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BIOL2401 > UNIT 4 > Flashcards

UNIT 4 Flashcards

1
Q

________: genetic change in populations of organisms across generation

A

Biological evolution

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2
Q

_________:
Alters genetic makeup of a population
- important for understanding antibiotic and pesticide resistance, agricultural issues, production, medicines
- allows organisms to adapt to their environment and change over time

A

Evolution

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3
Q

_________; process by which traits that enhance survival and reproduction are passed on more frequently to future generations than those that do not

A

Natural selection

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4
Q

___________ : a trait that promotes reproductive success

A

Adaptive trait

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5
Q

________- a trait that reduces success

A

Maladaptive trait

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6
Q

What are the sources of genetic variation ?

A

Mutations
Sexual reproduction
Horizontal gene transfer

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7
Q

_________- accidental changes in dna that may be passed on to the next generation

A

Mutation

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8
Q

________- mixes ancestors genes in new combinations

A

Sexual reproduction

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9
Q

__________- picking up DNA from an unrelated organism( particularly in bacteria and archaea)

A

Horizontal gene transfer

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10
Q

________- drives a feature in one direction

A

Horizontal selection

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11
Q

______ - produces intermediate traits, preserving the status quo

A

Stabilizing selection

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12
Q

_________- traits diverge in two or more directions

A

Disruptive selection

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13
Q

________- closely related species that live in different environments and thus experience different selective pressures tend to diverge in their traits

A

Divergent evolution

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14
Q

_______- unrelated species mat have similar traits as a result of adapting to selective pressures from similar environments

A

Convergent evolution

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15
Q

_______- an areas sum total of all organisms

A

Biodiversity

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16
Q

_______- a population or group of populations whose members share characteristics and can freely breed with one another and produce fertile offspring

A

Species

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17
Q

______- a group of individuals of a species that live in the same area

A

Population

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18
Q

_______ is the process of generating new species
A single species can generate multiple species
- it involves a change that spreads through a part of the population

A

Speciation

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19
Q

Most common type of reproductive separation is _____ separation

A

Physical

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20
Q

______ speciation: when a species does not have a overlapping geographical barrier

A

Allopatric

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21
Q

_____ speciation- species from populations that become reproductively isolated within the same area

A

Sympatric

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22
Q

________- this diagram shows relationships between species by distinguishing how traits may have evolved

A

Phylogenetic tree (cladogram)

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23
Q

Fossil record shows life has existed on earth for at least ____ years

A

3.5 billion years

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24
Q

_______- simultaneous lose of Great numbers of species

A

Mass extinction

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25
_______ extinction: once a species is lost it is lost for good
Irreversible
26
_______- extinction usually occurs one species at a time
Background extinction rate
27
________- five events in earths history that killed off massive numbers of species at once
Mass extinction events
28
Human activities have initiated sixth mass extinction through : - - - -
Increasing population Habitat destruction Development Invasive species introduction
29
_____- the total living things on earth and the areas they inhabit
Biosphere
30
_______- communities and the non living material and forces they interact with
Ecosystem
31
______- interacting species that live in the same area
Community
32
__________- investigates the quantitive dynamics of how individuals within a species interact
Population ecology
33
_______- focuses on interactions among species
Community ecology
34
________- studies living and non living components of systems to reveal patterns
Ecosystem ecology
35
______- the environment in which an organism lives -includes living and non living elements -scale-dependent : from square meters to miles
Habitat
36
______- each organism thrives in certain habitats but not in others
Habitat use
37
_______- the process by which organisms actively select habitats in which to live -availability and quality of habitat are crucial to an organisms well-being -human developments conflict with this process
Habitat selection
38
_____- an organisms use of resources and it’s functional role in the commmunity -habitats use, food selection, role in energy and nutrient flow - interactions with other individuals
Niche
39
________- species with narrow niches and very specific requirements - extremely good at what they do but vulnerable to a change
Specialists
40
_________- species with broad niches that can use a wide array of habitats and resources - able to live in many different places
Generalists
41
_______- study of dynamics of populations
Population ecology
42
______- individuals of the same species inhabiting a particular area - species may consists of multiple populations that are geographically isolated from one another
Population
43
Populations show characteristics that help predict their dynamics : 1. 2. 3.
Size Density Distribution
44
_________- the number of individual organisms present at a given time
Population size
45
________-number of individuals within a population per unit area
Population density
46
_______- spatial arrangement of organisms within an area
Population distribution
47
_______ haphazardly located individuals, with no pattern
Random
48
______- individuals are Neely spaced due to territoriality
Uniform
49
______ arranged according to availability of resources -> most common in nature c
Clumped
50
______- proportion of males to females - in monogamous species, a 50/50 ratio maximizes population growth
Sex ratio
51
___—- the relative numbers if organisms of each age within a population
Age structure
52
__________ show the age structure of populations
Age structure diagrams
53
_________- the likelihood of death varies with age
Survivorship curves
54
Straight lines on survivorship curves means that the ___% of organisms __ in each year
Same Die
55
survivorship curves : _____: more deaths at older ages
Type 1
56
survivorship curves : ______: Equal number of deaths at all ages
Type 2
57
survivorship curves : ______: more deaths at young ages
Type 3
58
______- by how many % populations changes per year = how many extra individuals we add/lost per already existing individuals
Population net growth rate (r)
59
Small changes in the population ______ overtime may lead to dramatic changes in the population size
Growth rate
60
R= 0.02 per year -> population growth is __% per year
2%
61
R=0 -> population is ____
Stable
62
R= -0.02= ____% per year, population ____each year
-2% Decreases
63
Any net growth 2>0 leads to ______
Exponential growth
64
Exponential growth can be described by : ____/____= ___
DN/dt = rN
65
DN/dt = rN Where ____ it’s the instantaneous increase in population size (___) and ___ is the growth rate
DN/dt N R
66
Exponential growth can’t be sustained forever, Sooner or later _____ would stop the growth and keep the population near or below ______
Limiting factors Carrying capacity
67
______- physical, chemical ad biological characteristics that restrain population growth (after, food, predators, space, disease)
Limiting factors
68
________- all limiting factors taken together
Environmental resistance
69
_________- the maximum population size of species that its environment can sustain
Carrying capacity (k)
70
Limiting factors low and stop _____
Exponential growth
71
Humans ____ their carrying capacity by ___ the carrying capacity for other species
Increased Decreased
72
_______- limiting factors worse influence is affected by population density
Density -dependent factors
73
_________- I ting factors whose influence is NOT affected by population density
Density independent factors
74
_____ - the ability of an organism to produce offspring
Biotic potential
75
What are the 2 reproductive strategies ?(quality vs quantity)
1. K-selected species 2. R- selected species
76
_______- animals with long gestation periods and few offspring - low biotic potential - stabilize at/near carrying capacity - good competitors -often offer parental care
K-selected species
77
_______- animals which reproduce rapidly - have high biotic potential -little parental care -Poor competitors
R- selected species
78
Which of the following is NOT a part of the process of natural selection? a) Organisms struggle to survive b) Organisms limit the number of young they produce c) Individuals vary in their genetic characteristics d) Some individuals are better suited to their environment than others
B
79
Disruptive selection would result in which of the following? a) Dogs with black coats evolving whiter coats in colder areas b) Red and white flowers interbreeding, producing pink flowers c) Fish evolving bigger eyes as the water gets muddier d) A population of birds, some with thicker beaks that eat seeds and others with thinner beaks that eat insects
D
80
Biological diversity includes all of the following, except: a) Species diversity b) Genetic diversity c) Population diversity d) Community diversity e) All of these are included in the concept of biodiversity
E
81
Sympatric speciation would occur in .... a) One population that mates in May, and another that mates in June b) Two populations separated by the Hudson Bay River c) Two populations separated by a glacier d) Two populations separated by the Rocky Mountains
A
82
Which of these species is least vulnerable to extinction? a) A species with a population size of 50 individuals b) A species distributed throughout Canada c) A species that eats only river snails d) A species that lives on mountaintops
B
83
An ecosystem is defined as: a) The total living things on Earth b) Members of the same population that can interbreed c) Interacting species in an area d) Species and the nonliving material they interact with
D
84
Should we care whether a species goes extinct? a) Yes, because all life is important and valuable b) Yes, because we are causing this wave of extinction, so we should fix it c) We should not, because it’s natural d) I don’t care; it really does not affect me
A/b
85
Do you think humans are subject to limiting factors and, ultimately, a fixed carrying capacity? a) Yes, although we have raised the carrying capacity, there are limits to the number of humans the Earth can support b) Yes, but technology will keep raising the carrying capacity, so it’s not much of a problem c) No, humans are no longer constrained by environmental limits, due to our technology and ability to manipulate the environment d) I don’t care; it really does not affect me
A
86
Which type of distribution is a result of individuals guarding their territory? a) Random b) Uniform c) Clumped d) None of these
B
87
In a bird colony, 1,000 birds survived the first year. Based on your understanding of survivourship curve typical for birds, how many birds from this group will likely survive to age 2 and age 3, respectively? A) 50, 2 B) 50, 10 C) 800, 560 D) 800, 600 E) 800, 640
E
88
A population of fish has sex-ratio 50/50. At age 4, the fish swim up the river and reproduce. A female lays 1,000 eggs and dies. How many of juvenile fish hatched from her eggs are likely to survive the 1st year ________, and how many are likely to survive until the age 4 and reproduce themselves ________? A) 50, 2 B) 50, 10 C) 800, 2 D) 800, 600 E) 800, 640
Idk b?

BIOL2401 (6 decks)

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