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AP HuG > Unit 4 (10,11,12) > Flashcards

Unit 4 (10,11,12) Flashcards

1
Q

Crop

A

Any plant cultivatef by people

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2
Q

Characteristics of hunter gather society

A

Hunting fishing (men) gathering plants (women) small pops., travel often for food, stay clear of each other’s territory

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3
Q

How many hunter gatherers today

A

Quarter million

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4
Q

Where do current hunter gatherers live

A

Austrailia’s great victorian desert, botswana and nambia, india’s andaman islands

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5
Q

Ag. Revolution:

A

Time when humans first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting amd gathering

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6
Q

Sibsistence ag.

A

Farming for consumption if own fam bam

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7
Q

Commercial ag

A

Farming mainly for sale off the farm

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8
Q

Ag rev. Started bc of…(2)

A

Environmental factors: climate change started@ same time-end of ice age
Cultural factors: all bc of humans- discovered dropped seeds=plants, went from accidental to deliberate farming

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9
Q

Name crop hearths:

A

Latin Am, SW Asia, Sub-Sahar. Africa, E Asia, SE Asia

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10
Q

SW Asia crop and animal hearths

A

Barley/Wheat/Lentil/Olive -10,000years ago

Cattle- goats pigs sheep 8,000-9,000years ago

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11
Q

Latin Am crop hearths

A

Beans/Cotton/Potato 4,000-5,000 years ago

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12
Q

E Asia crop hearths

A

Rice/Soybeans/walnuts +10,000 yrs. ago

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13
Q

SE Asia crop hearths

A

Mango/taro

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14
Q

Sub Saharan Africa crop hearths

A

Sorghum/Yams 8,000 yrs. ago

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15
Q

3 features that distinguish commercial and subsitence ag

A

% of farmers in labor force
Use of machinery
Farm size

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16
Q

MDCS vs. LDCS

3 features that distinguish commercial vs subsitence ag

A 
% of farmers in labor force
-mdcs=few farmers
-ldcs=lots of farmers bc most are subsistence
Use of machinery
-mdcs=lots of it ex herbcides etc
-ldcs=mainly hand tools and animal or human power
Farm size
-mdcs=large farm bc lots o machinery
-ldcs=smaller size bc not mechanized
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17
Q

Food security:

A

Physical social and economical access at all times to nutricious foods that meet dietary needs and for preferances for active and healthy life

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18
Q

Fraction of world with no food security

A

1/8

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19
Q

Undernourishment

A

Dietary energy consumption that is continuously below min. requirement for having healthy life with exercise

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20
Q

How many undernourished people in world and where

A

870 million

India china SS Africa S Asia

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21
Q

Cereal grain

A

A grass that yields grain for food

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22
Q

Grain:

A

Seed from a cereal grass

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23
Q

Main grain eaten in mdcs and ldcs

A

WHEAT

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24
Q

Leading crop in world

A

MAIZE

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25
Q

Main source if protein in mdcs and ldcs

A

Mdcs- meat products

Ldcs- cereal grains

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26
Q

Most undernourished country

A

INDIA

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27
Q

Who made 11 ag regions of world

A

Derwent whittlesey

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28
Q

LDC ag. regions:

A

1 Pastoral nomadism
2 Shifting cultivation
3 Intensive subsistence-wet rice dominant
4 Intensive subsistence- crops other than wet rice dominant
5 Plantation

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29
Q

MDC ag. regions

A 
1 Mixed Crop and Livestock
2 Dairying
3 Grain
4 Ranching
5 Mediterranean
6 Commercial Gardening
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30
Q

Pastoral nomadism:

A

Form of subsistence agr. based on herding of domesticated animals

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31
Q

Climate of pastoral nomadism and WHERE

A

Dry climate where planting crops is impossible

SW Asia and N Africa, C Asia, E Asia

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32
Q

How do pastoral nomads get grain

A

Raise crops-Trade animal products w/sedentary farmers-Women/kids stay and farm-Group stays and plants when lots of rain

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33
Q

Animals chosen for pastoral nomadism:

A

Camel- carry heavy load store water
Goats- need lots of water can eat any vegetation
Sheep-slow affected by climate, picky eater

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34
Q

Territorality of pastoral nomads

A

Very terriotrital- do not go into each others land unless necessary

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35
Q

Transhumance:

A

Seasonal migration if livestock between mtns and lowland pasture areas

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36
Q

Pasture

A

Grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals and land used for grazing

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37
Q

Future of pastoral nomads

A

Govt pushing them off arable land- urges them to become sedentary farmers instead of nomads

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38
Q

Climate of shifting cultivation and WHERE

A

Tropical regions with high temps and lots of rain HUMID LOW LAT.
Latin Am, SS Africa, SE Asia

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39
Q

2 features if shifting cult.

A

1 farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegetation and burning debris
2 farmers grow crops on cleared field for few years until nutrients are gone

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40
Q

Swidden:

A

Cleared area

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41
Q

Potash

A

Fertilizer from burning debris (potassium)

-only fertilizer used in shifting cultivation

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42
Q

How long are swiddens used

A

3 yrs. or less

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43
Q

Land ownership in shifting cultivation

A

Traditionally- land owned by whole village-each had a patch and got to keep output
Today- private indiv now own land

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44
Q

% of world land that is shifting cult

A

25%

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45
Q

% of world pop that does shifting cult

A

Less than 5%

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46
Q

Pros and cons of shifting cult

A 
No environmental damage
No damage to soil
Cons
Only supports small pop
Gas from fires can contribute to global warming-co2 stuck in atmosp.
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47
Q

Agriculture

A

Deliberate modification of earth’s surface through sustenance or economical gain

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48
Q

Where is intensive subsistence ag practiced?

A

East asia
South asia
Southeast asia

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49
Q

Wet rice:

A

Rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved as seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth

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50
Q

Sawah:

A

Flooded field

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51
Q

Paddy:

A

Term used ny europeans and n amers for flooded field-is actually malay word for wet rice

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52
Q

Double cropping:

A

Getting 2 harvestd per year for one field

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53
Q

Where is double cropping possible

A

Warm winters-south china-taiwan

NOT POSSIBLE-drywinters-India

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54
Q

Characteristics of int. Subsistence farming

A

Efficient farmers on small lands-hand work and animals not much tech.-animals get little land

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55
Q

Steps of wet rice cultivation

A

4steps

  • field prep
  • flooding
  • transplanting
  • harvesting
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56
Q

What is major crop of non dominant wet rice regions

A

WHEAT

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57
Q

How are multiple harvests possible in int sub wet rice non dominant areas

A

Crop rotation

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58
Q

Explain agriculture in communist china

A

They tried to join small fields to make one big field to promote this way tools could be shared: efficiency-didnt improve productivity
Once gone- better production

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59
Q

Regions of plantation farming

A

Latin Am. Africa. Asia

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60
Q

Climate of plantation farming

A

Tropica and subtropics

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61
Q

Plantations operated by…

A

Europeans and N Americans

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62
Q

Types of plantation crops

A

Cotton coffee sugarcane tabacoo bananas

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63
Q

Plantation:

A

Large commercial farm in LDCs that specialize in one or two crops

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64
Q

Agribuisness:

A

System of commercial farming found in MDCs

ex. Tractor manufac, fertilizer prodcution

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65
Q

Regions of mixed crop amd livestock

A

USA- west of appalacians

Europe- Most of France to Russia

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66
Q

Explain mixed crop and livestock

A

Most crops are fed to animals whose manure is used to fertilize ground to grow more crops- most land is used to grow crops but 3/4 $$ comes from animal products

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67
Q

Fact

A

Mixed crop and livestock distributed workload more evenly bc crops and livestock

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68
Q

Where is US corn belt

A

Ohio to dakotas with center in Iowa

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69
Q

Explain crop rotation in mixed crop and livestock

A

Fields are left fallow during crop roation to keep fertility of field- also uses rest crops like clover to bring nutrients back

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70
Q

Region of commercial gardening

A

Southeast USA

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71
Q

Conditioms for commercial gardening

A

Long growing season
Humid climate
Accesible to large markets

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72
Q

Truck farming:

A

Commercial gardening and fruit farming named so bc goods are trucked to ports

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73
Q

Milkshed

A

Ring surrounding city from which milk is supplied with out spoiling

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74
Q

Worlds largest producer of dairy products

A

New zealand

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75
Q

Problems of dairy farmers

A

Labor intensive- milk cow 2x day every day

Winter feed- feed cows in winter bc cant graze-summer crops used as winter feed

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76
Q

Difference between grain grown in commercial grain farming and mixed crop and livestock regions

A

On commercial farms grain is consumed by mainly humans not livestock

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77
Q

3 areas if large scale grain production

A

Winter wheat belt
Spring wheat belt
Palouse region of WA state

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78
Q

Advantages of wheat as a crop

A

Many uses- can be transported easy- stored easily doesnt spoil

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79
Q

Mediteranean ag climate

A

Borders a sea, most on west coast of continents, moderate winter hot and dry summer

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80
Q

Med crops grown for humans or livestock?

A

Humans

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81
Q

Horticulture

A

Growing of fruits veg flowers to form the commercial base of med. farming

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82
Q

2 main crops of med farming

A

OLIVES AND GRAPES

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83
Q

Ranching:

A

Commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area

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84
Q

Climate livesock best adapted to- where ranching is practiced

A

Semiarid/arid land- MDCs where veg is too sparse and soil is too poor for crops

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85
Q

Why did cattle ranching expand in usa

A

Increased demand for beef in east coast cities

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86
Q

Why did cattle ranching decline

A

Came in conflict with sedentary agr: has set boundaries while ranchers just roam

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87
Q

Where is cattle ranching today

A

Austrailia
S. Am.
W. Usa

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88
Q

3 usa and world stages of ranching

A
  1. Herding of animals over open ranged (seminomadic)
  2. Ranching into fixed farming by dividing the open land into ranches
  3. Ranching confined into drier lands
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89
Q

Accodring to Boserup thesis how can subsistence farmers increase food supply

A

New farming methods are adopted

Land is left fallow for shorter periods

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90
Q

Africas food supply struggle:

A

Food production cant keep up with fast growing pop- famine threat
Farmers do not get profit even tho the govt prices are low so they can afford it

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91
Q

Countries of cocaine (cocoa leaf)

A

Columbia/Peru/Bolivia

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92
Q

Countries of heroin (opium)

A

Afghanistan/Burma/Laos

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93
Q

Countries of marijauna

A

Mexico

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94
Q

How is efficient agr. Made a problem?

A

Overproduction results in low incomes bc more food made than demanded- supply increased but demand stayed same

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95
Q

High food prices bc…

A
  1. Bad weather
  2. Higher demand
  3. Smaller growth in productivity bc no breakthrus
  4. Use of crops as biofuels instead of food esp. Latin Am.
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96
Q

3 main sources of dietary energy

A

Maize
Wheat
Rice

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97
Q

3 points of which us govt deals with excess agr capacity

A
  1. Farmers=encouraged to avoid growing crops that are in excess supply
  2. Govt pays farmers when certain crop prices are low- pay difference between target price(govt set) and market price
  3. Govt buys surplus production and sells and donated it to other govts ex food stamps
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98
Q

Who is johann heinrich von thünen

A

Estate owner in N. Germany who proposed model that explains importance of proximity to maket in choice of crops on commercial farms

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99
Q

According to von thunen’s model 2 factors a farmer considers when deciding what to plant

A

Cost of land

Cost of transporting productd to market

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100
Q

Explain rings of von tunen’s model

A

1st-market orientated garden/milk products-expensive to deliver
2nd-wood/timber very heavy
3rd-various crops and pasture(crop rotation)
4th-animal grazing

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101
Q

4 strategied to increasd food supply

A

Increasing exports from countries with surplused
Expanding land area used for agr.
Expanding fishing
Increasing productivity of land now used for agr.

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102
Q

Largest regions and countries of exporting agr products

A

Brazil and Argentina N Am. SE Asia S Pacific

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103
Q

Leading importers of food

A

Japan UK China Russia

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104
Q

Leading exporter of grain (what kind how much)

A

USA maize 50%

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105
Q

3 reasons land is currently being removed from agr use

A

Urbanization, Waterlogged lands, Desertification

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106
Q

Aquaculture:

A

Cultivation of seafood inder controlled conditions

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107
Q

Leading fishing countries

A

China, chile, indonesia

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108
Q

Do mdcs or ldcs consume more fish

A

LDCs

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109
Q

2 main practices of green revolution

A

Intro of new higher yield seeds

Expanded use if fertilizers

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110
Q

Pop is growing faster than agriculture land

A

Agr productivity increasing faster than pop growth bc of green rev

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111
Q

Desertification:

A

Process of human actions causing land to deteriorate to a desert-like condition

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112
Q

Explain waterlogged

A

Excessive water reultd in roots becoming water logged- if water if salty=plant damage

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113
Q

Water based food obtained by…

A

Fishing

Aquaculture/aquafarming

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114
Q

How many regions is ocean divided into

A

18

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115
Q

Green revolution:

A

Invention and rapid diffusion of more productive agr techniques during 1970s and 80s

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116
Q

Basics for fertilizers

A

Nitrogen Phosphorus, Potassium

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117
Q

Characteristics of miracle wheat seed

A

Less sensitice to variation in day lenth, responds better to fertilizers, matures faster

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118
Q

Characteristics of miracle rice seed

A

Hybrid of indonesian rice and taiwan dwarf rice- hardier and increased yields

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119
Q

Problems that prevent farmers from taking adv of green rev

A

Must use more fertilizer and machinery- need a cheap way to make nitrogen fertilizers

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120
Q

3 crops that are genetically modified

A

Soybeans
Cotton
Maize

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121
Q

How much of major crops are GMOs

A

94% soybeans 90% cotton 88% maize

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122
Q

Pros and cons of gmos

A

Pro- higher yields, increased nutrition

Con- health probs, increased dependace on usa, export probs

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123
Q

Sustainable Agriculture

A

Agr. Practices that preserve and enhance environmental quality

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124
Q

Main practices of sustainable agr

A

Sensitive land management
Limited use if chemicals
Better integration of crops and livestock

125
Q

Adv of ridge tillage

A

Min. Soil disturbance, improves soil properties

Lower production costs/ greater soil conservation

126
Q

How animals treated better in sustainable agr.

A

Correct # of livestock- avoids overgrazing
Animal confinement- can use manure not overcrowded
Management of extreme weather conditions- livestock eats crops
Flexible feeding amd marketing

127
Q

Ridge tillage:

A

System of planting crops on ridge tops

128
Q

Herbicide banding-

A

Applying chemicals in narrow bands over crop rows

129
Q

Industrial Revolution:

A

Series of improvements in industrial tech. that transformed the process of manufacturing goods- United Kingdom- 1700s

130
Q

Cottage industry:

A

Home based manufacturing

131
Q

How did iron industry benefit from steam engine

A

Steam engine gave power to ovens that needed to be heated to produce iron

132
Q

How is distribution of steel and iron industry influenced by coal

A

Prior to ind. rev. coal was main source of emergy for ovens and steam engines

133
Q

Why was devel in transportation needed

A

To attract workers, bring raw materials, ship goods

134
Q

2 forms of transportation that grew rapidly

A

Canals and railroads

135
Q

How did ind rev change textiles

A

Went from cottage industry to concentrated factory system- machine made to untangle cotton by richadd arkwright

136
Q

How did ind rev contribute to need for food processing

A

Nicholas Appert=canning food in glass bottles- easier to feed factory workers

137
Q

Industrial area: United Kingdom

A

Steel and textiles

138
Q

Industrial area: Rhine-Ruhr

A

Iron and steel with large coal fields

139
Q

Industrial area: Mid Rhine

A

Most centrally located- chemical industry

140
Q

Industrial area: Po Basin

A

Textiles and other industries- bigger workforce, inexpensive hydroelectricity

141
Q

Industrial area: Northeastern Spain

A

Textiles, motor vehicle plant

142
Q

Industrial area: moscow

A

Russia oldest industrial region

143
Q

Industrial area: St. Petersburg

A

Shipbuilding and other things that service the navy

144
Q

Industrial area: Urals

A

Contains worlds minerals

145
Q

Industrial area: Volga

A

Petroleum Natural gas Minerals

146
Q

Industrial area: Kuznetsk

A

Coal Iron ore

147
Q

Industrial area: Donetsk

A

Coal reserves

148
Q

Industrial area: Silesia

A

Skilled and lowpaid workforce- growing area fast closr to rich markets in W Eur

149
Q

Industrial area: New England

A

Cotton and cotton products

150
Q

Industrial area: middle atlantic

A

Largest US market- attracts industries that needs lots of consumers

151
Q

Industrial area: Mohawk Valley

A

Inexpensive electricity by Niagra Falls

152
Q

Industrial area: Pittsburgh-Lake Erie

A

Steel-coal-iron ore from appalachians

153
Q

Industrial area: Western Great Lakes

A

Chicago cdnter transportation and steel

154
Q

Industrial area: Southern California

A

Furniture-clothing and textlike

155
Q

Industrial area: Southeastern Ontario

A

Canada’s best industrial area bc close to great lakes amd niagra

156
Q

Industrial area: Japan

A

Major producer of goods sold in large quantities

157
Q

Industrial area: China

A

Largest market of consimer goods- low cost labor

158
Q

Industrial area: South Korea

A

Leading producdd of ships

159
Q

East asia industrial areas

A

Japan china south korea

160
Q

North america indistrial areas

A

New england middle atlantic mohawk valley pittsburgh-lake erie western great lakes southern california southeastern ontario

161
Q

European industrial areas

A

UK rhine ruhr po basin mid-rhine northeastern spain moscow urals st. Petersburg volga kuznetsk donetsk silesia

162
Q

Situation factors:

A

Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory

163
Q

Site factors:

A

Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside a plant like land labor capital

164
Q

Bulk reducing industry and ex.

A

Industry in which the final product weighs more ir has more volune than the inputs
Copper

165
Q

Bulk gaining industry and ex.

A

Industry in which the final product weighs more ir has more volume than the inputs
Bottling beverages

166
Q

Single market manufacturers and ex

A

Specialized manufacturers make products that are designed to be sold mainly to one or two customers ex. Car parts

167
Q

Optimum location of single market manufacturers

A

Close to markets and customers

168
Q

Ex of perishable products

A

Newspaper milk bread

169
Q

Type of metals most humans uss

A

Nonmetallic ex. Gems diamoss nitrogen phosphorus

170
Q

Metallic minerals:

A

Valuable prop. That good for making machinery- varying degrees of malleable and ductile

171
Q

Alloy

A

2 metals combined

172
Q

Ferrous and non ferrous: and ex.

A

Ferrous= contains iron- chromium, magnanese

Non ferrous=doesnt contain iron- aluminum copper

173
Q

Most widely used ore

A

Iron ore

174
Q

4 modes of transportation and explain

A

Truck-short distance easy to load cheap no extended rest
Train-1+ day deliveries no daily stop long to load
Ship-low cost per km long distance
Air-expensive speedy bulk

175
Q

Break of bulk point

A

Location where transfer among transportation modes is possible

176
Q

2 examples of break of bulk points

A

Seaports and airports

177
Q

4 steps of copper

A

Melting
Concentration
Smelting
Refining

178
Q

Steel mills in USA

A

Pittsburgh-sw PA
S. Shore of Lake Erie
S. Lake Michigan
E. And W. Coasts

179
Q

Why are minimills moving closer to markets not inputs

A

Use scrap metal as main input which is abundant around markets

180
Q

3 regions of assembly plants for vehicle production

A

East Asia
Europe
North America

181
Q

Labor intensive industry

A

Industry in which wages and other compensation paid to employees constitute a high % of expenses

182
Q

Difference between labor intensive and high wage industries

A

Labor intensive is measured as a %

High wage is measured in $

183
Q

Factors that make land attractive for industry

A

Close to market and labor and capital, space, close to highways

184
Q

Type of worker for textile industry

A

Less skillsd workers

185
Q

Country does most spinning and weaving

A

China

186
Q

Assembly of textiles are where?

A

MDCs bc most consumers of assembled products

187
Q

Fabricated metals

A

Bring together metals and pre manufactured parts to make more complex things

188
Q

Steps of fabricating metals

A

Bending Foraging Stamping Forming

189
Q

2 main inputs of steel production

A

Iron and coal

190
Q

Most imp site factor

A

Labor

191
Q

Capital:

A

Funds to establish new factories and expand existing ones

192
Q

Steps of textiles

A

Spinning fibers- weaving or knotting of yarn into fabric- cutting and seeing of fabric for assembly

193
Q

Atmosphere makeup

A

78% nitrogen
21% oxygen
-1% argon

194
Q

Air pollution

A

Concentration of trace substances at greater level than occurs in average air

195
Q

Greenhouse effect

A

Anticipated increase in earth’s temp cause by co2 and other greenhouse gases trapping some of the radiation emitted by the surface

196
Q

Where is ozone

A

Stratosphere

197
Q

Chlorofluorocarbons

A

Pollutants that threaten ozone layer ex. Freon

198
Q

Regional scale air pollution ex.

A

Pollution to vergetation and water supply

199
Q

Acid deposition

A

Tiny droplets if sulfuric acid and nitric acid form and return to earths surface

200
Q

Local air pollution ex.

A

Urban air polluted- made of carbon monoxide hydrocarbos particulates

201
Q

Worst pollution when weather is…

A

Slight wind clear skies temp inversion

202
Q

Solid waste pollution types

A

Hazardous waste

Sanitary landfill

203
Q

Water pollution types and describe

A

Point sources pollution: enters a body of water at specific location- smaller in quanitity easier to control
Non point sources: greater quanitites harder to control

204
Q

Main source of nonpoint water pollution

A

AGRICULTURE

205
Q

Biochemical oxygen demand:

A

Oxygen comsumed by decomposing organic waste (water pollution) -too much waste=oxygen deprived lake

206
Q

What manufacturing job shift in usa

A

Northeast region is losing manufacturing jobs moving to south and west

207
Q

Right to work laws:

A

Requires factory to maintain “open shop” which cant negociate contract that has workers join a union as condition of job

208
Q

Why has textile production moved from ne to se

A

Lower wages-dont want union- doesnt need skilled workers

209
Q

Convergence regions:

A

Eastern and southern europe- where incomes lag

210
Q

Competitive and employment regions

A

W. Eur- traditional core indistrial regions where experiencing manifacturing job loses

211
Q

What makes central europe attractive to manufacturers

A

Good value for money-less skilled workers-cheaper labor than W eur-close to wealthy markets

212
Q

Why do transnational corpp transfer work to LDCs

A

Cheaper labor even tho less skilled workers

213
Q

Outsourcing:

A

Turning over much of responsibility for production to independents

214
Q

What manufacturing job shift in usa

A

Northeast region is losing manufacturing jobs moving to south and west

215
Q

Right to work laws:

A

Requires factory to maintain “open shop” which cant negociate contract that has workers join a union as condition of job

216
Q

Why has textile production moved from ne to se

A

Lower wages-dont want union- doesnt need skilled workers

217
Q

Convergence regions:

A

Eastern and southern europe- where incomes lag

218
Q

Competitive and employment regions

A

W. Eur- traditional core indistrial regions where experiencing manifacturing job loses

219
Q

What makes central europe attractive to manufacturers

A

Good value for money-less skilled workers-cheaper labor than W eur-close to wealthy markets

220
Q

Why do transnational corpp transfer work to LDCs

A

Cheaper labor even tho less skilled workers

221
Q

Outsourcing:

A

Turning over much of responsibility for production to independents

222
Q

Manufacturing shift in europe

A

NW europe to Southern and Eastern europe

223
Q

Most manufactured country growth

A

Spain

224
Q

New international division of labor

A

Selective transfer of skilled jobs to mdcs and pess skilled to LDCs

225
Q

Vertical integration

A

When a company controls all phased of a complex production process

226
Q

Maquiladoras

A

Plants in mexico near US border

227
Q

Mexicans fear… For manufacturing shifts

A

Labor leaders going to mexico for lower wages

Environmentaliss fear NAFTA is encouraging firms to relocate to mexico bc not as strict pollutions standards

228
Q

Who made BRIC and what is it

A

Goldman sacs- Brazil Russia India China- countries expected to dominate manufacturing economy in 21st century

229
Q

Example of outsourcing

A

Iphone parts are made in mdcs but assembled ldc bc no need for skilled labor

230
Q

What country added to BRIC in 2010

A

South Africa

231
Q

Why would factors stay in traditional core regions

A

Availability of skilled labor and Delivery to market

232
Q

Fordist production

A

Factories assign each worker one specific task to do repeatedly

233
Q

Post fordist production: and where it is

A

Lean and flexible production-opposite of fordist

MDCS

234
Q

Benefits of just in time delivery

A

No inventory needed so no money spent or space wasted on inventory

235
Q

3 ways us govt distinguishes between domestic and foreign vehicles

A

Fuel efficiency-setting import tariffs-informing consumers

236
Q

4 types of work rules in post fordist production

A

Team
Problem solving
Leveling
Productivity

237
Q

Just in time delivery:

A

Shipment of parts to arrive at factory minutes before they are needed

238
Q

3 disruptions of just in time delivery

A

Labor unrest-strike@production plant
Traffic
Natural Hazards

239
Q

Service:

A

Any activity that fufills a human want/need and returns $ to those whose provide it

240
Q

Settlement:

A

Permanent collection of buildings where people reside work and obtain services

241
Q

Distribution of services

A

Clustered around settlement

242
Q

3 subdivisions of service sector

A

consumer
Buisness
Public

243
Q

Consumer services:

A

Buisnesses that provide services primarily to indiv consumers

244
Q

4 main types of consumer services and ex.s

A

Retail and wholesale services: dept. stores grocers
Education services: not including teachers
Health and Socail services: doctors offices nursing homes
Leisure and hospitality: restaurants lpdgig

245
Q

Buisness services:

A

Services that mainly meet the needs of other buisnesses

246
Q

3 types of buisness services

A

Professional: law management
Financial: FIRE-finance insurance real estate
Transportation and information services: trucking broadcasting

247
Q

Public services:

A

Services offered by the govt to provide security and protection for citizen and buisnesses

248
Q

Central place theory:

A

A theory that explains the distribution of services based on fact that the settlements are centers of market or services-larger settlements are farther apart than smaller settlements give services to people that will travel farther

249
Q

What central place theory explain

A

How most profitable location can be found for a service

250
Q

Central place:

A

Market center for the exchange of services by people attracted to use the places goods and services

251
Q

Other term for market area

A

Hinterland

252
Q

What shape does central place use and why

A

Hexagon-fit together-less variation

253
Q

Range:

A

Max distance people are willing to travel to use a service

254
Q

Services with long and short ranges

A

Long: airports-ferrari dealership
Short: gas station-fast food

255
Q

Threshold:

A

Min # of people needed to support the service

256
Q

Why are not all people counted for threshold

A

Ex malls only count richpeople because they are more likely to spend money there

257
Q

Small settlements have what range threshold and market areas?

A

Short range small threshold small market area

258
Q

Large settlements have what range threshold and market area

A

Large

259
Q

Who created central place and where

A

Walter christaller in S. Germany

260
Q

Who documented the central place in US

A

Brian berry

261
Q

Rank size rule:

A

Pattern of settlement in a country that the nth largest settlement is 1/nth the population of the largest settlement

262
Q

Primate city

A

Countrys largest city in rank size

263
Q

Periodic market

A

Collection of indiv vendors who come together to offer goods and services to a location of specified days

264
Q

Who is provided stuff in periodic markets

A

Residents of ldcs

Rural areas of mdcs where low pop and low income

265
Q

To determine extent of market area:

A

Range and threshold

266
Q

Four levels if market area

A

Hamlet village town city

267
Q

Where is rank size rule

A

Mdcs- if graphed it wud b straight line

268
Q

Gravity model predicts..

A

The optimal location of a service is directly related to # of people in area and inversely related to distance people must travel to access it

269
Q

2 patterns that reflect consumer behavior in gravity model:

A

Greater # of people in a place=more potential consumers

Farther people are from service=less likely to use it

270
Q

Why are buisness services clustered in global cities

A

HQs in global cities so many buisnesses ex lawyers and accountants and bog bankscluster there to help big corps

271
Q

Division of global cities

A

Alpha beta gamma- further divided by economic cultural political and infrastructural factors

272
Q

Consumer and public services in global coties

A

Lots of leisure-biggest librarys restaurants etc.

273
Q

2 types of buisness services in ldcs

A

Offshore financial services and back office functions

274
Q

Explain Offshore financial and imp. functions of them

A

Taxes: low taxes and corps involved in offshore are tax free
Privacy: bank secrecy helps avoid disclosure on houses-can protect assets in lawsuit or divorce

275
Q

Offshore centers ex.

A

Dependencies of the UK
Dependencies of other countries
Independent island countries

276
Q

Back office functions nickname

A

Buisness process outsourcing (BPO)

277
Q

Examples of back office functions

A

Insurance claims processing, payroll managing, clerical act.

278
Q

History of back office functions

A

Traditionally back office staff= same building as management now moving routine work to low rent buildings elsewhere

279
Q

LDCs attract back offices for 2 reasons

A

Low wages

Ability to speak english

280
Q

Basic industries:

A

Industries that sell their products and services primarily to consumer outside the settlements

281
Q

Non basic industries

A

Industries that sell their products mainly to consumers in the community

282
Q

Economic base

A

Community’s unique collection of basic industries

283
Q

Why do basic industries attract other basic industries

A

They bring money and workers and families that results in construction of new basic industries

284
Q

Where do buisness services grow faster

A

North and East

285
Q

Richard Floridas reasearch

A

Talented indic cluster in more culturally diverse coties than others

286
Q

Clustered rural settlement

A

Agr. Based community where a # of fams live close to each other with fields surrounding collection of houses amd farm buildings

287
Q

Dispersed rural settlement

A

Typical of N Am. rural settlement- farmers living on a indiv farms isolated from neighbors rather alongside other farmers in other settlements

288
Q

How is land allocated in clustered rural settlement

A

Each person has strips of land in surrounding fields -scattered pieces of land

289
Q

Parts of clustered rural settlement

A

Homes barns consumer services relig. Structures

290
Q

Types of clustered rural settlements

A

Circular: central open space sureounded by structures
Linear: buildings clustered on road river etc to make communication fields behind houses

291
Q

Colonial clustered rural settlement amd reasons

A

New england: for defense against native am.- to reinforce common culture and religion

292
Q

Where were dispersed rural settlements common

A

Am. Colonies- MIDWEST new england switched to dispersed which are more heterogeneoous

293
Q

Enclosure movement:

A

In great britian govt transformed rural landscape by turning strips into one big farm-consided with ind. rev

294
Q

Clustered settlement disadv.

A

Wasted time moving between fields- restricted what could be planted

295
Q

Services in early settlement

A

Originally consumer and public
Early consumer: places to bury dead-building for ceremonies-started manufac things needed went to retail
Early public services: need protection=soliders-became centers of military power
Early buisness services: transportation from needing food in harsh times- made warehouses to store extrastarted trade bc unequal resources

296
Q

Earliest urban settlements origin

A

Urbanization spread from SW Asia E Asia SS Africa L. Am

297
Q

What happened to england displaced farmers

A

Many moved irban for factory jobs

298
Q

City state

A

Independent sepf governing community that incles settlement and nearby countryside

299
Q

Stages of urban settlement

A

Prehistoric urban
Ancient urban: city states Athens Rome
Medieval urban: lords started reviving urban

300
Q

How did the lords revive urban settlements woth trade

A

Lords traded the right to establish their own coties for military service

301
Q

Large cities or coty states supplied what to surrounding himterland

A

Consumer services govt and military protextion

302
Q

Difference between # of people in city vs. % of people in city

A

MDCs have larger % people in cities

LDCs have larger # of people in cities

303
Q

2 dimensions of urbanization

A

and % of people living in urban areas

304
Q

Louis Wirth said…

A

Urban people and rural people have different ways of life based on large size high density and socially heterogeneous people

305
Q

Explain factors of louis wirths claim

A

Large size: rural is smaller and know most people urban is large pop with contractual relationships ex. Lawyer
High density: urban compete against others large # of people bc of specialization-each person has a role to make city function
Socially heterogeneous: urban has greater variety of people and more freedom- more tolerant of socially diff behavior Rural unusual actions are noticed and easier to find similar people

306
Q

Who did rank size rule

A

Mark jefferson

307
Q

Alfred webers least cost theory minimizes momey for 3 things…

A

Transportation-Labor-Agflomeration

308
Q

Who devel 2 types of cultivation

A

Carl sauer vegetative planting and seed planting

AP HuG (6 decks)

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