Unit 4 (1450-1750) Flashcards
Magnetic Compass
Innovation that improved direction (China)
Astrolabe
Tool used to determine longitude and latitude using the astrology (Greek and Arab)
Lateen Sail
Large triangular sails that allow for wind from either side (Arab)
Astrological Charts
Allowed mapping via the stars and constellations
Caravel
Portuguese boat that had improved steering and therefore allowed Portuguese sailers to get closer to the coasts
Carrack
Large 3-4 mast ship used in exploration, first by the Portuguese
Fluyt
Large dutch ship used originally for carrying large amounts of cargo
Treaty of Tordesillas
Split the Iberian Peninsula between Spain and Portugal (proving their power in maritime trade)
What were Portugal’s motivations for exploration?
Technology, Economics, Religion
Henry the Navigator
Portuguese Price who set up a navigating school with the goal of increasing Portuguese power and spreading Christianity
Vasco De Gama
Portuguese explorer who travelled around the Cape of Good Hope to Calicut first
What were Spain’s motivations for exploration?
Political Rivalry, Envy, Desire for wealth, Need for alternative routes to Asia
Christopher Colombus
Discovered the Americas in an attempt to find another route to India, trip sponsored by Spanish King and Queen to spread Christianity
Colombian Exchange
Transfer of diseases, foods, plants, animals and ideas between the Old and New World
What diseases were transferred over the Colombian Exchange?
- Malaria
- Measles
- Small Pox (slave ships)
Cash Cropping
Method of agriculture where food was grown to be exported
Impact of food exchange?
Diversified diets led to a healthier population which lead to population growth
Impact of Erosion?
Became a large agricultural issue and led to the introduction and increased use of sheep
Imperialism
Expanding a countries power through military power or diplomacy
Motives for imperialism?
Gold, God, Glory
Portuguese Imperialism tactics?
used guns and violence, they also made small trading posts in order to control commerce
Spain Imperialism tactics?
established full blown colonies
Dutch Imperialism tactics?
Similar to Portugal, used large ships and guns and violence
Continuity in trade?
- Regions who had been using the trade networks before European arrival continued to use them
- Mughal merchants continued to use Indian Ocean trade despite European goals to dominate, this increased the merchants power and wealth
Continuity in the slave trade?
- Slave trade between African nations and groups
- Cultural assimilation
- Domestic work (African female slaves became domestic servants)
- Slaves held power and could hold military and political positions
Change in the slave trade?
- Agricultural work (increased demand for male slaves)
- Larger scale trade (Trans-Atlantic)
- Racial Prejudice (slavery associated with race)
Mercantilism
State driven economic systems that sought to expand territory and maintain favorable trade balance (more exports and imports)
Joint-stock Companies
Business funded by the state via a group of investors
Impact of Joint-Stock Companies?
- Incentivized supporting exploration
- Allowed further expansion with new funds
- more accumulation of bullion (gold, silver and other raw materials)
Dutch East Indian Stock Company
1602: funded by the Dutch State and investors
- Granted company monopoly on Indian Ocean Trade
Impact of Dutch East Indian Stock Company?
Dutch government expanded their power via the Indian Ocean
Continuity in Trade Networks?
- Regional Afroeurasian markets flourished and increased reach
- Asian land routes remained in control of Asian powers
- Peasant and artisan labor
Change in Trade Networks?
- Atlantic System increased the movement of goods
- Demand for SUGAR
- Demand for SILVER
- Potosi and the Spanish coercive labor
- Indigenous and enslaved Africans
Potosi
Richest Silver mining site in Bolivia, wealthy and populated in Spanish America
Social Impacts of Slave Trade?
- Gender Imbalance
- Changed family structure
- Cultural Synthesis (Ex. Creole Languages)
Fronde
Social Resistance. Series of French Civil wars to limit the King’s power (failed)
Queen Ana Nzinga
Social Resistance. Restricted Portuguese taking over Kingdom of Kongo (success)
Pueblo Revolt
Social Resistance. Indigenous people uprose against Spanish colonizers (success)
Maroon Societies
Enslaved Resistance. Escaped slaves who set up communities and societies on the outskirts of slave societies
Stono Rebellion
Enslaved resistance. Example of many uprisings in the British colonies. Resulted in the execution of rebels from their British colonizers.
Chattel Slavery
Race based slavery that was used in America and in the New world by colonizers
Indentured Servitude
A way for poor Europeans to migrate the Americas in return for an agreed period of labor on a plantation
Ecomienda System
Serfdom in the Caribbean
- Ecomienda holders could tax workers
Hacienda System
Large land that people were indebted to (Spanish tactic)
Mita System
Subjects of the empire were required to serve labor on certain days
Which systems were new labor systems?
Chattel Slavery, Indentured Servitude, Hacienda, System, Ecomienda System
Mughal Tolerance of Diversity?
Very Tolerant.
Jewish Tolerance in Ottoman Empire?
Pretty Tolerant.
Qing repression of Han?
Less Tolerant.
Jewish Tolerance in Spain and Portugal?
No Tolerance. (Explosion)
Impact of Jewish Expulsion in Spain and Portugal?
Jews fled to the Ottoman Empire and Sephardic Judaism spread
Casta Paintings
Spanish paintings that depicted a white Spanish man with a woman and child of color
Impact of Casta Paintings?
Enforced Enlightenment Ideas about racial grouping people and white superiority
Mestizos
European + Native
Mullatoes
European + African
Order of superiority in the Casta System? (Least to Greatest)
African Slaves, Native Americans, Mullatoes, Mestizos, Creoles, Peninsulares)
Russian Boyors
Aristocratic land-owning class in Russia
Ottoman Timars
Land grant by the sultan in return for compensation in services
