Unit 4 Flashcards
The diaphragm is separated by the ___ tendon
Central
What 2 accessory muscles do COPD patients use the most?
Sternocleidomastoid and Pectoralis major
What muscle groups increase the A-P diameter?
Sternocleidomastoid and Pectoralis major
What does A-P stand for?
Anteriorposterior
A flat diaphragm is associated with ___
COPD or Emphysema
1 cm of downward movement of the diaphragm will cause air movement of ____ ml.
350
What nerve innervates the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerve
What is the major muscle of ventilation?
Diaphragm
Expiration should be active or passive?
Passive
Why does the right hemi-diaphragm lie higher than the left?
Because of the liver
Intrapulmonary pressure on inspiration:
-3 cmH2O
Intrapulmonary pressure on expiration:
+3 cmH2O
Intrapleural pressure on inspiration:
-9 cmH2O
Intrapleural pressure on expiration:
-5 cmH2O
Expiration should be ___ times longer than inspiration
2
PEEP stands for ______.
Positive end expiratory pressure
Normal PEEP in our lungs is ___ cmH2O
+3
A tension pneumothorax will shift the trachea to the ____ side.
Unaffected
A spontaneous pneumothorax will shift the trachea to the ___ side.
Affected
How do you treat a pneumothorax
Place a chest tube and Oxygen
Compliance and elastane are ___ related
Inversely
A rubber band recoiling to its original shape is a property of ___
Elastance
To decrease resistance you have to ____ the size of the lumen
Increase
Define compliance:
The ease in which an object is distorted from its original shape
Calculate Dynamic and Static compliance:
Peak Pressure = 45 cmH2O
Plateau Pressure = 38 cmH2O
PEEP = 7 cmH2O
Vt = 500 cc
Dynamic: 13.2 mL/cmH2O
Static: 16.1 mL/cmH2O
FRC and compliance are ____ related
Directly
List 2 types of patients that will have an increased compliance:
Patients with emphysema or alveolar distention
List 2 types of patients that will have a decreased compliance:
Patients with pulmonary edema or ARDS
An emphysema patient will have a/an ____ in compliance and a/an _____ in elastance
Increase; decrease
Surfactant is dependent upon a periodic _____
Sigh ((8-10x per hour) and pulmonary perfusion)
Pulmonary surfactant is produced by the ____ cells and consists of ____
Type II, phospholipids
T/F Surfactant helps reduce surface in the alveoli
True
Why do our alveolar units not collapse from surface tension
Because of surfactant
What does RAW stand for?
Airway resistance
What is the formula for RAW?
RAW = Peek-pleateau divided by flow times 60 =___ cmH2O/L/sec
What is normal RAW?
1.6 cmH2O/L/Sec
Gas exchange occurs by ____
Diffusion
Define diffusion:
Movement of higher to lower concentration
CO2 diffuses ___ times faster than O2
19
Name 2 gas laws that affect gas exchange:
Henry’s Law, Graham’s Law
The higher the partial pressure, the more it will dissolve
Henry’s Law
The lower the density, the more diffusible the gas is
Graham’s Law
Normal PAO2
100 torr
Normal PACO2
40 torr
Normal PvO2
40 torr
Normal PvCO2
46 torr
Normal PaO2
80-100 torr
Normal PaCO2
35-45 torr
Normal Reynold’s number
Turbulent flow >2000
Laminar flow <2000
Normal PEEP
+3 cmH2O
Normal Cardiac Output
4-8 Lpm
The only vein that carries oxygenated blood is the _____
Pulmonary vein
The only artery that carries deoxygenated blood is the ____
Pulmonary artery
Define myocardial infarction:
Tissue death to the myocardium (Death of heart tissue)
Define myocardial ischemia:
Tissue damage to the myocardium (Injury to heart tissue)
Calculate cardiac output:
VO2 = 250 ml/min
CaO2 = 10 vol%
CvO2 = 8 vol%
12.5 Lpm
The largest artery in the body:
Aorta
Another name for the mitral vale:
Bicuspid valve
Trace blood flow through the heart and lungs; include pressures and where gas exchange occurs:
Inferior vena cava
Superior vena cava
Coronary sinus
RA-5 torr
Tricuspid valve
RV-25 torr
Pulmonic valve
Pulmonary Arteries - 25/10 torr
Lungs
Arteriole
Capillary - pulmonary Gas exchange
Blood receives oxygen, and gives off CO2 into the alveoli
Venule
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium - 8- 12 torr
Bicuspid/Mitral valve
Left ventricle - 120 - 140 torr
(Semilunar) Aortic valve
Aorta to the systemic circulation
Arteriole
Capillary
Systemic gas exchange
Venule
Smaller vein
Vein
Back to the heart
