unit 4 Flashcards
what is autocrine signaling
self communication
what is juxtacrine signaling
cells next to each other
What is paracrine signaling
Nearby but not next to
what is synaptic signaling
communication between neurons
what is endocrine signaling
signals that reach many cells but only send to a few people
what is a Ligand
the messenger (key)
Explain signal transduction pathway
a phosphorylation cascade, ligan connects with a G protein which releases ATP, turning into cAMP, which activates a protein kinase and the catalic molecules of that kinase phosphyloralte (add phosphates) to break down glycloci into glucosew
what are antigens
proteins that bind to molecules that create virus’s
what are antibodies
key like strucutres that perfectly bind to antigens, flagging them for removal
what are antibiotics
“fake” antibodies
what are memory cells
antibodies that are left over from a previous virus, rendering a person immune
what protein helps get viruses out of the cell
neuraminidase
what protein helps get a virus into a cell?
Hemagluttinin
What is antigenic drift?
slight changes of an antigen (small mutation)
what is antigenic shift?
A big mutation of that creates different sub-types of the antigen
how are cytokines produced
Mast cells, located in the nerve tissue
Explain Innate immunity first line of defense
Skin, cilia, and mucus
Explain innate immunity second line of defense, with inflammatory response
Mast cells trigger histamine which causes swellings to allow white blood cells to travel in, called from cytokines. Cytokines also bring in phagocytic cells and clotting of the blood begins. Phagocytose occurs and kills pathogens so the tissue can heal
what happens when there is too much inflammatory response?
tissue damage from too much swelling caused from cytokines
Define phagocytic cells and the two sub categories
macrophages: big eaters, eat a lot
Neutrophils: eat once and then die
define cytokines
call in white blood cells
What is the second line of defense in inate immunity with natural killer cells
natural killer cells recongnizes foreign body where they can get rid of tumors, or even explode to rid of many
what do B-cells create and what immunity is it apart of
they create antibodies, when they find a disease or are activated by a vaccine they produce antibodies. It is Adaptive immunity, humoral
What is agglutinize
antibodies stick together to defeat an antigen
what is neutralize
antibodies surrounds a pathogen to rid of it
Define active and passibe immunity, include examples
active: B-cells make antibodies like a vaccine too
passibe: borrow antibodies from a source like a mother
what do T-cell do and what immunity
they go inside the cell and attack already infected cells. it’s adaptive immunity Cell mediated
What is chromatin
Unwound DNA
Why do some ligands bind extracellularly vs intracellularly
small/non-polar ligands diffuse through the membrane while large/polar ligands are activated extracellularly
Explain Quorum sensing
Bacteria transmit chemical signals to create certain responses as a group, to respond to their environment/danger.
Explain Epinephrine secretion as signal transduction
When this is releases, glycogen binds to a receptor creating glucose Glucose is used as the bodies immediate energy source in a stress full situation.
What are two examples that disrupt signal transduction pathways
Virus’s and Cancer
What are positive and negative points towards G0
Positive: energy conservation
Negative: no replenishing damaged cells
What is the role of Cyclin and CDK in regulating the cell cycle
Cyclins bind to CDKS to regulate the cell cycle by signaling mitosis and gene expression when connected
define structural genes
define the function of a celld
define regulatory genes
control or regulate the expression of other genes and allow for strucutral genes to activatede
define master genes
regulate the expression of selector genes
What does the TATA box on a DNA strand do in terms of gene expression
genes that have both repressors and activators when activated will try to bind to the TATA box to be expressed. The repressor takes the active site, always trumping the activator
What is a chromosome
Wound DNA
What are sister chromatids
Identical chromosomes
What is a centromere
Center of two chromosomes
What are spindle fibers
Attach to the centromere
What are homologous chromosomes
Similar but not identical chromosomes (mom and dad)
What are somatic cells
Body cells from mitosis
What are germ cells
Gamete cells from meiosis
What happens in G1
Growth
What happens in the S phase
DNA doubles
What happens in g2 phase
Prepare to divide
What is cyclin
a protein that regulates the cell cycle by attching to CDK
What does the activation of CDK mean
activates signal transduction which elicites a response for a specific phase of the cell cycle
What are protooncogenes and tumor supressors
CDK’s, proto-oncogens promote the cell cycle while Tumor supressors inhibit the cell cycle
what is the most common type of tumor supressor
P53
