7-8: Evolution / Natural sleection Flashcards
Evolution
Gradual change in living organisms over time, development of new species from existing ones.
Natural Selection
The process where individuals with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce leading to better traits for the next generation
Charles Darwin
Proposed the throaty of evolution by natural selection
Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck
Suggested that acquired traits during an organisms lifetime could be passed on to offspring (not true)
Paleontology
Study of life through fossils
Biogeography
study of the distribution of species and ecosystems across geographical regions
Flora
The plant life in a particular area or time
Fauna
The animal life in a particular area or time
Embryology
The study of the development of embryos from fertilization to birth or hatching
Morphological homologies
Similarities in the structure or form of organisms that suggest a common evolutionary ancestor
Homologous structure
Body parts in different species that have similar structure, indicating common ancestry
Molecular biology
The study of biological processes at the molecular level, including DNA, RNA and proteins
Contributing evolution
The concept that evolution is an ongoing process that continues to shape and change species
Common ancestor
An ancestral organism from which two or more different species have evolved
Phylogenetic tree
A diagram that shows the evolutionary relationship between different species or groups
Out-groups
A species or group that is used as a reference point in phylogenetic analysis
Genetic variability
Example of natural selection where the color of moths changed due to environmental pressures during the Industrial Revolution
Environmental pressure
External factors that influence the survival and reproductive success of organisms
Random mutation
A random change in an organisms DNA that can be a source of genetic diversity
Adaptation
A trait or characteristic that enhances an organisms fitness in its environment
Evolutionary fitness
The ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its specific environment
Sexual selection
A form of natural selection wheeee individuals with certain traits are more successful in attracting mates
Genetic drift
The random change in allele frequencies in a small population, chance events that can result in bottleneck events which decrease diversity
Bottleneck (founder effect)
A significant reduction in the genetic diversity of a population due to a small number of individuals establishing a new population
Gene flow
The transfer of genes from one population to another through the migration of individuals and increases diversity
Directional selection
Natural selection that favors one extreme of a traits range
Stabilizing selection
Natural selection that favors the intermediate forms of a trait
Disruptive selection
Natural selection that favors both extremes of traits range
Artificial selection
The intentional breeding of organisms by humans to select for specific traits
RNA world hypothesis
A theory suggesting RNA may have been the first self replicating molecule and played a crucial role in the origin of life
Stanley killer and Harold Urey
Scientists demonstrating amino acids could be produced under conditions simulating the early earth
Alexander oparin and JBS haldane
Scientists who proposed early theories on the origin of life and the development of organic molecules on earth
Hardyweinburg law
A mathematical model that describes the genetic equilibrium in a population under certain conditions
Polyploidy
The presence of multiple sets of chromosomes in an organism, often leading to reproductive islotation
Sympathetic speciation
Speciation that happens when populations live in the same geographic area but become reproductively isolated
Allopatric speciation
Speciation that occurs when populations of a species are geographically isolated from eachother
Speciation
The process by which new species arise
Species
A group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring
Reproductively isolated
Populations of a species that can no longer breed due to barriers
Divergent evolution
One species evolves into two or more species with different characteristics
Punctuated equilibrium
Species often experience long periods of little change, stasis, punctuated by short bursts of rapid evolution
Gradualism
The idea that evolution occurs slowly and steadily over long periods of time
Adaptive radiation
The rapid diversification of a common ancestor into multiple different species usually in response to a new environment
Convergent evolution
The independent evolution of similar traits in different species from similar environmental pressures
Pre-zygotics barriers
Mechanisms that prevent the formation of a zygote (fertilized egg) between different species
Post zygotic barriers
Mechanisms that prevent the development or survival of offspring produced by the mating of different species
Why do some disadvantageous mutations survive
They are hidden recessivly in heterozygous
What is the best allele frequency’s change that has adaptive evolution
Natural selection
Summarize of the 4 genetic drift pouts
Small populations. Allele changes randomly. No genetic variation. Harmful alleles might be come fixed or appear
What are the three things that change allele frequency
Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow
What is important about evolution by natural selection
Individuals CANNOT evolve
Natural selection process
Overpopulation
Variation
Survival of the fit
Fit reproduce
Speciation
Is natural selection goal oriented
No
Biological species concept
Different species can’t mate, caterigirized by mating
Microevolution
Small changes over few generations
Macro evolution
Big changes over long period of time
Phylogenetic specifies
Classfiacitiaion if species: closest to the phylogenetic tree
Two types of polyploidy
Autopilyploid: same species
Allopolyploid: two different species
Hybrid zone formation
One species soerates and then barriers become down and either they begin to produce hybrids that mate and stay stable or they collapse and speciation continues occurring
Radiometeic dating
Carbon 14 and half lives that tell you how old or how much carbon it has
Acclinization
Adjusting to change in its environment. Elsa from Georgia to utah
Adaptive radiation
One species makes many many different ones
Vestigial structures
Structures Once used by a common ancestor but are now useless
What evolutionary changes is a consequence of continental drift
Allopatric speciation
What is adaptive radiation
When a mass exit nation happens the environment might need habitats or certain environmental
Needs so adaptation occur
Heterochrony
genetically controlled difference in the timing, rate, or duration of a developmental process in an organism compared to its ancestors or other organisms
What does gene regulation affect
Gene expression
Define exaption
An adaptation that performs a different function that it originally had
What are the two ways morphological changes can occur,
DNA changes and gene expression
Gene pool
Accumulation of all the alleles
What does p stand for in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium
Dominant alleles
What does q stand for in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium
Recessive alleles
How to find q squared
The number of recessive divided by the total
How to find q
Q squared to the square root
How to find P
Q plus p equals 1
Conditions for equilibrium
No mutations
Random mating
No natural selection
Extremely large population
No gene flow
Clade
Phylogenetic groups in ancestry
Nice
Meeting intersections on phylogenetic tree
Monophyletic
One grouping on the same ancestry
Polypohyletic
Multiple from different ancestries on the tree
Paraphyketic
Leaving some ancestry out of the grouping tree
Horozontal gene transfer
Not parent to child, random lines that represent DNA sharing mostly between bacteria
Maximum parsimony
Simplist connection on the teee
