Unit 4 (10,11,12) Flashcards
Crop
Any plant cultivatef by people
Characteristics of hunter gather society
Hunting fishing (men) gathering plants (women) small pops., travel often for food, stay clear of each other’s territory
How many hunter gatherers today
Quarter million
Where do current hunter gatherers live
Austrailia’s great victorian desert, botswana and nambia, india’s andaman islands
Ag. Revolution:
Time when humans first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting amd gathering
Sibsistence ag.
Farming for consumption if own fam bam
Commercial ag
Farming mainly for sale off the farm
Ag rev. Started bc of…(2)
Environmental factors: climate change started@ same time-end of ice age
Cultural factors: all bc of humans- discovered dropped seeds=plants, went from accidental to deliberate farming
Name crop hearths:
Latin Am, SW Asia, Sub-Sahar. Africa, E Asia, SE Asia
SW Asia crop and animal hearths
Barley/Wheat/Lentil/Olive -10,000years ago
Cattle- goats pigs sheep 8,000-9,000years ago
Latin Am crop hearths
Beans/Cotton/Potato 4,000-5,000 years ago
E Asia crop hearths
Rice/Soybeans/walnuts +10,000 yrs. ago
SE Asia crop hearths
Mango/taro
Sub Saharan Africa crop hearths
Sorghum/Yams 8,000 yrs. ago
3 features that distinguish commercial and subsitence ag
% of farmers in labor force
Use of machinery
Farm size
MDCS vs. LDCS
3 features that distinguish commercial vs subsitence ag
% of farmers in labor force -mdcs=few farmers -ldcs=lots of farmers bc most are subsistence Use of machinery -mdcs=lots of it ex herbcides etc -ldcs=mainly hand tools and animal or human power Farm size -mdcs=large farm bc lots o machinery -ldcs=smaller size bc not mechanized
Food security:
Physical social and economical access at all times to nutricious foods that meet dietary needs and for preferances for active and healthy life
Fraction of world with no food security
1/8
Undernourishment
Dietary energy consumption that is continuously below min. requirement for having healthy life with exercise
How many undernourished people in world and where
870 million
India china SS Africa S Asia
Cereal grain
A grass that yields grain for food
Grain:
Seed from a cereal grass
Main grain eaten in mdcs and ldcs
WHEAT
Leading crop in world
MAIZE
Main source if protein in mdcs and ldcs
Mdcs- meat products
Ldcs- cereal grains
Most undernourished country
INDIA
Who made 11 ag regions of world
Derwent whittlesey
LDC ag. regions:
1 Pastoral nomadism
2 Shifting cultivation
3 Intensive subsistence-wet rice dominant
4 Intensive subsistence- crops other than wet rice dominant
5 Plantation
MDC ag. regions
1 Mixed Crop and Livestock 2 Dairying 3 Grain 4 Ranching 5 Mediterranean 6 Commercial Gardening
Pastoral nomadism:
Form of subsistence agr. based on herding of domesticated animals
Climate of pastoral nomadism and WHERE
Dry climate where planting crops is impossible
SW Asia and N Africa, C Asia, E Asia
How do pastoral nomads get grain
Raise crops-Trade animal products w/sedentary farmers-Women/kids stay and farm-Group stays and plants when lots of rain
Animals chosen for pastoral nomadism:
Camel- carry heavy load store water
Goats- need lots of water can eat any vegetation
Sheep-slow affected by climate, picky eater
Territorality of pastoral nomads
Very terriotrital- do not go into each others land unless necessary
Transhumance:
Seasonal migration if livestock between mtns and lowland pasture areas
Pasture
Grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals and land used for grazing
Future of pastoral nomads
Govt pushing them off arable land- urges them to become sedentary farmers instead of nomads
Climate of shifting cultivation and WHERE
Tropical regions with high temps and lots of rain HUMID LOW LAT.
Latin Am, SS Africa, SE Asia
2 features if shifting cult.
1 farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegetation and burning debris
2 farmers grow crops on cleared field for few years until nutrients are gone
Swidden:
Cleared area
Potash
Fertilizer from burning debris (potassium)
-only fertilizer used in shifting cultivation
How long are swiddens used
3 yrs. or less
Land ownership in shifting cultivation
Traditionally- land owned by whole village-each had a patch and got to keep output
Today- private indiv now own land
% of world land that is shifting cult
25%
% of world pop that does shifting cult
Less than 5%
Pros and cons of shifting cult
No environmental damage No damage to soil Cons Only supports small pop Gas from fires can contribute to global warming-co2 stuck in atmosp.
Agriculture
Deliberate modification of earth’s surface through sustenance or economical gain
Where is intensive subsistence ag practiced?
East asia
South asia
Southeast asia
Wet rice:
Rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved as seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth
Sawah:
Flooded field
Paddy:
Term used ny europeans and n amers for flooded field-is actually malay word for wet rice
Double cropping:
Getting 2 harvestd per year for one field
Where is double cropping possible
Warm winters-south china-taiwan
NOT POSSIBLE-drywinters-India
Characteristics of int. Subsistence farming
Efficient farmers on small lands-hand work and animals not much tech.-animals get little land
Steps of wet rice cultivation
4steps
- field prep
- flooding
- transplanting
- harvesting
What is major crop of non dominant wet rice regions
WHEAT
How are multiple harvests possible in int sub wet rice non dominant areas
Crop rotation
Explain agriculture in communist china
They tried to join small fields to make one big field to promote this way tools could be shared: efficiency-didnt improve productivity
Once gone- better production
Regions of plantation farming
Latin Am. Africa. Asia
Climate of plantation farming
Tropica and subtropics
Plantations operated by…
Europeans and N Americans
Types of plantation crops
Cotton coffee sugarcane tabacoo bananas
Plantation:
Large commercial farm in LDCs that specialize in one or two crops
Agribuisness:
System of commercial farming found in MDCs
ex. Tractor manufac, fertilizer prodcution
Regions of mixed crop amd livestock
USA- west of appalacians
Europe- Most of France to Russia
Explain mixed crop and livestock
Most crops are fed to animals whose manure is used to fertilize ground to grow more crops- most land is used to grow crops but 3/4 $$ comes from animal products
Fact
Mixed crop and livestock distributed workload more evenly bc crops and livestock
Where is US corn belt
Ohio to dakotas with center in Iowa
Explain crop rotation in mixed crop and livestock
Fields are left fallow during crop roation to keep fertility of field- also uses rest crops like clover to bring nutrients back
Region of commercial gardening
Southeast USA
Conditioms for commercial gardening
Long growing season
Humid climate
Accesible to large markets
Truck farming:
Commercial gardening and fruit farming named so bc goods are trucked to ports
Milkshed
Ring surrounding city from which milk is supplied with out spoiling
Worlds largest producer of dairy products
New zealand
Problems of dairy farmers
Labor intensive- milk cow 2x day every day
Winter feed- feed cows in winter bc cant graze-summer crops used as winter feed
Difference between grain grown in commercial grain farming and mixed crop and livestock regions
On commercial farms grain is consumed by mainly humans not livestock
3 areas if large scale grain production
Winter wheat belt
Spring wheat belt
Palouse region of WA state
Advantages of wheat as a crop
Many uses- can be transported easy- stored easily doesnt spoil
Mediteranean ag climate
Borders a sea, most on west coast of continents, moderate winter hot and dry summer
Med crops grown for humans or livestock?
Humans
Horticulture
Growing of fruits veg flowers to form the commercial base of med. farming
2 main crops of med farming
OLIVES AND GRAPES
Ranching:
Commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area
Climate livesock best adapted to- where ranching is practiced
Semiarid/arid land- MDCs where veg is too sparse and soil is too poor for crops
Why did cattle ranching expand in usa
Increased demand for beef in east coast cities
Why did cattle ranching decline
Came in conflict with sedentary agr: has set boundaries while ranchers just roam
Where is cattle ranching today
Austrailia
S. Am.
W. Usa
3 usa and world stages of ranching
- Herding of animals over open ranged (seminomadic)
- Ranching into fixed farming by dividing the open land into ranches
- Ranching confined into drier lands
Accodring to Boserup thesis how can subsistence farmers increase food supply
New farming methods are adopted
Land is left fallow for shorter periods
Africas food supply struggle:
Food production cant keep up with fast growing pop- famine threat
Farmers do not get profit even tho the govt prices are low so they can afford it
Countries of cocaine (cocoa leaf)
Columbia/Peru/Bolivia
Countries of heroin (opium)
Afghanistan/Burma/Laos
Countries of marijauna
Mexico
How is efficient agr. Made a problem?
Overproduction results in low incomes bc more food made than demanded- supply increased but demand stayed same
High food prices bc…
- Bad weather
- Higher demand
- Smaller growth in productivity bc no breakthrus
- Use of crops as biofuels instead of food esp. Latin Am.
3 main sources of dietary energy
Maize
Wheat
Rice
3 points of which us govt deals with excess agr capacity
- Farmers=encouraged to avoid growing crops that are in excess supply
- Govt pays farmers when certain crop prices are low- pay difference between target price(govt set) and market price
- Govt buys surplus production and sells and donated it to other govts ex food stamps
Who is johann heinrich von thünen
Estate owner in N. Germany who proposed model that explains importance of proximity to maket in choice of crops on commercial farms
According to von thunen’s model 2 factors a farmer considers when deciding what to plant
Cost of land
Cost of transporting productd to market
Explain rings of von tunen’s model
1st-market orientated garden/milk products-expensive to deliver
2nd-wood/timber very heavy
3rd-various crops and pasture(crop rotation)
4th-animal grazing
4 strategied to increasd food supply
Increasing exports from countries with surplused
Expanding land area used for agr.
Expanding fishing
Increasing productivity of land now used for agr.
Largest regions and countries of exporting agr products
Brazil and Argentina N Am. SE Asia S Pacific
Leading importers of food
Japan UK China Russia
Leading exporter of grain (what kind how much)
USA maize 50%
3 reasons land is currently being removed from agr use
Urbanization, Waterlogged lands, Desertification
Aquaculture:
Cultivation of seafood inder controlled conditions
Leading fishing countries
China, chile, indonesia
Do mdcs or ldcs consume more fish
LDCs
2 main practices of green revolution
Intro of new higher yield seeds
Expanded use if fertilizers
Pop is growing faster than agriculture land
Agr productivity increasing faster than pop growth bc of green rev
Desertification:
Process of human actions causing land to deteriorate to a desert-like condition
Explain waterlogged
Excessive water reultd in roots becoming water logged- if water if salty=plant damage
Water based food obtained by…
Fishing
Aquaculture/aquafarming
How many regions is ocean divided into
18
Green revolution:
Invention and rapid diffusion of more productive agr techniques during 1970s and 80s
Basics for fertilizers
Nitrogen Phosphorus, Potassium
Characteristics of miracle wheat seed
Less sensitice to variation in day lenth, responds better to fertilizers, matures faster
Characteristics of miracle rice seed
Hybrid of indonesian rice and taiwan dwarf rice- hardier and increased yields
Problems that prevent farmers from taking adv of green rev
Must use more fertilizer and machinery- need a cheap way to make nitrogen fertilizers
3 crops that are genetically modified
Soybeans
Cotton
Maize
How much of major crops are GMOs
94% soybeans 90% cotton 88% maize
Pros and cons of gmos
Pro- higher yields, increased nutrition
Con- health probs, increased dependace on usa, export probs
Sustainable Agriculture
Agr. Practices that preserve and enhance environmental quality
Main practices of sustainable agr
Sensitive land management
Limited use if chemicals
Better integration of crops and livestock
Adv of ridge tillage
Min. Soil disturbance, improves soil properties
Lower production costs/ greater soil conservation
How animals treated better in sustainable agr.
Correct # of livestock- avoids overgrazing
Animal confinement- can use manure not overcrowded
Management of extreme weather conditions- livestock eats crops
Flexible feeding amd marketing
Ridge tillage:
System of planting crops on ridge tops
Herbicide banding-
Applying chemicals in narrow bands over crop rows
Industrial Revolution:
Series of improvements in industrial tech. that transformed the process of manufacturing goods- United Kingdom- 1700s
Cottage industry:
Home based manufacturing
How did iron industry benefit from steam engine
Steam engine gave power to ovens that needed to be heated to produce iron
How is distribution of steel and iron industry influenced by coal
Prior to ind. rev. coal was main source of emergy for ovens and steam engines
Why was devel in transportation needed
To attract workers, bring raw materials, ship goods
2 forms of transportation that grew rapidly
Canals and railroads
How did ind rev change textiles
Went from cottage industry to concentrated factory system- machine made to untangle cotton by richadd arkwright
How did ind rev contribute to need for food processing
Nicholas Appert=canning food in glass bottles- easier to feed factory workers
Industrial area: United Kingdom
Steel and textiles
Industrial area: Rhine-Ruhr
Iron and steel with large coal fields
Industrial area: Mid Rhine
Most centrally located- chemical industry
Industrial area: Po Basin
Textiles and other industries- bigger workforce, inexpensive hydroelectricity
Industrial area: Northeastern Spain
Textiles, motor vehicle plant
Industrial area: moscow
Russia oldest industrial region
Industrial area: St. Petersburg
Shipbuilding and other things that service the navy
Industrial area: Urals
Contains worlds minerals
Industrial area: Volga
Petroleum Natural gas Minerals
Industrial area: Kuznetsk
Coal Iron ore
Industrial area: Donetsk
Coal reserves
Industrial area: Silesia
Skilled and lowpaid workforce- growing area fast closr to rich markets in W Eur
Industrial area: New England
Cotton and cotton products
Industrial area: middle atlantic
Largest US market- attracts industries that needs lots of consumers
Industrial area: Mohawk Valley
Inexpensive electricity by Niagra Falls
Industrial area: Pittsburgh-Lake Erie
Steel-coal-iron ore from appalachians
Industrial area: Western Great Lakes
Chicago cdnter transportation and steel
Industrial area: Southern California
Furniture-clothing and textlike
Industrial area: Southeastern Ontario
Canada’s best industrial area bc close to great lakes amd niagra
Industrial area: Japan
Major producer of goods sold in large quantities
Industrial area: China
Largest market of consimer goods- low cost labor
Industrial area: South Korea
Leading producdd of ships
East asia industrial areas
Japan china south korea
North america indistrial areas
New england middle atlantic mohawk valley pittsburgh-lake erie western great lakes southern california southeastern ontario
European industrial areas
UK rhine ruhr po basin mid-rhine northeastern spain moscow urals st. Petersburg volga kuznetsk donetsk silesia
Situation factors:
Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory
Site factors:
Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside a plant like land labor capital
Bulk reducing industry and ex.
Industry in which the final product weighs more ir has more volune than the inputs
Copper
Bulk gaining industry and ex.
Industry in which the final product weighs more ir has more volume than the inputs
Bottling beverages
Single market manufacturers and ex
Specialized manufacturers make products that are designed to be sold mainly to one or two customers ex. Car parts
Optimum location of single market manufacturers
Close to markets and customers
Ex of perishable products
Newspaper milk bread
Type of metals most humans uss
Nonmetallic ex. Gems diamoss nitrogen phosphorus
Metallic minerals:
Valuable prop. That good for making machinery- varying degrees of malleable and ductile
Alloy
2 metals combined
Ferrous and non ferrous: and ex.
Ferrous= contains iron- chromium, magnanese
Non ferrous=doesnt contain iron- aluminum copper
Most widely used ore
Iron ore
4 modes of transportation and explain
Truck-short distance easy to load cheap no extended rest
Train-1+ day deliveries no daily stop long to load
Ship-low cost per km long distance
Air-expensive speedy bulk
Break of bulk point
Location where transfer among transportation modes is possible
2 examples of break of bulk points
Seaports and airports
4 steps of copper
Melting
Concentration
Smelting
Refining
Steel mills in USA
Pittsburgh-sw PA
S. Shore of Lake Erie
S. Lake Michigan
E. And W. Coasts
Why are minimills moving closer to markets not inputs
Use scrap metal as main input which is abundant around markets
3 regions of assembly plants for vehicle production
East Asia
Europe
North America
Labor intensive industry
Industry in which wages and other compensation paid to employees constitute a high % of expenses
Difference between labor intensive and high wage industries
Labor intensive is measured as a %
High wage is measured in $
Factors that make land attractive for industry
Close to market and labor and capital, space, close to highways
Type of worker for textile industry
Less skillsd workers
Country does most spinning and weaving
China
Assembly of textiles are where?
MDCs bc most consumers of assembled products
Fabricated metals
Bring together metals and pre manufactured parts to make more complex things
Steps of fabricating metals
Bending Foraging Stamping Forming
2 main inputs of steel production
Iron and coal
Most imp site factor
Labor
Capital:
Funds to establish new factories and expand existing ones
Steps of textiles
Spinning fibers- weaving or knotting of yarn into fabric- cutting and seeing of fabric for assembly
Atmosphere makeup
78% nitrogen
21% oxygen
-1% argon
Air pollution
Concentration of trace substances at greater level than occurs in average air
Greenhouse effect
Anticipated increase in earth’s temp cause by co2 and other greenhouse gases trapping some of the radiation emitted by the surface
Where is ozone
Stratosphere
Chlorofluorocarbons
Pollutants that threaten ozone layer ex. Freon
Regional scale air pollution ex.
Pollution to vergetation and water supply
Acid deposition
Tiny droplets if sulfuric acid and nitric acid form and return to earths surface
Local air pollution ex.
Urban air polluted- made of carbon monoxide hydrocarbos particulates
Worst pollution when weather is…
Slight wind clear skies temp inversion
Solid waste pollution types
Hazardous waste
Sanitary landfill
Water pollution types and describe
Point sources pollution: enters a body of water at specific location- smaller in quanitity easier to control
Non point sources: greater quanitites harder to control
Main source of nonpoint water pollution
AGRICULTURE
Biochemical oxygen demand:
Oxygen comsumed by decomposing organic waste (water pollution) -too much waste=oxygen deprived lake
What manufacturing job shift in usa
Northeast region is losing manufacturing jobs moving to south and west
Right to work laws:
Requires factory to maintain “open shop” which cant negociate contract that has workers join a union as condition of job
Why has textile production moved from ne to se
Lower wages-dont want union- doesnt need skilled workers
Convergence regions:
Eastern and southern europe- where incomes lag
Competitive and employment regions
W. Eur- traditional core indistrial regions where experiencing manifacturing job loses
What makes central europe attractive to manufacturers
Good value for money-less skilled workers-cheaper labor than W eur-close to wealthy markets
Why do transnational corpp transfer work to LDCs
Cheaper labor even tho less skilled workers
Outsourcing:
Turning over much of responsibility for production to independents
What manufacturing job shift in usa
Northeast region is losing manufacturing jobs moving to south and west
Right to work laws:
Requires factory to maintain “open shop” which cant negociate contract that has workers join a union as condition of job
Why has textile production moved from ne to se
Lower wages-dont want union- doesnt need skilled workers
Convergence regions:
Eastern and southern europe- where incomes lag
Competitive and employment regions
W. Eur- traditional core indistrial regions where experiencing manifacturing job loses
What makes central europe attractive to manufacturers
Good value for money-less skilled workers-cheaper labor than W eur-close to wealthy markets
Why do transnational corpp transfer work to LDCs
Cheaper labor even tho less skilled workers
Outsourcing:
Turning over much of responsibility for production to independents
Manufacturing shift in europe
NW europe to Southern and Eastern europe
Most manufactured country growth
Spain
New international division of labor
Selective transfer of skilled jobs to mdcs and pess skilled to LDCs
Vertical integration
When a company controls all phased of a complex production process
Maquiladoras
Plants in mexico near US border
Mexicans fear… For manufacturing shifts
Labor leaders going to mexico for lower wages
Environmentaliss fear NAFTA is encouraging firms to relocate to mexico bc not as strict pollutions standards
Who made BRIC and what is it
Goldman sacs- Brazil Russia India China- countries expected to dominate manufacturing economy in 21st century
Example of outsourcing
Iphone parts are made in mdcs but assembled ldc bc no need for skilled labor
What country added to BRIC in 2010
South Africa
Why would factors stay in traditional core regions
Availability of skilled labor and Delivery to market
Fordist production
Factories assign each worker one specific task to do repeatedly
Post fordist production: and where it is
Lean and flexible production-opposite of fordist
MDCS
Benefits of just in time delivery
No inventory needed so no money spent or space wasted on inventory
3 ways us govt distinguishes between domestic and foreign vehicles
Fuel efficiency-setting import tariffs-informing consumers
4 types of work rules in post fordist production
Team
Problem solving
Leveling
Productivity
Just in time delivery:
Shipment of parts to arrive at factory minutes before they are needed
3 disruptions of just in time delivery
Labor unrest-strike@production plant
Traffic
Natural Hazards
Service:
Any activity that fufills a human want/need and returns $ to those whose provide it
Settlement:
Permanent collection of buildings where people reside work and obtain services
Distribution of services
Clustered around settlement
3 subdivisions of service sector
consumer
Buisness
Public
Consumer services:
Buisnesses that provide services primarily to indiv consumers
4 main types of consumer services and ex.s
Retail and wholesale services: dept. stores grocers
Education services: not including teachers
Health and Socail services: doctors offices nursing homes
Leisure and hospitality: restaurants lpdgig
Buisness services:
Services that mainly meet the needs of other buisnesses
3 types of buisness services
Professional: law management
Financial: FIRE-finance insurance real estate
Transportation and information services: trucking broadcasting
Public services:
Services offered by the govt to provide security and protection for citizen and buisnesses
Central place theory:
A theory that explains the distribution of services based on fact that the settlements are centers of market or services-larger settlements are farther apart than smaller settlements give services to people that will travel farther
What central place theory explain
How most profitable location can be found for a service
Central place:
Market center for the exchange of services by people attracted to use the places goods and services
Other term for market area
Hinterland
What shape does central place use and why
Hexagon-fit together-less variation
Range:
Max distance people are willing to travel to use a service
Services with long and short ranges
Long: airports-ferrari dealership
Short: gas station-fast food
Threshold:
Min # of people needed to support the service
Why are not all people counted for threshold
Ex malls only count richpeople because they are more likely to spend money there
Small settlements have what range threshold and market areas?
Short range small threshold small market area
Large settlements have what range threshold and market area
Large
Who created central place and where
Walter christaller in S. Germany
Who documented the central place in US
Brian berry
Rank size rule:
Pattern of settlement in a country that the nth largest settlement is 1/nth the population of the largest settlement
Primate city
Countrys largest city in rank size
Periodic market
Collection of indiv vendors who come together to offer goods and services to a location of specified days
Who is provided stuff in periodic markets
Residents of ldcs
Rural areas of mdcs where low pop and low income
To determine extent of market area:
Range and threshold
Four levels if market area
Hamlet village town city
Where is rank size rule
Mdcs- if graphed it wud b straight line
Gravity model predicts..
The optimal location of a service is directly related to # of people in area and inversely related to distance people must travel to access it
2 patterns that reflect consumer behavior in gravity model:
Greater # of people in a place=more potential consumers
Farther people are from service=less likely to use it
Why are buisness services clustered in global cities
HQs in global cities so many buisnesses ex lawyers and accountants and bog bankscluster there to help big corps
Division of global cities
Alpha beta gamma- further divided by economic cultural political and infrastructural factors
Consumer and public services in global coties
Lots of leisure-biggest librarys restaurants etc.
2 types of buisness services in ldcs
Offshore financial services and back office functions
Explain Offshore financial and imp. functions of them
Taxes: low taxes and corps involved in offshore are tax free
Privacy: bank secrecy helps avoid disclosure on houses-can protect assets in lawsuit or divorce
Offshore centers ex.
Dependencies of the UK
Dependencies of other countries
Independent island countries
Back office functions nickname
Buisness process outsourcing (BPO)
Examples of back office functions
Insurance claims processing, payroll managing, clerical act.
History of back office functions
Traditionally back office staff= same building as management now moving routine work to low rent buildings elsewhere
LDCs attract back offices for 2 reasons
Low wages
Ability to speak english
Basic industries:
Industries that sell their products and services primarily to consumer outside the settlements
Non basic industries
Industries that sell their products mainly to consumers in the community
Economic base
Community’s unique collection of basic industries
Why do basic industries attract other basic industries
They bring money and workers and families that results in construction of new basic industries
Where do buisness services grow faster
North and East
Richard Floridas reasearch
Talented indic cluster in more culturally diverse coties than others
Clustered rural settlement
Agr. Based community where a # of fams live close to each other with fields surrounding collection of houses amd farm buildings
Dispersed rural settlement
Typical of N Am. rural settlement- farmers living on a indiv farms isolated from neighbors rather alongside other farmers in other settlements
How is land allocated in clustered rural settlement
Each person has strips of land in surrounding fields -scattered pieces of land
Parts of clustered rural settlement
Homes barns consumer services relig. Structures
Types of clustered rural settlements
Circular: central open space sureounded by structures
Linear: buildings clustered on road river etc to make communication fields behind houses
Colonial clustered rural settlement amd reasons
New england: for defense against native am.- to reinforce common culture and religion
Where were dispersed rural settlements common
Am. Colonies- MIDWEST new england switched to dispersed which are more heterogeneoous
Enclosure movement:
In great britian govt transformed rural landscape by turning strips into one big farm-consided with ind. rev
Clustered settlement disadv.
Wasted time moving between fields- restricted what could be planted
Services in early settlement
Originally consumer and public
Early consumer: places to bury dead-building for ceremonies-started manufac things needed went to retail
Early public services: need protection=soliders-became centers of military power
Early buisness services: transportation from needing food in harsh times- made warehouses to store extrastarted trade bc unequal resources
Earliest urban settlements origin
Urbanization spread from SW Asia E Asia SS Africa L. Am
What happened to england displaced farmers
Many moved irban for factory jobs
City state
Independent sepf governing community that incles settlement and nearby countryside
Stages of urban settlement
Prehistoric urban
Ancient urban: city states Athens Rome
Medieval urban: lords started reviving urban
How did the lords revive urban settlements woth trade
Lords traded the right to establish their own coties for military service
Large cities or coty states supplied what to surrounding himterland
Consumer services govt and military protextion
Difference between # of people in city vs. % of people in city
MDCs have larger % people in cities
LDCs have larger # of people in cities
2 dimensions of urbanization
and % of people living in urban areas
Louis Wirth said…
Urban people and rural people have different ways of life based on large size high density and socially heterogeneous people
Explain factors of louis wirths claim
Large size: rural is smaller and know most people urban is large pop with contractual relationships ex. Lawyer
High density: urban compete against others large # of people bc of specialization-each person has a role to make city function
Socially heterogeneous: urban has greater variety of people and more freedom- more tolerant of socially diff behavior Rural unusual actions are noticed and easier to find similar people
Who did rank size rule
Mark jefferson
Alfred webers least cost theory minimizes momey for 3 things…
Transportation-Labor-Agflomeration
Who devel 2 types of cultivation
Carl sauer vegetative planting and seed planting
