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AP BIO > 7-8: Evolution / Natural sleection > Flashcards

7-8: Evolution / Natural sleection Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Evolution

A

Gradual change in living organisms over time, development of new species from existing ones.

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2
Q

Natural Selection

A

The process where individuals with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce leading to better traits for the next generation

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3
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Proposed the throaty of evolution by natural selection

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4
Q

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck

A

Suggested that acquired traits during an organisms lifetime could be passed on to offspring (not true)

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5
Q

Paleontology

A

Study of life through fossils

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6
Q

Biogeography

A

study of the distribution of species and ecosystems across geographical regions

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7
Q

Flora

A

The plant life in a particular area or time

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8
Q

Fauna

A

The animal life in a particular area or time

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9
Q

Embryology

A

The study of the development of embryos from fertilization to birth or hatching

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10
Q

Morphological homologies

A

Similarities in the structure or form of organisms that suggest a common evolutionary ancestor

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11
Q

Homologous structure

A

Body parts in different species that have similar structure, indicating common ancestry

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12
Q

Molecular biology

A

The study of biological processes at the molecular level, including DNA, RNA and proteins

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13
Q

Contributing evolution

A

The concept that evolution is an ongoing process that continues to shape and change species

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14
Q

Common ancestor

A

An ancestral organism from which two or more different species have evolved

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15
Q

Phylogenetic tree

A

A diagram that shows the evolutionary relationship between different species or groups

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16
Q

Out-groups

A

A species or group that is used as a reference point in phylogenetic analysis

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17
Q

Genetic variability

A

Example of natural selection where the color of moths changed due to environmental pressures during the Industrial Revolution

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18
Q

Environmental pressure

A

External factors that influence the survival and reproductive success of organisms

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19
Q

Random mutation

A

A random change in an organisms DNA that can be a source of genetic diversity

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20
Q

Adaptation

A

A trait or characteristic that enhances an organisms fitness in its environment

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21
Q

Evolutionary fitness

A

The ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its specific environment

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22
Q

Sexual selection

A

A form of natural selection wheeee individuals with certain traits are more successful in attracting mates

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23
Q

Genetic drift

A

The random change in allele frequencies in a small population, chance events that can result in bottleneck events which decrease diversity

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24
Q

Bottleneck (founder effect)

A

A significant reduction in the genetic diversity of a population due to a small number of individuals establishing a new population

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25
Q

Gene flow

A

The transfer of genes from one population to another through the migration of individuals and increases diversity

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26
Q

Directional selection

A

Natural selection that favors one extreme of a traits range

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27
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Natural selection that favors the intermediate forms of a trait

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28
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Natural selection that favors both extremes of traits range

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29
Q

Artificial selection

A

The intentional breeding of organisms by humans to select for specific traits

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30
Q

RNA world hypothesis

A

A theory suggesting RNA may have been the first self replicating molecule and played a crucial role in the origin of life

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31
Q

Stanley killer and Harold Urey

A

Scientists demonstrating amino acids could be produced under conditions simulating the early earth

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32
Q

Alexander oparin and JBS haldane

A

Scientists who proposed early theories on the origin of life and the development of organic molecules on earth

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33
Q

Hardyweinburg law

A

A mathematical model that describes the genetic equilibrium in a population under certain conditions

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34
Q

Polyploidy

A

The presence of multiple sets of chromosomes in an organism, often leading to reproductive islotation

35
Q

Sympathetic speciation

A

Speciation that happens when populations live in the same geographic area but become reproductively isolated

36
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

Speciation that occurs when populations of a species are geographically isolated from eachother

37
Q

Speciation

A

The process by which new species arise

38
Q

Species

A

A group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

39
Q

Reproductively isolated

A

Populations of a species that can no longer breed due to barriers

40
Q

Divergent evolution

A

One species evolves into two or more species with different characteristics

41
Q

Punctuated equilibrium

A

Species often experience long periods of little change, stasis, punctuated by short bursts of rapid evolution

42
Q

Gradualism

A

The idea that evolution occurs slowly and steadily over long periods of time

43
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

The rapid diversification of a common ancestor into multiple different species usually in response to a new environment

44
Q

Convergent evolution

A

The independent evolution of similar traits in different species from similar environmental pressures

45
Q

Pre-zygotics barriers

A

Mechanisms that prevent the formation of a zygote (fertilized egg) between different species

46
Q

Post zygotic barriers

A

Mechanisms that prevent the development or survival of offspring produced by the mating of different species

47
Q

Why do some disadvantageous mutations survive

A

They are hidden recessivly in heterozygous

48
Q

What is the best allele frequency’s change that has adaptive evolution

A

Natural selection

49
Q

Summarize of the 4 genetic drift pouts

A

Small populations. Allele changes randomly. No genetic variation. Harmful alleles might be come fixed or appear

50
Q

What are the three things that change allele frequency

A

Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow

51
Q

What is important about evolution by natural selection

A

Individuals CANNOT evolve

52
Q

Natural selection process

A

Overpopulation
Variation
Survival of the fit
Fit reproduce
Speciation

53
Q

Is natural selection goal oriented

A

No

54
Q

Biological species concept

A

Different species can’t mate, caterigirized by mating

55
Q

Microevolution

A

Small changes over few generations

56
Q

Macro evolution

A

Big changes over long period of time

57
Q

Phylogenetic specifies

A

Classfiacitiaion if species: closest to the phylogenetic tree

58
Q

Two types of polyploidy

A

Autopilyploid: same species
Allopolyploid: two different species

59
Q

Hybrid zone formation

A

One species soerates and then barriers become down and either they begin to produce hybrids that mate and stay stable or they collapse and speciation continues occurring

60
Q

Radiometeic dating

A

Carbon 14 and half lives that tell you how old or how much carbon it has

61
Q

Acclinization

A

Adjusting to change in its environment. Elsa from Georgia to utah

62
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

One species makes many many different ones

63
Q

Vestigial structures

A

Structures Once used by a common ancestor but are now useless

64
Q

What evolutionary changes is a consequence of continental drift

A

Allopatric speciation

65
Q

What is adaptive radiation

A

When a mass exit nation happens the environment might need habitats or certain environmental
Needs so adaptation occur

66
Q

Heterochrony

A

genetically controlled difference in the timing, rate, or duration of a developmental process in an organism compared to its ancestors or other organisms

67
Q

What does gene regulation affect

A

Gene expression

68
Q

Define exaption

A

An adaptation that performs a different function that it originally had

69
Q

What are the two ways morphological changes can occur,

A

DNA changes and gene expression

70
Q

Gene pool

A

Accumulation of all the alleles

71
Q

What does p stand for in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium

A

Dominant alleles

72
Q

What does q stand for in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium

A

Recessive alleles

73
Q

How to find q squared

A

The number of recessive divided by the total

74
Q

How to find q

A

Q squared to the square root

75
Q

How to find P

A

Q plus p equals 1

76
Q

Conditions for equilibrium

A

No mutations
Random mating
No natural selection
Extremely large population
No gene flow

77
Q

Clade

A

Phylogenetic groups in ancestry

78
Q

Nice

A

Meeting intersections on phylogenetic tree

79
Q

Monophyletic

A

One grouping on the same ancestry

80
Q

Polypohyletic

A

Multiple from different ancestries on the tree

81
Q

Paraphyketic

A

Leaving some ancestry out of the grouping tree

82
Q

Horozontal gene transfer

A

Not parent to child, random lines that represent DNA sharing mostly between bacteria

83
Q

Maximum parsimony

A

Simplist connection on the teee

AP BIO (8 decks)

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