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BIOL2401 > UNIT 3 > Flashcards

UNIT 3 Flashcards

1
Q

______= a network of relationships among parts, elements, or components that interact with and influence one another
- exchange of energy, matter and information

A

System

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2
Q

______systems receives inputs of energy and matter produces outputs of both

A

Open

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3
Q

______ systems receives input and produce outputs of energy but not matter

A

Closed

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4
Q

If a system’s own output serves also as an input to
That same system , we have a _______

A

Feedback loop

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5
Q

The feedback loop requires a ____ loop in which a increases b and then b increases a and so on

A

Repeating

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6
Q

A _________: a increasing b, is not enough to make it a feedback loop

A

One way influence

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7
Q

The 2 types of feedback loops

A

Neg and pos

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8
Q

___ feedback loop:
- output attenuates the input
- output of system moves the system in the other direction
- output weakens the input in the next cycle
Results in the stabilizing of the system

A

Neg

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9
Q

______ feedback loop:
- output amplifies the input
- output strengthens the input in the next cycle
Results in driving the system further from starting point

A

Pos

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10
Q

_______ a system maintains constant or stable internal condition

A

Homeostasis

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11
Q

_______ = system processes move in opposing directions at equivalent rates, balancing their effects (= nonet change)

A

Dynamic equilibrium

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12
Q

_______ - the ability of the system’s tendency to
resist the change (i.e., tendency to remain constant)

A

Resistance

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13
Q

______; is a measure of how readily the system will return to its original state once it has been disturbed

A

Resilience

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14
Q

_______ = system characteristics not evident in the components alone
- “The whole is more than the sum of the parts”
- “A pie is more than the sum of its ingredients”

A

Emergent properties

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15
Q

all organisms and nonliving entities
that occur and interact in a particular area at the
same time:
- Abiotic + biotic components
- Energy flows and matter cycles among these
components

A

Ecosystem

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16
Q

study of interaction of organisms with their abiotic environment

A

Ecology

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17
Q

_____ entering the system is processed and
transformed
_____ is recycled within ecosystem, resulting in
outputs such as water flow and waste products

A

Energy
Matter

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18
Q

rank in the feeding hierarchy

A

Tropic levels

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19
Q

3 types of organisms in trophies levels

A

1- consumers
2- producers
3- detritivores / decomposes

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20
Q

1.______- The first tropic level
Autotrophs and chemoautotrophs

A

Producers

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21
Q
  1. _______
    Second and third tropic levels
    organisms that consume other living organisms
    Herbivores and carnivores
A

Consumers

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22
Q

____ consume plants and other primary producers

A

Herbivores

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23
Q

______ = second tropic level, secondary producers

A

Primary consumers

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24
Q

_____ consume meat

A

Carnivores

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25
Q

______= third tropic level
Organisms that prey on primary consumers

A

Secondary consumers

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26
Q

______= fourth tropic level
- predators at highest tropic level
Consume secondary consumers
Also carnivores

A

Tertiary consumers

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27
Q

____= consumers that eat both plants and animals

A

Omnivores

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28
Q
  1. ______
    - organisms that consume non living organic matter
    • enrich soils and recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
A

Detritivores and decomposers

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29
Q

________= scavenge waste products or dead bodies

A

Detritivores

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30
Q

______= break down leaf litter and other non-living material
Enhance topsoil ad recycle nutrients

A

Decomposers

31
Q

MOST energy we get we use to keep living – with the used energy dumped as _____

A

Heat

32
Q

assimilation of energy into a trophic level.

A

Production

33
Q

Energy flow is closely linked with flow of ____

A

Carbon

34
Q

Plant biomass can be eaten by ______ and either used for ____ or made into their biomass, which then can be eaten by others and from one trophies level to the next

A

Detritivores/ decomposers
Energy

35
Q

________ sum of fluxes into boxes of each trophies level

A

Gross production

36
Q

_______ = gross production - heat loss from the box of tropic level = sum of fluxes out of box of tropic level

A

Net production

37
Q

Net production is typically only ____% of gross production

A

10-20%

38
Q

____ % of energy entering the tropic levels is used up by it and lost in the form of heat

A

80-90%

39
Q

The loss of majority of energy at each tropic level leads to a _____

A

Trophic pyramid

40
Q

Vegetarians ecological footprint is much larger than that of a meat -eater, true or false?

A

False

41
Q

_______________ is in ecosystems whose plants rapidly convert solar energy to biomass

A

High net primary productivity

42
Q

Variation in net primary productivity among ecosystems and biomes results in _______ of production across the globe

A

Geographic patterns

43
Q

______= elements and compounds required for survival that are consumed by organisms

A

Nutrients

44
Q

________= nutrients required in relative large amounts

A

Macronutrients

45
Q

Nutrients needed in smaller amounts -_______

A

Micronutrients

46
Q

Nutrients and other materials move in ______ cycles

A

Biogeochemical

47
Q

________ = the movement of matter through ecosystems
-atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere , and biosphere

A

Matter cycle

48
Q

_______- where nutrients reside for varying amounts of time

A

Pool

49
Q

_____- is the flow in or out of a pool
Often changes over time and influenced by human activities

A

Flux

50
Q

_______- pools tat release more nutrients than they accept

A

Sources

51
Q

_____- accept more nutrients than they release

A

Sinks

52
Q

_______- when flux in = flux out and the amount of nutrients in the reservoir

A

Steady state

53
Q

________= average time the material remained in the reservoir

A

Residence time

54
Q

2 ways to calculate residence time :
1.
2.

A

Divide reservoir by the sum of all fluxes out of reservoir
Divide reservoir by sum of all fluxes in reservoir

55
Q

Reservoir is in _____ state = fluxes in = fluxes out

A

Steady

56
Q

If residence time is low:
- things are _______
- can renew themselves ______

A

Unstable
Quicker

57
Q

burning fossil fuels moves ___ from the ground to the air

A

Carbon

58
Q

Cutting forest and burning fields moves ____ from organisms to air

A

Carbon

59
Q

Todays atmospheric carbon dioxide reservoir is the largest in at least 800 000 years, it is the driving force behind _____

A

Climate change

60
Q

The missing _________: 1-2 billion tons of carbon are unaccounted for:
- it may be the uptake by plants or soils of northern temperate and boreal forests

A

Carbon sink

61
Q

The nitrogen cycle involves specialized ____

A

Bacteria

62
Q

Nitrogen is ___% of our atmosphere , but N2 gas is inert

A

78%

63
Q

_______= N2 is fixed (made into useable form ; ammonia , NH3) by nitrogen fixing bacteria

A

Nitrogen fixation

64
Q

Nitrogen fixation is when N2 is “fixed” (made into a useable form of ______) by nitrogen - fixing ______

A

Ammonia, NH3
Bacteria

65
Q

______= bacteria that convert ammonium ions first into nitrite ions then into nitrate ions
- plants can take up these ions
- animals obtain nitrogen by eating plant or other animals

A

Nitrification

66
Q

________= convert nitrates in soil or water to gaseous nitrogen, releasing it back into the atmosphere

A

Denitrifying bacteria

67
Q

_______= synthetic production of fertilizers
(N2 + 3H2 ->2NH3)

A

Haber-Bosch process

68
Q

____ and ____ in soil washed out by fertilizers

A

Calcium
Potassium

69
Q

_______- the process of nutrient (N or P) over- enrichment, blooms of algae, increased production of organic matter , and ecosystem degradation

A

Eutrophication

70
Q

Most phosphorous is within _____ and is released by ____
With naturally low environmental concentrations , phosphorous may be a limiting factor for ____

A

Rocks, weathering
Plant growth

71
Q

Mining rocks for fertilizer moves phosphorous from the ____ to ___ systems
Wastewater discharge also releases _____
Runoff containing phosphorous causes ______ of Aquatic systems

A

Soil, water
Phosphorous
Eutrophication

72
Q

Which of the following describes a positive feedback loop?
a) It drives a system towards an extreme
b) It stabilizes the system
c) It is more frequent in nature
d) Answers a) and c)
e) Answers b) and b)

A

A

73
Q

Which of the following is a correct statement?
a) Energy and matter flow in one direction only
b) Energy and matter both cycle repeatedly
c) Energy flows in one direction, while matter recycles
d) Matter flows in one direction, while energy recycles

A

C

74
Q

Which biogeochemical cycle has its largest pool located
in the atmosphere?
a) Carbon
b) Nitrogen
c) Phosphorus
d) None of the above

A

D, the water cycle

BIOL2401 (6 decks)

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