, from which they cannot escape
Entrenched
strongly established and not likely to change – often used to show disapproval
Eradicate
to destroy or get rid of something completely, especially something bad ( disease or a social problem)
Ethnic
relating to a particular race, nation, or tribe and their customs and traditions
Ethnocentric
based on the idea that your own race, nation, group etc is better than any other – used to show disapproval
Etiquette
the formal rules for polite behaviour in society or in a particular group
Eugenics
(genetics) selective breeding. The idea that it is possible to improve the human race by choosing who is allowed to have children // the study of methods to improve the mental and physical abilities of the human race by choosing who should become parents – used to show disapproval
Fall in with sb/sth
to accept smn’s ideas, decisions etc and not disagree with them // to become friendly with a person or group of ppl after meeting them by chance
Fall out
To have a quarrel
Fanaticism
extreme political or religious beliefs – used to show disapproval
feudalism
the social system that existed during the Middle Ages in Europe in which people were given land and protection by a nobleman, and had to work and fight for him in return
Find fault with sb/sth
to criticize someone or something, often unfairly and frequently
Fine-tune
to make very small changes to something such as a machine, system, or plan, so that it works as well as possible
Fit some prefabricated image
to be suitable for a particular image
Fit the pattern
To happen or occur in the same regular and repeated way in which something else happens or occurs. TO CONFORM
Fladrant
a flagrant action is shocking because it is done in a way that is easily noticed and shows no respect for laws, truth etc ( /ˈfleɪɡrənt/)
Flaunt
to show or make obvious something you are proud of in order to get admiration // to show your money, success, beauty etc so that other people notice it – used to show disapproval
Flee
to leave somewhere very quickly, in order to escape from danger
Flock
if people flock to a place, they go there in large numbers because something interesting or exciting is happening there
Flock
a large group of people
flout
to deliberately disobey a law, rule etc, without trying to hide what you are doing
Fodder
something or someone that is useful only for a particular purpose – used to show disapproval
Follow the herd
to do the same thing that most other ppl are doing, without really thinking about it for yourself – used to show disapproval
Follow the urge to conform blindly
without thinking, analyzing the consequences of one’s actions
Freak
sb considered to be very strange because of their look, manner, behaviour, etc
Freak
unexpected and very unusual
From (the) cradle to (the) grave
All your life
Gain visibility
To reach the situation of being noticed by the general public
Gauge
something that helps you make a judgment about a person or situation (/’geidz/)
Genocide
The use of deliberate, systematic measures calculated to bring about the destruction of a racial, political or cultural group or to destroy the language, religion or culture of a group.
Gerontophobia
An abnormal and persistent fear of aging or growing old. The fear of age-related self-degeneration
Gerrymandering
when politicians change the size and borders of an area before an election, so that one person, group, or party has an unfair advantage
Ghetto
a part of a city where people of a particular race or class, especially people who are poor, live separately from the rest of the people in the city. This word is sometimes considered offensive.
Give sb/get the cold shoulder
to behave in an unfriendly way towards someone that you know
Go along
do sth as you go along, you do it without planning or preparing it // to happen or develop in a particular way
Go along with sb/sth
to agree with or support someone or something
Go it alone
to do something by oneself
Go one’s way
to do the things that one wants to do rather than doing the things that other people expect one to do
Go overboard
to do something in a way that is excessive or extreme : to do too much of something
Go with the flow
to agree that you will do the thing that most people want to do
Grim
making you feel worried or unhappy // looking or sounding very serious // BrE: very bad, ugly, or unpleasant // Ill
Hard-wired
if an attitude, way of behaving etc is hard-wired, it is a natural part of a person’s character that they are born with and cannot change
Harvest
the time when crops are gathered from the fields or the act of gathering from
Haughtiness
unfriendly behaviour that shows you consider yourself better than other people
Haugthy
behaving in a proud unfriendly way
Hold a candle to
if something or someone cannot hold a candle to something or someone else, they are not as good as the other thing or person
Hold all the cards
to have all the advantages in a situation in which people are competing or arguing
HOLD forth
to give your opinion on a subject, especially for a long time
Hold good
to still exist and be considerated valuable, true
HOLD off
to delay doing something
Hold one’s own
to successfully defend yourself or succeed in a difficult situation, competition etc
HOLD out
to think or say that something is possible or likely to happen, especially something good // to try to prevent yourself from doing something that someone is trying to force you to do
HOLD out for sth
to not accept anything less than you have asked for
HOLD out on sb
not to pay sb or give them information // to not tell someone about something important
HOLD sb off
to prevent someone who is trying to attack or defeat you from succeeding // to prevent someone from coming towards you or succeeding in speaking to you
HOLD sb/sth up
to delay someone or something
HOLD sth back
to stop yourself from feeling or showing a particular emotion // to prevent someone or something from making progress // to keep something secret
HOLD sth down
to keep people under control or limit their freedom // to make someone or something stay on something, and stop them from moving away or escaping //
HOLD sth up
to support something and prevent it from falling down
Hold the road
If a vehicle holds the road, its wheels stay firmly on the road and do not slide while moving // to stick to your principles
HOLD up sth
to rob or try to rob a place or person by using violence
Hold water
If a reason, argument, or explanation holds water, it is true or likely to be it
HOLD with sth
used to say that someone does not approve of something
Hold your head high
to behave as if you are proud of yourself or respect yourself
Homophobia
dislike or unfair treatment of gay people
Hostility
when someone is unfriendly and full of anger towards another person // strong or angry opposition to something //
Idler
a person who is lazy and does not work
Ignoramus
someone who does not know about things that most people know about
Ignorant
not knowing facts or information that you ought to know // caused by a lack of knowledge and understanding
Impairment
an injury, illness or condition that means that part of your body or brain does not work as it normally would or as it does in most people // a condition in which a part of a person’s mind or body is damaged or does not work well
Inane
very stupid or without much meaning
Incomprehensible
difficult or impossible to understand
Indelible
impossible to forget or remove, permanent (/ɪnˈdeləbl/)
Individualist
someone who does things in their own way and has different opinions from most other people
Infamous
well known for being bad or evil
Infringe
to do something that is against a law or someone’s legal rights
Infringe on/ upon sth
to limit someone’s freedom in some way
Ingrained
ingrained attitudes or behaviour are firmly established and therefore difficult to change
Insensible
not knowing about something that could happen to you // unable to feel something or be affected by it // not conscious
Insipid
not interesting, exciting, or attractive // food or drink that is insipid does not have much taste
insulate
to cover or protect something with a material that stops electricity, sound, heat etc from getting in or out // to keep someone apart from particular experiences or influences, especially unpleasant ones
Insulate
to keep someone apart from particular experiences or influences, especially unpleasant ones
Insurance red-lining
The practice, illegal in many states, of setting insurance rates on the basis of a neighborhood, which is intended to discriminate against residences and businesses in “undesirable” neighborhoods.
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD)1969
The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) is a United Nations convention. A third-generation human rights instrument, the Convention commits its members to the elimination of racial discrimination and the promotion of understanding among all races.
Intolerant
not willing to accept ways of thinking and behaving that are different from your own // allergic to
Intolerant to dissenting ideas
not to agree - oppose to ideas which are different
Invidious
Unpleasant and unfair; likely to offend somebody or make them jealous
Iroquois Confederacy
The iIroquois are the indigenous people of North America. The Iroquois Confederacy is a political and diplomatic entity that emerged in response to European colonization
Jingoism
a strong belief that your own country is better than others – used to show disapproval
KEEP from
to prevent someone from doing something or prevent something from happening // to prevent someone from knowing something, by deliberately not telling them about it
KEEP on
to continue doing something, or to do something many times // to continue to employ someone, especially for longer than you had planned // to talk continuously about something or repeat something many times, in a way that is annoying
Keep oneself to oneself
To stay apart from other people, to avoid other people. spend time alone
KEEP out
to avoid becoming involved (in a difficult or unpleasant situation)
KEEP to
to stay on a particular road, course, piece of ground etc // to do what has been decided in an agreement or plan, or what is demanded by law //
KEEP to the point/subject etc
to talk or write only about the subject you are supposed to be talking about
KEEP up
to continue doing something // continues without stopping or changing // to go as quickly as someone else //
KEEP up with sb
to write to, telephone, or meet a friend regularly, so that you do not forget each other
Ku Klux Klan
An organization in the United States which utilizes propaganda and terror against African-Americans, Jews, Catholics, and other minorities to express its extremist racist and anti-Semitic views.
Label
to use a word or phrase to describe someone or something, but often unfairly or incorrectly
Lame
Difficult to believe, weak // boring or not very good
Leak
Escaping fluid // Revealing secret information
Leak out
if secret information leaks out, a lot of people find out about it
Lest
for fear that…
in case…
Live up
if something or someone lives up to a particular standard or promise, they do as well as they were expected to, do what they promised etc
Lone wolf
A loner, sb who prefers to be alone
Lookism
prejudice or discrimination on the grounds of a person’s appearance.
Lopsided
having one side that is lower or heavier than the other // unequal or uneven, especially in an unfair way
Lump
to put two or more different people or things together and consider them as a single group, sometimes wrongly
Lump it
to accept a situation or decision you do not like because you cannot change it
Lynch
if a crowd of people lynches someone, they kill them, especially by hanging them, without a trial
Mainstream
accepted by or involving most people in a society
Mainstream, the
the most usual ideas or methods, or the people who have these ideas or methods
Maladjusted
a maladjusted child behaves badly and is unable to form good relationships with people because he or she has emotional problem
Manageable
easy to control or deal with
Meek
very quiet and gentle and unwilling to argue with people
Mild
not strong, soft // a mild person has a gentle character and does not easily get angry // not serious enough to cause much suffering //
Misanthropist
someone who does not like other people and prefers to be alone. Smn who feels disgust for people in general
Misfit
someone who does not seem to belong in a particular group of people, and who is not accepted by that group, because they are very different from the other group members
Misleading
likely to make someone believe something that is not true
Misogyny
a feeling of hate or dislike towards women, or a feeling that women are not as good as men
Misstep
a mistake, especially one that is caused by not understanding a situation correctly
Myriad
Very many
Myriad
a very large number of things
Nollywood
Nigerian film industry are considered Nollywood has always been a subject of debate
Nonconformist
someone who does not accept the ways of thinking or behaving accepted by most other people in their society or group
Normalcy
a situation in which things happen in the usual or expected way
Oblivious
not knowing about or not noticing something that is happening around you
Obtuse
slow to understand things, in a way that is annoying
Occlude
to cover or block something
Odd
different from what is normal or expected, especially in a way that you disapprove of or cannot understand
Oddball
someone who behaves in a strange or unusual way
On your best behaviour
to behave as well and politely as you can in order to please someone
Ooze
to show a lot of a particular quality or feeling //
Ostracise
if a group of people ostracize someone, they refuse to accept them as a member of the group
Otherness
when something is strange and different
Out of conviction
It is often used to express strong belief in something or a strong ethical or moral standpoint.
Out of sth
Because/ due to
Outcast
someone who is not accepted by the people they live among, or who has been forced out of their home
Outlandish
Strange and unusual
Outlaw
To make something illegal
Outpouring
an expression of strong feelings // a lot of sth that is produced suddenly
Outsider
smnwho is not accepted as a member of a particular social group // BrE: smnwho does not seem to have much chance of winning a race or competition
Pariah
someone who everyone hates and avoids (/pəˈraɪə/)
Peasant
an insulting word for someone who does not behave politely in social situations or is not well educated // a poor farmer who owns or rents a small amount of land, either in past times or in poor countries
Peasantry
all the peasants in a region or country
Peculiar
strange, unfamiliar, or a little surprising // behaving in a strange and slightly crazy way
Peculiar to sb/sth
if something is peculiar to a particular person, place, or situation, it is a feature that only belongs to that person or only exists in that place or situation
Peer pressure
a strong feeling that you must do the same things as other people of your age if you want them to like you
Pejorative
a word or expression that is pejorative is used to show disapproval or to insult someone
Perpetuate
to make a situation, attitude etc, especially a bad one, continue to exist for a long time
Persecution
cruel or unfair treatment of someone over a period of time, especially because of their religious or political beliefs
Pervasive
existing everywhere
Pigeonhole
to have an often unfair idea of what type someone or something is:
Pledge
a serious promise or agreement, especially one made publicly or officially
Pledge
to make a formal, usually public, promise that you will do something
Pledge
a serious promise or agreement, especially one made publicly or officially // a promise to give money to an organization // something valuable that you leave with someone else as proof that you will do what you have agreed to do
Pledge
to make a formal, usually public, promise that you will do something
Plunge
if a price, rate etc plunges, it suddenly decreases by a large amount // to move, fall, or be thrown suddenly forwards or downwards
Plunge
a sudden large decrease in the price, value etc of something // when someone suddenly becomes involved in something new
Pogrom
Violent riot incited with the aim of massacring or expelling an ethnic or religious group, particularly Jews
Preclude
to prevent something or make something impossible
Prejudice
an unreasonable dislike and distrust of people who are different from you in some way, especially because of their race, sex, religion etc – used to show disapproval
Propaganda
information which is false or which emphasizes just one part of a situation, used by a government or political group to make people agree with them
Purport
to claim to be or do something, even if this is not true
Push the envelope
NAmE: to try to go beyond the normal limits of something
Put down
to criticize someone and make them feel silly or stupid // to put something or someone that you are holding or carrying onto a surface
Quaintness
the quality of being attractive because of being unusual, and often old-fashioned
Queer fish
someone who is slightly strange or crazy
Racial discrimination
Racial discrimination is any discrimination against any individual on the basis of their skin color, race or ethnic origin. Individuals can discriminate by refusing to do business with, socialize with, or share resources with people of a certain group
Racism
A belief that one race is superior to another.
Racist
(N) Someone who does not like or respect people who belong to races
that are different from their own and who believes their race is better
than others
Ravening
Hungry and dangerous animals
Reactionary
very strongly opposed to any social or political change – used to show disapproval
Rebel
someone who opposes or fights against people in authority // someone who refuses to do things in the normal way, or in the way that other people want them to
Rebellious
deliberately not obeying people in authority or rules of behaviour // fighting against the government of your own country
Redress
to correct something that is wrong or unfair
Refrain
to not do something that you want to do
Refrain
to not do something that you want to do
Regard
respect and admiration for someone or something // attention or consideration that is shown towards someone or something
Regard
to think about someone or something in a particular way
Relegate
to give someone or something a less important position than before // if a sports team is relegated, it is moved into a lower division
Relinquish
to let someone else have your position, power, or rights, especially unwillingly
Retarded
less mentally developed than other people of the same age (offensive)
Revolt
take strong and often violent action against the government, usually with the aim of taking power away from them // to refuse to accept someone’s authority or obey rules or laws
Revolt
a refusal to accept someone’s authority or obey rules or laws // strong and often violent action by a lot of people against their ruler or government
Run afoul of sth/ sb
to do something that is not allowed or legal, or that is against people’s beliefs
Scapegoat
someone who is blamed for something bad that happens, even if it is not their fault
Scapegoating
the act of blaming a person or group for something bad that has happened or that someone else has done:
Scream at the top of one’s lungs
to scream very loud
Sedition
speech, writing, or actions intended to encourage people to disobey a government
Seditious
intending to persuade other people to oppose their government:
Segregate
to keep one thing separate from another
Segregation
when people of different races, sexes, or religions are kept apart so that they live, work, or study separately
Semitic
belonging to the race of people that includes Jews, Arabs, and, in ancient times, Babylonians and Assyrians
Sensuous
pleasing to your senses // attractive in a sexual way
Setback
a problem that delays or prevents progress, or makes things worse than they were
Shroud
to cover or hide something // to keep information secret so that people do not know what really happened
Shroud
something that hides or covers something
Sidestep sth
to avoid dealing with something difficult
Size up
to look at or consider a person or situation and make a judgment about them
Skinhead
a young white person who has hair that is cut very short, especially one who behaves violently towards people of other races
Smug
showing too much satisfaction with your own cleverness or success – used to show disapproval
Soar
to increase quickly to a high level
Square peg in a round hole
unsuitable and unaxeptable. A person in a situation unsuited to their abilities or character
Stand aloof
unfriendly and deliberately not talking to other people // deliberately not becoming involved in something
Stereotype
a belief or idea of what a particular type of person or thing is like
Stereotype
to decide unfairly that a type of person has particular qualities or abilities because they belong to a particular race, sex, or social class
Stick
to continue to accept a situation or person, even though you do not like them
Stick to sth
to do or keep doing what you said you would do or what you believe in, even when it is difficult
Stigmatise
stigmatise sb/ sth to describe or consider sb/sth in a way that unfairly suggests that they are bad or do not deserve respect
Straitjacket
Camisa de fuerza // something such as a law or set of ideas that puts very strict or unfair limits on someone
Subdue
to defeat or control a person or group, especially using force // to prevent your emotions from showing or being too strong
Subject to sth
if someone or something is subject to something, especially something bad, it is possible or likely that they will be affected by it // if something is subject to something such as approval, it depends on that thing happening before it can happen
Subjugate
to defeat a person or group and make them obey you
Submissive
always willing to obey someone and never disagreeing with them, even if they are unkind to you
Surge
if a feeling surges or surges up, you begin to feel it very strongly // to suddenly increase
Surge
a sudden increase in amount or number //
Switch up
to change, usually in a way that brings an improvement:
Take hold of
to take physical control or possession of (sth) suddenly or forcibly
Target
something that you are trying to achieve // something that you practise shooting at,
Target
to aim an attack or a criticism at somebody/something
Taunt
to try to make someone angry or upset by saying unkind things to them
Tease
to laugh at someone and make jokes in order to have fun by embarrassing them, either in a friendly way or in an unkind way
Tepee
a type of tent in the shape of a cone made from animal skins which is the typical shelter of some Native Americans
Thrive
to become very successful or very strong and healthy
Thrust
the main meaning or aim of what someone is saying or doing
Tirade
a long angry speech criticizing someone or something
To one’s advantage
use it in order to benefit from it, especially when it might be expected to harm or damage you.
Top it all
in addition to other bad things that have happened to you
Topple
to take power away from a leader or government, especially by force
Torn between sth
finding it very difficult to choose between two possibilities
Transgress
to do something that is against the rules of social behaviour or against a moral principle
Transhumanism
philosophical and intellectual movement which advocates the enhancement of the human condition by developing and making widely available sophisticated technologies that can greatly enhance longevity, cognition, and well-being.
Typecast
to always give an actor the same type of character to play // to give someone a particular type of job, activity etc to do, because you think it suits their character
Unbiased
unbiased information, advice etc is fair because the person giving it is not influenced by their own or other people’s opinions
Uncanny
very strange and difficult to explain
Unconscionable
much more than is reasonable or acceptable // morally unacceptable
Unconventional
very different from the way people usually behave, think, dress etc
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is an international document adopted by the United Nations General Assembly that enshrines the rights and freedoms of all human beings
Unrealistic
unrealistic ideas or hopes are not reasonable or sensible
Unthinkable
impossible to accept or imagine
Unthinkable, the
something that is impossible to accept or imagine
Unveil
to show or tell people about a new product or plan for the first time
Unwritten rules of society
social norms unwritten that everyone knows and should comply
Vapid
lacking intelligence, interest, or imagination
Vicious
violent and cruel // very unkind // unpleasantly strong or severe
Vindictive
unreasonably cruel and unfair towards someone who has harmed you
Virulent
full of hatred for something, or expressing this in a strong way – used to show disapproval // poison, disease etc that is virulent is very dangerous and affects people very quickly
Wackadoodle
Strange and silly
Wander off
To leave, depart, or stray (from someone or something) in a meandering, ambling manner.
Watershed
an event or time when important changes happen in history or in your life
Well-worn
expression, phrase etc has been repeated so often that it is no longer interesting or effective // worn or used for a long time
Widen
to become wider, or to make something wide // to become larger in degree or range, or to make something do this
Withstand
to defend yourself successfully against people who attack, criticize, or oppose you // to be strong enough to remain unharmed by something such as great heat, cold, pressure etc
Worthy
deserving respect from people // to deserve to be thought about or treated in a particular way
Wost-case scenario
the worst possible situation
Xenophobia
dislike of or prejudice against people from other countries.
Yearn
to have a strong desire for something, especially something that is difficult or impossible to get
Yearning
a strong desire for something
Yiel to sth
if one thing yields to another, it is replaced by that thing
Yield
to allow yourself to be forced or persuaded to do something or stop having something // to stop fighting and accept defeat
Zealot
someone who has extremely strong beliefs, especially religious or political beliefs, and is too eager to make other people share them
Zoning bylaw
permits a council to set local standards for the subdivision and use of land, and helps manage the delivery of municipal services and resources to new development.
