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BIOL2401 > UNIT 4 > Flashcards

UNIT 4 Flashcards

1
Q

________: genetic change in populations of organisms across generation

A

Biological evolution

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2
Q

_________:
Alters genetic makeup of a population
- important for understanding antibiotic and pesticide resistance, agricultural issues, production, medicines
- allows organisms to adapt to their environment and change over time

A

Evolution

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3
Q

_________; process by which traits that enhance survival and reproduction are passed on more frequently to future generations than those that do not

A

Natural selection

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4
Q

___________ : a trait that promotes reproductive success

A

Adaptive trait

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5
Q

________- a trait that reduces success

A

Maladaptive trait

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6
Q

What are the sources of genetic variation ?

A

Mutations
Sexual reproduction
Horizontal gene transfer

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7
Q

_________- accidental changes in dna that may be passed on to the next generation

A

Mutation

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8
Q

________- mixes ancestors genes in new combinations

A

Sexual reproduction

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9
Q

__________- picking up DNA from an unrelated organism( particularly in bacteria and archaea)

A

Horizontal gene transfer

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10
Q

________- drives a feature in one direction

A

Horizontal selection

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11
Q

______ - produces intermediate traits, preserving the status quo

A

Stabilizing selection

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12
Q

_________- traits diverge in two or more directions

A

Disruptive selection

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13
Q

________- closely related species that live in different environments and thus experience different selective pressures tend to diverge in their traits

A

Divergent evolution

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14
Q

_______- unrelated species mat have similar traits as a result of adapting to selective pressures from similar environments

A

Convergent evolution

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15
Q

_______- an areas sum total of all organisms

A

Biodiversity

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16
Q

_______- a population or group of populations whose members share characteristics and can freely breed with one another and produce fertile offspring

A

Species

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17
Q

______- a group of individuals of a species that live in the same area

A

Population

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18
Q

_______ is the process of generating new species
A single species can generate multiple species
- it involves a change that spreads through a part of the population

A

Speciation

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19
Q

Most common type of reproductive separation is _____ separation

A

Physical

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20
Q

______ speciation: when a species does not have a overlapping geographical barrier

A

Allopatric

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21
Q

_____ speciation- species from populations that become reproductively isolated within the same area

A

Sympatric

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22
Q

________- this diagram shows relationships between species by distinguishing how traits may have evolved

A

Phylogenetic tree (cladogram)

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23
Q

Fossil record shows life has existed on earth for at least ____ years

A

3.5 billion years

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24
Q

_______- simultaneous lose of Great numbers of species

A

Mass extinction

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25
Q

_______ extinction: once a species is lost it is lost for good

A

Irreversible

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26
Q

_______- extinction usually occurs one species at a time

A

Background extinction rate

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27
Q

________- five events in earths history that killed off massive numbers of species at once

A

Mass extinction events

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28
Q

-
-
-

A

Increasing population
Habitat destruction
Development
Invasive species introduction

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29
Q

_____- the total living things on earth and the areas they inhabit

A

Biosphere

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30
Q

_______- communities and the non living material and forces they interact with

A

Ecosystem

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31
Q

______- interacting species that live in the same area

A

Community

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32
Q

__________- investigates the quantitive dynamics of how individuals within a species interact

A

Population ecology

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33
Q

_______- focuses on interactions among species

A

Community ecology

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34
Q

________- studies living and non living components of systems to reveal patterns

A

Ecosystem ecology

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35
Q

______- the environment in which an organism lives
-includes living and non living elements
-scale-dependent : from square meters to miles

A

Habitat

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36
Q

______- each organism thrives in certain habitats but not in others

A

Habitat use

37
Q

_______- the process by which organisms actively select habitats in which to live
-availability and quality of habitat are crucial to an organisms well-being
-human developments conflict with this process

A

Habitat selection

38
Q

_____- an organisms use of resources and it’s functional role in the commmunity
-habitats use, food selection, role in energy and nutrient flow
- interactions with other individuals

A

Niche

39
Q

________- species with narrow niches and very specific requirements
- extremely good at what they do but vulnerable to a change

A

Specialists

40
Q

_________- species with broad niches that can use a wide array of habitats and resources
- able to live in many different places

A

Generalists

41
Q

_______- study of dynamics of populations

A

Population ecology

42
Q

______- individuals of the same species inhabiting a particular area
- species may consists of multiple populations that are geographically isolated from one another

A

Population

43
Q

Populations show characteristics that help predict their dynamics :
1.
2.
3.

A

Size
Density
Distribution

44
Q

_________- the number of individual organisms present at a given time

A

Population size

45
Q

________-number of individuals within a population per unit area

A

Population density

46
Q

_______- spatial arrangement of organisms within an area

A

Population distribution

47
Q

_______ haphazardly located individuals, with no pattern

A

Random

48
Q

______- individuals are Neely spaced due to territoriality

A

Uniform

49
Q

______ arranged according to availability of resources -> most common in nature c

A

Clumped

50
Q

______- proportion of males to females
- in monogamous species, a 50/50 ratio maximizes population growth

A

Sex ratio

51
Q

___—- the relative numbers if organisms of each age within a population

A

Age structure

52
Q

__________ show the age structure of populations

A

Age structure diagrams

53
Q

_________- the likelihood of death varies with age

A

Survivorship curves

54
Q

Straight lines on survivorship curves means that the ___% of organisms __ in each year

A

Same
Die

55
Q

survivorship curves :
_____: more deaths at older ages

A

Type 1

56
Q

survivorship curves :
______: Equal number of deaths at all ages

A

Type 2

57
Q

survivorship curves :
______: more deaths at young ages

A

Type 3

58
Q

______- by how many % populations changes per year = how many extra individuals we add/lost per already existing individuals

A

Population net growth rate (r)

59
Q

Small changes in the population ______ overtime may lead to dramatic changes in the population size

A

Growth rate

60
Q

R= 0.02 per year -> population growth is __% per year

A

2%

61
Q

R=0 -> population is ____

A

Stable

62
Q

R= -0.02= ____% per year, population ____each year

A

-2%
Decreases

63
Q

Any net growth 2>0 leads to ______

A

Exponential growth

64
Q

Exponential growth can be described by :
____/____= ___

A

DN/dt = rN

65
Q

DN/dt = rN
Where ____ it’s the instantaneous increase in population size (___) and ___ is the growth rate

A

DN/dt
N
R

66
Q

Exponential growth can’t be sustained forever,
Sooner or later _____ would stop the growth and keep the population near or below ______

A

Limiting factors
Carrying capacity

67
Q

______- physical, chemical ad biological characteristics that restrain population growth (after, food, predators, space, disease)

A

Limiting factors

68
Q

________- all limiting factors taken together

A

Environmental resistance

69
Q

_________- the maximum population size of species that its environment can sustain

A

Carrying capacity (k)

70
Q

Limiting factors low and stop _____

A

Exponential growth

71
Q

Humans ____ their carrying capacity by ___ the carrying capacity for other species

A

Increased
Decreased

72
Q

_______- limiting factors worse influence is affected by population density

A

Density -dependent factors

73
Q

_________- I ting factors whose influence is NOT affected by population density

A

Density independent factors

74
Q

_____ - the ability of an organism to produce offspring

A

Biotic potential

75
Q

What are the 2 reproductive strategies ?(quality vs quantity)

A
  1. K-selected species
  2. R- selected species
76
Q

_______- animals with long gestation periods and few offspring
- low biotic potential
- stabilize at/near carrying capacity
- good competitors
-often offer parental care

A

K-selected species

77
Q

_______- animals which reproduce rapidly
- have high biotic potential
-little parental care
-Poor competitors

A

R- selected species

78
Q

Which of the following is NOT a part of the process of natural selection?
a) Organisms struggle to survive
b) Organisms limit the number of young they produce
c) Individuals vary in their genetic characteristics
d) Some individuals are better suited to their
environment than others

A

B

79
Q

Disruptive selection would result in which of the following?
a) Dogs with black coats evolving whiter coats in
colder areas
b) Red and white flowers interbreeding, producing pink flowers
c) Fish evolving bigger eyes as the water gets muddier
d) A population of birds, some with thicker beaks that eat seeds and others with thinner beaks that eat
insects

A

D

80
Q

Biological diversity includes all of the following, except:
a) Species diversity
b) Genetic diversity
c) Population diversity
d) Community diversity
e) All of these are included in the concept of biodiversity

A

E

81
Q

Sympatric speciation would occur in ….
a) One population that mates in May, and another
that mates in June
b) Two populations separated by the Hudson Bay
River
c) Two populations separated by a glacier
d) Two populations separated by the Rocky
Mountains

A

A

82
Q

Which of these species is least vulnerable to extinction?
a) A species with a population size of 50 individuals
b) A species distributed throughout Canada
c) A species that eats only river snails
d) A species that lives on mountaintops

A

B

83
Q

An ecosystem is defined as:
a) The total living things on Earth
b) Members of the same population that can interbreed
c) Interacting species in an area
d) Species and the nonliving material they interact
with

A

D

84
Q

Should we care whether a species goes extinct?
a) Yes, because all life is important and valuable
b) Yes, because we are causing this wave of
extinction, so we should fix it
c) We should not, because it’s natural
d) I don’t care; it really does not affect me

A

A/b

85
Q

Do you think humans are subject to limiting factors and, ultimately, a fixed carrying capacity?
a) Yes, although we have raised the carrying capacity,
there are limits to the number of humans the Earth
can support
b) Yes, but technology will keep raising the carrying
capacity, so it’s not much of a problem
c) No, humans are no longer constrained by
environmental limits, due to our technology and
ability to manipulate the environment
d) I don’t care; it really does not affect me

A

A

86
Q

Which type of distribution is a result of individuals guarding their territory?
a) Random
b) Uniform
c) Clumped
d) None of these

A

B

87
Q

In a bird colony, 1,000 birds
survived the first year. Based
on your understanding of
survivourship curve typical for
birds, how many birds from
this group will likely survive
to age 2 and age 3,
respectively?
A) 50, 2
B) 50, 10
C) 800, 560
D) 800, 600
E) 800, 640

A

E

88
Q

A population of fish has sex-ratio 50/50. At age 4, the fish swim up the river and reproduce. A female lays 1,000 eggs and dies. How many of juvenile fish hatched from her eggs are likely to survive the 1st year ________, and how many are likely to survive until the age 4 and reproduce themselves ________?
A) 50, 2
B) 50, 10
C) 800, 2
D) 800, 600
E) 800, 640

A

Idk b?

BIOL2401 (6 decks)

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