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AP BIO > unit 4 > Flashcards

unit 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is autocrine signaling

A

self communication

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2
Q

what is juxtacrine signaling

A

cells next to each other

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3
Q

What is paracrine signaling

A

Nearby but not next to

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4
Q

what is synaptic signaling

A

communication between neurons

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5
Q

what is endocrine signaling

A

signals that reach many cells but only send to a few people

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6
Q

what is a Ligand

A

the messenger (key)

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7
Q

Explain signal transduction pathway

A

a phosphorylation cascade, ligan connects with a G protein which releases ATP, turning into cAMP, which activates a protein kinase and the catalic molecules of that kinase phosphyloralte (add phosphates) to break down glycloci into glucosew

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8
Q

what are antigens

A

proteins that bind to molecules that create virus’s

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9
Q

what are antibodies

A

key like strucutres that perfectly bind to antigens, flagging them for removal

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10
Q

what are antibiotics

A

“fake” antibodies

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11
Q

what are memory cells

A

antibodies that are left over from a previous virus, rendering a person immune

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12
Q

what protein helps get viruses out of the cell

A

neuraminidase

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13
Q

what protein helps get a virus into a cell?

A

Hemagluttinin

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14
Q

What is antigenic drift?

A

slight changes of an antigen (small mutation)

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15
Q

what is antigenic shift?

A

A big mutation of that creates different sub-types of the antigen

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16
Q

how are cytokines produced

A

Mast cells, located in the nerve tissue

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17
Q

Explain Innate immunity first line of defense

A

Skin, cilia, and mucus

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18
Q

Explain innate immunity second line of defense, with inflammatory response

A

Mast cells trigger histamine which causes swellings to allow white blood cells to travel in, called from cytokines. Cytokines also bring in phagocytic cells and clotting of the blood begins. Phagocytose occurs and kills pathogens so the tissue can heal

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19
Q

what happens when there is too much inflammatory response?

A

tissue damage from too much swelling caused from cytokines

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20
Q

Define phagocytic cells and the two sub categories

A

macrophages: big eaters, eat a lot
Neutrophils: eat once and then die

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21
Q

define cytokines

A

call in white blood cells

22
Q

What is the second line of defense in inate immunity with natural killer cells

A

natural killer cells recongnizes foreign body where they can get rid of tumors, or even explode to rid of many

23
Q

what do B-cells create and what immunity is it apart of

A

they create antibodies, when they find a disease or are activated by a vaccine they produce antibodies. It is Adaptive immunity, humoral

24
Q

What is agglutinize

A

antibodies stick together to defeat an antigen

25
Q

what is neutralize

A

antibodies surrounds a pathogen to rid of it

26
Q

Define active and passibe immunity, include examples

A

active: B-cells make antibodies like a vaccine too
passibe: borrow antibodies from a source like a mother

27
Q

what do T-cell do and what immunity

A

they go inside the cell and attack already infected cells. it’s adaptive immunity Cell mediated

28
Q

What is chromatin

A

Unwound DNA

29
Q

Why do some ligands bind extracellularly vs intracellularly

A

small/non-polar ligands diffuse through the membrane while large/polar ligands are activated extracellularly

30
Q

Explain Quorum sensing

A

Bacteria transmit chemical signals to create certain responses as a group, to respond to their environment/danger.

31
Q

Explain Epinephrine secretion as signal transduction

A

When this is releases, glycogen binds to a receptor creating glucose Glucose is used as the bodies immediate energy source in a stress full situation.

32
Q

What are two examples that disrupt signal transduction pathways

A

Virus’s and Cancer

33
Q

What are positive and negative points towards G0

A

Positive: energy conservation
Negative: no replenishing damaged cells

34
Q

What is the role of Cyclin and CDK in regulating the cell cycle

A

Cyclins bind to CDKS to regulate the cell cycle by signaling mitosis and gene expression when connected

35
Q

define structural genes

A

define the function of a celld

36
Q

define regulatory genes

A

control or regulate the expression of other genes and allow for strucutral genes to activatede

37
Q

define master genes

A

regulate the expression of selector genes

38
Q

What does the TATA box on a DNA strand do in terms of gene expression

A

genes that have both repressors and activators when activated will try to bind to the TATA box to be expressed. The repressor takes the active site, always trumping the activator

39
Q

What is a chromosome

A

Wound DNA

40
Q

What are sister chromatids

A

Identical chromosomes

41
Q

What is a centromere

A

Center of two chromosomes

42
Q

What are spindle fibers

A

Attach to the centromere

43
Q

What are homologous chromosomes

A

Similar but not identical chromosomes (mom and dad)

44
Q

What are somatic cells

A

Body cells from mitosis

45
Q

What are germ cells

A

Gamete cells from meiosis

46
Q

What happens in G1

A

Growth

47
Q

What happens in the S phase

A

DNA doubles

48
Q

What happens in g2 phase

A

Prepare to divide

49
Q

What is cyclin

A

a protein that regulates the cell cycle by attching to CDK

50
Q

What does the activation of CDK mean

A

activates signal transduction which elicites a response for a specific phase of the cell cycle

51
Q

What are protooncogenes and tumor supressors

A

CDK’s, proto-oncogens promote the cell cycle while Tumor supressors inhibit the cell cycle

52
Q

what is the most common type of tumor supressor

A

P53

AP BIO (8 decks)

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