Unit 4 (10,11,12) Flashcards
1
Q
Crop
A
Any plant cultivatef by people
2
Q
Characteristics of hunter gather society
A
Hunting fishing (men) gathering plants (women) small pops., travel often for food, stay clear of each other’s territory
3
Q
How many hunter gatherers today
A
Quarter million
4
Q
Where do current hunter gatherers live
A
Austrailia’s great victorian desert, botswana and nambia, india’s andaman islands
5
Q
Ag. Revolution:
A
Time when humans first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting amd gathering
6
Q
Sibsistence ag.
A
Farming for consumption if own fam bam
7
Q
Commercial ag
A
Farming mainly for sale off the farm
8
Q
Ag rev. Started bc of…(2)
A
Environmental factors: climate change started@ same time-end of ice age
Cultural factors: all bc of humans- discovered dropped seeds=plants, went from accidental to deliberate farming
9
Q
Name crop hearths:
A
Latin Am, SW Asia, Sub-Sahar. Africa, E Asia, SE Asia
10
Q
SW Asia crop and animal hearths
A
Barley/Wheat/Lentil/Olive -10,000years ago
Cattle- goats pigs sheep 8,000-9,000years ago
11
Q
Latin Am crop hearths
A
Beans/Cotton/Potato 4,000-5,000 years ago
12
Q
E Asia crop hearths
A
Rice/Soybeans/walnuts +10,000 yrs. ago
13
Q
SE Asia crop hearths
A
Mango/taro
14
Q
Sub Saharan Africa crop hearths
A
Sorghum/Yams 8,000 yrs. ago
15
Q
3 features that distinguish commercial and subsitence ag
A
% of farmers in labor force
Use of machinery
Farm size
16
Q
MDCS vs. LDCS
3 features that distinguish commercial vs subsitence ag
A
% of farmers in labor force -mdcs=few farmers -ldcs=lots of farmers bc most are subsistence Use of machinery -mdcs=lots of it ex herbcides etc -ldcs=mainly hand tools and animal or human power Farm size -mdcs=large farm bc lots o machinery -ldcs=smaller size bc not mechanized
17
Q
Food security:
A
Physical social and economical access at all times to nutricious foods that meet dietary needs and for preferances for active and healthy life
18
Q
Fraction of world with no food security
A
1/8
19
Q
Undernourishment
A
Dietary energy consumption that is continuously below min. requirement for having healthy life with exercise
20
Q
How many undernourished people in world and where
A
870 million
India china SS Africa S Asia
21
Q
Cereal grain
A
A grass that yields grain for food
22
Q
Grain:
A
Seed from a cereal grass
23
Q
Main grain eaten in mdcs and ldcs
A
WHEAT
24
Q
Leading crop in world
A
MAIZE
25
Main source if protein in mdcs and ldcs
Mdcs- meat products
| Ldcs- cereal grains
26
Most undernourished country
INDIA
27
Who made 11 ag regions of world
Derwent whittlesey
28
LDC ag. regions:
1 Pastoral nomadism
2 Shifting cultivation
3 Intensive subsistence-wet rice dominant
4 Intensive subsistence- crops other than wet rice dominant
5 Plantation
29
MDC ag. regions
```
1 Mixed Crop and Livestock
2 Dairying
3 Grain
4 Ranching
5 Mediterranean
6 Commercial Gardening
```
30
Pastoral nomadism:
Form of subsistence agr. based on herding of domesticated animals
31
Climate of pastoral nomadism and WHERE
Dry climate where planting crops is impossible
| SW Asia and N Africa, C Asia, E Asia
32
How do pastoral nomads get grain
Raise crops-Trade animal products w/sedentary farmers-Women/kids stay and farm-Group stays and plants when lots of rain
33
Animals chosen for pastoral nomadism:
Camel- carry heavy load store water
Goats- need lots of water can eat any vegetation
Sheep-slow affected by climate, picky eater
34
Territorality of pastoral nomads
Very terriotrital- do not go into each others land unless necessary
35
Transhumance:
Seasonal migration if livestock between mtns and lowland pasture areas
36
Pasture
Grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals and land used for grazing
37
Future of pastoral nomads
Govt pushing them off arable land- urges them to become sedentary farmers instead of nomads
38
Climate of shifting cultivation and WHERE
Tropical regions with high temps and lots of rain HUMID LOW LAT.
Latin Am, SS Africa, SE Asia
39
2 features if shifting cult.
1 farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegetation and burning debris
2 farmers grow crops on cleared field for few years until nutrients are gone
40
Swidden:
Cleared area
41
Potash
Fertilizer from burning debris (potassium)
| -only fertilizer used in shifting cultivation
42
How long are swiddens used
3 yrs. or less
43
Land ownership in shifting cultivation
Traditionally- land owned by whole village-each had a patch and got to keep output
Today- private indiv now own land
44
% of world land that is shifting cult
25%
45
% of world pop that does shifting cult
Less than 5%
46
Pros and cons of shifting cult
```
No environmental damage
No damage to soil
Cons
Only supports small pop
Gas from fires can contribute to global warming-co2 stuck in atmosp.
```
47
Agriculture
Deliberate modification of earth's surface through sustenance or economical gain
48
Where is intensive subsistence ag practiced?
East asia
South asia
Southeast asia
49
Wet rice:
Rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved as seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth
50
Sawah:
Flooded field
51
Paddy:
Term used ny europeans and n amers for flooded field-is actually malay word for wet rice
52
Double cropping:
Getting 2 harvestd per year for one field
53
Where is double cropping possible
Warm winters-south china-taiwan
| NOT POSSIBLE-drywinters-India
54
Characteristics of int. Subsistence farming
Efficient farmers on small lands-hand work and animals not much tech.-animals get little land
55
Steps of wet rice cultivation
4steps
- field prep
- flooding
- transplanting
- harvesting
56
What is major crop of non dominant wet rice regions
WHEAT
57
How are multiple harvests possible in int sub wet rice non dominant areas
Crop rotation
58
Explain agriculture in communist china
They tried to join small fields to make one big field to promote this way tools could be shared: efficiency-didnt improve productivity
Once gone- better production
59
Regions of plantation farming
Latin Am. Africa. Asia
60
Climate of plantation farming
Tropica and subtropics
61
Plantations operated by...
Europeans and N Americans
62
Types of plantation crops
Cotton coffee sugarcane tabacoo bananas
63
Plantation:
Large commercial farm in LDCs that specialize in one or two crops
64
Agribuisness:
System of commercial farming found in MDCs
| ex. Tractor manufac, fertilizer prodcution
65
Regions of mixed crop amd livestock
USA- west of appalacians
| Europe- Most of France to Russia
66
Explain mixed crop and livestock
Most crops are fed to animals whose manure is used to fertilize ground to grow more crops- most land is used to grow crops but 3/4 $$ comes from animal products
67
Fact
Mixed crop and livestock distributed workload more evenly bc crops and livestock
68
Where is US corn belt
Ohio to dakotas with center in Iowa
69
Explain crop rotation in mixed crop and livestock
Fields are left fallow during crop roation to keep fertility of field- also uses rest crops like clover to bring nutrients back
70
Region of commercial gardening
Southeast USA
71
Conditioms for commercial gardening
Long growing season
Humid climate
Accesible to large markets
72
Truck farming:
Commercial gardening and fruit farming named so bc goods are trucked to ports
73
Milkshed
Ring surrounding city from which milk is supplied with out spoiling
74
Worlds largest producer of dairy products
New zealand
75
Problems of dairy farmers
Labor intensive- milk cow 2x day every day
| Winter feed- feed cows in winter bc cant graze-summer crops used as winter feed
76
Difference between grain grown in commercial grain farming and mixed crop and livestock regions
On commercial farms grain is consumed by mainly humans not livestock
77
3 areas if large scale grain production
Winter wheat belt
Spring wheat belt
Palouse region of WA state
78
Advantages of wheat as a crop
Many uses- can be transported easy- stored easily doesnt spoil
79
Mediteranean ag climate
Borders a sea, most on west coast of continents, moderate winter hot and dry summer
80
Med crops grown for humans or livestock?
Humans
81
Horticulture
Growing of fruits veg flowers to form the commercial base of med. farming
82
2 main crops of med farming
OLIVES AND GRAPES
83
Ranching:
Commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area
84
Climate livesock best adapted to- where ranching is practiced
Semiarid/arid land- MDCs where veg is too sparse and soil is too poor for crops
85
Why did cattle ranching expand in usa
Increased demand for beef in east coast cities
86
Why did cattle ranching decline
Came in conflict with sedentary agr: has set boundaries while ranchers just roam
87
Where is cattle ranching today
Austrailia
S. Am.
W. Usa
88
3 usa and world stages of ranching
1. Herding of animals over open ranged (seminomadic)
2. Ranching into fixed farming by dividing the open land into ranches
3. Ranching confined into drier lands
89
Accodring to Boserup thesis how can subsistence farmers increase food supply
New farming methods are adopted
| Land is left fallow for shorter periods
90
Africas food supply struggle:
Food production cant keep up with fast growing pop- famine threat
Farmers do not get profit even tho the govt prices are low so they can afford it
91
Countries of cocaine (cocoa leaf)
Columbia/Peru/Bolivia
92
Countries of heroin (opium)
Afghanistan/Burma/Laos
93
Countries of marijauna
Mexico
94
How is efficient agr. Made a problem?
Overproduction results in low incomes bc more food made than demanded- supply increased but demand stayed same
95
High food prices bc...
1. Bad weather
2. Higher demand
3. Smaller growth in productivity bc no breakthrus
4. Use of crops as biofuels instead of food esp. Latin Am.
96
3 main sources of dietary energy
Maize
Wheat
Rice
97
3 points of which us govt deals with excess agr capacity
1. Farmers=encouraged to avoid growing crops that are in excess supply
2. Govt pays farmers when certain crop prices are low- pay difference between target price(govt set) and market price
3. Govt buys surplus production and sells and donated it to other govts ex food stamps
98
Who is johann heinrich von thünen
Estate owner in N. Germany who proposed model that explains importance of proximity to maket in choice of crops on commercial farms
99
According to von thunen's model 2 factors a farmer considers when deciding what to plant
Cost of land
| Cost of transporting productd to market
100
Explain rings of von tunen's model
1st-market orientated garden/milk products-expensive to deliver
2nd-wood/timber very heavy
3rd-various crops and pasture(crop rotation)
4th-animal grazing
101
4 strategied to increasd food supply
Increasing exports from countries with surplused
Expanding land area used for agr.
Expanding fishing
Increasing productivity of land now used for agr.
102
Largest regions and countries of exporting agr products
Brazil and Argentina N Am. SE Asia S Pacific
103
Leading importers of food
Japan UK China Russia
104
Leading exporter of grain (what kind how much)
USA maize 50%
105
3 reasons land is currently being removed from agr use
Urbanization, Waterlogged lands, Desertification
106
Aquaculture:
Cultivation of seafood inder controlled conditions
107
Leading fishing countries
China, chile, indonesia
108
Do mdcs or ldcs consume more fish
LDCs
109
2 main practices of green revolution
Intro of new higher yield seeds
| Expanded use if fertilizers
110
Pop is growing faster than agriculture land
Agr productivity increasing faster than pop growth bc of green rev
111
Desertification:
Process of human actions causing land to deteriorate to a desert-like condition
112
Explain waterlogged
Excessive water reultd in roots becoming water logged- if water if salty=plant damage
113
Water based food obtained by...
Fishing
| Aquaculture/aquafarming
114
How many regions is ocean divided into
18
115
Green revolution:
Invention and rapid diffusion of more productive agr techniques during 1970s and 80s
116
Basics for fertilizers
Nitrogen Phosphorus, Potassium
117
Characteristics of miracle wheat seed
Less sensitice to variation in day lenth, responds better to fertilizers, matures faster
118
Characteristics of miracle rice seed
Hybrid of indonesian rice and taiwan dwarf rice- hardier and increased yields
119
Problems that prevent farmers from taking adv of green rev
Must use more fertilizer and machinery- need a cheap way to make nitrogen fertilizers
120
3 crops that are genetically modified
Soybeans
Cotton
Maize
121
How much of major crops are GMOs
94% soybeans 90% cotton 88% maize
122
Pros and cons of gmos
Pro- higher yields, increased nutrition
| Con- health probs, increased dependace on usa, export probs
123
Sustainable Agriculture
Agr. Practices that preserve and enhance environmental quality
124
Main practices of sustainable agr
Sensitive land management
Limited use if chemicals
Better integration of crops and livestock
125
Adv of ridge tillage
Min. Soil disturbance, improves soil properties
| Lower production costs/ greater soil conservation
126
How animals treated better in sustainable agr.
Correct # of livestock- avoids overgrazing
Animal confinement- can use manure not overcrowded
Management of extreme weather conditions- livestock eats crops
Flexible feeding amd marketing
127
Ridge tillage:
System of planting crops on ridge tops
128
Herbicide banding-
Applying chemicals in narrow bands over crop rows
129
Industrial Revolution:
Series of improvements in industrial tech. that transformed the process of manufacturing goods- United Kingdom- 1700s
130
Cottage industry:
Home based manufacturing
131
How did iron industry benefit from steam engine
Steam engine gave power to ovens that needed to be heated to produce iron
132
How is distribution of steel and iron industry influenced by coal
Prior to ind. rev. coal was main source of emergy for ovens and steam engines
133
Why was devel in transportation needed
To attract workers, bring raw materials, ship goods
134
2 forms of transportation that grew rapidly
Canals and railroads
135
How did ind rev change textiles
Went from cottage industry to concentrated factory system- machine made to untangle cotton by richadd arkwright
136
How did ind rev contribute to need for food processing
Nicholas Appert=canning food in glass bottles- easier to feed factory workers
137
Industrial area: United Kingdom
Steel and textiles
138
Industrial area: Rhine-Ruhr
Iron and steel with large coal fields
139
Industrial area: Mid Rhine
Most centrally located- chemical industry
140
Industrial area: Po Basin
Textiles and other industries- bigger workforce, inexpensive hydroelectricity
141
Industrial area: Northeastern Spain
Textiles, motor vehicle plant
142
Industrial area: moscow
Russia oldest industrial region
143
Industrial area: St. Petersburg
Shipbuilding and other things that service the navy
144
Industrial area: Urals
Contains worlds minerals
145
Industrial area: Volga
Petroleum Natural gas Minerals
146
Industrial area: Kuznetsk
Coal Iron ore
147
Industrial area: Donetsk
Coal reserves
148
Industrial area: Silesia
Skilled and lowpaid workforce- growing area fast closr to rich markets in W Eur
149
Industrial area: New England
Cotton and cotton products
150
Industrial area: middle atlantic
Largest US market- attracts industries that needs lots of consumers
151
Industrial area: Mohawk Valley
Inexpensive electricity by Niagra Falls
152
Industrial area: Pittsburgh-Lake Erie
Steel-coal-iron ore from appalachians
153
Industrial area: Western Great Lakes
Chicago cdnter transportation and steel
154
Industrial area: Southern California
Furniture-clothing and textlike
155
Industrial area: Southeastern Ontario
Canada's best industrial area bc close to great lakes amd niagra
156
Industrial area: Japan
Major producer of goods sold in large quantities
157
Industrial area: China
Largest market of consimer goods- low cost labor
158
Industrial area: South Korea
Leading producdd of ships
159
East asia industrial areas
Japan china south korea
160
North america indistrial areas
New england middle atlantic mohawk valley pittsburgh-lake erie western great lakes southern california southeastern ontario
161
European industrial areas
UK rhine ruhr po basin mid-rhine northeastern spain moscow urals st. Petersburg volga kuznetsk donetsk silesia
162
Situation factors:
Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory
163
Site factors:
Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside a plant like land labor capital
164
Bulk reducing industry and ex.
Industry in which the final product weighs more ir has more volune than the inputs
Copper
165
Bulk gaining industry and ex.
Industry in which the final product weighs more ir has more volume than the inputs
Bottling beverages
166
Single market manufacturers and ex
Specialized manufacturers make products that are designed to be sold mainly to one or two customers ex. Car parts
167
Optimum location of single market manufacturers
Close to markets and customers
168
Ex of perishable products
Newspaper milk bread
169
Type of metals most humans uss
Nonmetallic ex. Gems diamoss nitrogen phosphorus
170
Metallic minerals:
Valuable prop. That good for making machinery- varying degrees of malleable and ductile
171
Alloy
2 metals combined
172
Ferrous and non ferrous: and ex.
Ferrous= contains iron- chromium, magnanese
| Non ferrous=doesnt contain iron- aluminum copper
173
Most widely used ore
Iron ore
174
4 modes of transportation and explain
Truck-short distance easy to load cheap no extended rest
Train-1+ day deliveries no daily stop long to load
Ship-low cost per km long distance
Air-expensive speedy bulk
175
Break of bulk point
Location where transfer among transportation modes is possible
176
2 examples of break of bulk points
Seaports and airports
177
4 steps of copper
Melting
Concentration
Smelting
Refining
178
Steel mills in USA
Pittsburgh-sw PA
S. Shore of Lake Erie
S. Lake Michigan
E. And W. Coasts
179
Why are minimills moving closer to markets not inputs
Use scrap metal as main input which is abundant around markets
180
3 regions of assembly plants for vehicle production
East Asia
Europe
North America
181
Labor intensive industry
Industry in which wages and other compensation paid to employees constitute a high % of expenses
182
Difference between labor intensive and high wage industries
Labor intensive is measured as a %
| High wage is measured in $
183
Factors that make land attractive for industry
Close to market and labor and capital, space, close to highways
184
Type of worker for textile industry
Less skillsd workers
185
Country does most spinning and weaving
China
186
Assembly of textiles are where?
MDCs bc most consumers of assembled products
187
Fabricated metals
Bring together metals and pre manufactured parts to make more complex things
188
Steps of fabricating metals
Bending Foraging Stamping Forming
189
2 main inputs of steel production
Iron and coal
190
Most imp site factor
Labor
191
Capital:
Funds to establish new factories and expand existing ones
192
Steps of textiles
Spinning fibers- weaving or knotting of yarn into fabric- cutting and seeing of fabric for assembly
193
Atmosphere makeup
78% nitrogen
21% oxygen
-1% argon
194
Air pollution
Concentration of trace substances at greater level than occurs in average air
195
Greenhouse effect
Anticipated increase in earth's temp cause by co2 and other greenhouse gases trapping some of the radiation emitted by the surface
196
Where is ozone
Stratosphere
197
Chlorofluorocarbons
Pollutants that threaten ozone layer ex. Freon
198
Regional scale air pollution ex.
Pollution to vergetation and water supply
199
Acid deposition
Tiny droplets if sulfuric acid and nitric acid form and return to earths surface
200
Local air pollution ex.
Urban air polluted- made of carbon monoxide hydrocarbos particulates
201
Worst pollution when weather is...
Slight wind clear skies temp inversion
202
Solid waste pollution types
Hazardous waste
| Sanitary landfill
203
Water pollution types and describe
Point sources pollution: enters a body of water at specific location- smaller in quanitity easier to control
Non point sources: greater quanitites harder to control
204
Main source of nonpoint water pollution
AGRICULTURE
205
Biochemical oxygen demand:
Oxygen comsumed by decomposing organic waste (water pollution) -too much waste=oxygen deprived lake
206
What manufacturing job shift in usa
Northeast region is losing manufacturing jobs moving to south and west
207
Right to work laws:
Requires factory to maintain "open shop" which cant negociate contract that has workers join a union as condition of job
208
Why has textile production moved from ne to se
Lower wages-dont want union- doesnt need skilled workers
209
Convergence regions:
Eastern and southern europe- where incomes lag
210
Competitive and employment regions
W. Eur- traditional core indistrial regions where experiencing manifacturing job loses
211
What makes central europe attractive to manufacturers
Good value for money-less skilled workers-cheaper labor than W eur-close to wealthy markets
212
Why do transnational corpp transfer work to LDCs
Cheaper labor even tho less skilled workers
213
Outsourcing:
Turning over much of responsibility for production to independents
214
What manufacturing job shift in usa
Northeast region is losing manufacturing jobs moving to south and west
215
Right to work laws:
Requires factory to maintain "open shop" which cant negociate contract that has workers join a union as condition of job
216
Why has textile production moved from ne to se
Lower wages-dont want union- doesnt need skilled workers
217
Convergence regions:
Eastern and southern europe- where incomes lag
218
Competitive and employment regions
W. Eur- traditional core indistrial regions where experiencing manifacturing job loses
219
What makes central europe attractive to manufacturers
Good value for money-less skilled workers-cheaper labor than W eur-close to wealthy markets
220
Why do transnational corpp transfer work to LDCs
Cheaper labor even tho less skilled workers
221
Outsourcing:
Turning over much of responsibility for production to independents
222
Manufacturing shift in europe
NW europe to Southern and Eastern europe
223
Most manufactured country growth
Spain
224
New international division of labor
Selective transfer of skilled jobs to mdcs and pess skilled to LDCs
225
Vertical integration
When a company controls all phased of a complex production process
226
Maquiladoras
Plants in mexico near US border
227
Mexicans fear... For manufacturing shifts
Labor leaders going to mexico for lower wages
| Environmentaliss fear NAFTA is encouraging firms to relocate to mexico bc not as strict pollutions standards
228
Who made BRIC and what is it
Goldman sacs- Brazil Russia India China- countries expected to dominate manufacturing economy in 21st century
229
Example of outsourcing
Iphone parts are made in mdcs but assembled ldc bc no need for skilled labor
230
What country added to BRIC in 2010
South Africa
231
Why would factors stay in traditional core regions
Availability of skilled labor and Delivery to market
232
Fordist production
Factories assign each worker one specific task to do repeatedly
233
Post fordist production: and where it is
Lean and flexible production-opposite of fordist
| MDCS
234
Benefits of just in time delivery
No inventory needed so no money spent or space wasted on inventory
235
3 ways us govt distinguishes between domestic and foreign vehicles
Fuel efficiency-setting import tariffs-informing consumers
236
4 types of work rules in post fordist production
Team
Problem solving
Leveling
Productivity
237
Just in time delivery:
Shipment of parts to arrive at factory minutes before they are needed
238
3 disruptions of just in time delivery
Labor unrest-strike@production plant
Traffic
Natural Hazards
239
Service:
Any activity that fufills a human want/need and returns $ to those whose provide it
240
Settlement:
Permanent collection of buildings where people reside work and obtain services
241
Distribution of services
Clustered around settlement
242
3 subdivisions of service sector
consumer
Buisness
Public
243
Consumer services:
Buisnesses that provide services primarily to indiv consumers
244
4 main types of consumer services and ex.s
Retail and wholesale services: dept. stores grocers
Education services: not including teachers
Health and Socail services: doctors offices nursing homes
Leisure and hospitality: restaurants lpdgig
245
Buisness services:
Services that mainly meet the needs of other buisnesses
246
3 types of buisness services
Professional: law management
Financial: FIRE-finance insurance real estate
Transportation and information services: trucking broadcasting
247
Public services:
Services offered by the govt to provide security and protection for citizen and buisnesses
248
Central place theory:
A theory that explains the distribution of services based on fact that the settlements are centers of market or services-larger settlements are farther apart than smaller settlements give services to people that will travel farther
249
What central place theory explain
How most profitable location can be found for a service
250
Central place:
Market center for the exchange of services by people attracted to use the places goods and services
251
Other term for market area
Hinterland
252
What shape does central place use and why
Hexagon-fit together-less variation
253
Range:
Max distance people are willing to travel to use a service
254
Services with long and short ranges
Long: airports-ferrari dealership
Short: gas station-fast food
255
Threshold:
Min # of people needed to support the service
256
Why are not all people counted for threshold
Ex malls only count richpeople because they are more likely to spend money there
257
Small settlements have what range threshold and market areas?
Short range small threshold small market area
258
Large settlements have what range threshold and market area
Large
259
Who created central place and where
Walter christaller in S. Germany
260
Who documented the central place in US
Brian berry
261
Rank size rule:
Pattern of settlement in a country that the nth largest settlement is 1/nth the population of the largest settlement
262
Primate city
Countrys largest city in rank size
263
Periodic market
Collection of indiv vendors who come together to offer goods and services to a location of specified days
264
Who is provided stuff in periodic markets
Residents of ldcs
| Rural areas of mdcs where low pop and low income
265
To determine extent of market area:
Range and threshold
266
Four levels if market area
Hamlet village town city
267
Where is rank size rule
Mdcs- if graphed it wud b straight line
268
Gravity model predicts..
The optimal location of a service is directly related to # of people in area and inversely related to distance people must travel to access it
269
2 patterns that reflect consumer behavior in gravity model:
Greater # of people in a place=more potential consumers
| Farther people are from service=less likely to use it
270
Why are buisness services clustered in global cities
HQs in global cities so many buisnesses ex lawyers and accountants and bog bankscluster there to help big corps
271
Division of global cities
Alpha beta gamma- further divided by economic cultural political and infrastructural factors
272
Consumer and public services in global coties
Lots of leisure-biggest librarys restaurants etc.
273
2 types of buisness services in ldcs
Offshore financial services and back office functions
274
Explain Offshore financial and imp. functions of them
Taxes: low taxes and corps involved in offshore are tax free
Privacy: bank secrecy helps avoid disclosure on houses-can protect assets in lawsuit or divorce
275
Offshore centers ex.
Dependencies of the UK
Dependencies of other countries
Independent island countries
276
Back office functions nickname
Buisness process outsourcing (BPO)
277
Examples of back office functions
Insurance claims processing, payroll managing, clerical act.
278
History of back office functions
Traditionally back office staff= same building as management now moving routine work to low rent buildings elsewhere
279
LDCs attract back offices for 2 reasons
Low wages
| Ability to speak english
280
Basic industries:
Industries that sell their products and services primarily to consumer outside the settlements
281
Non basic industries
Industries that sell their products mainly to consumers in the community
282
Economic base
Community's unique collection of basic industries
283
Why do basic industries attract other basic industries
They bring money and workers and families that results in construction of new basic industries
284
Where do buisness services grow faster
North and East
285
Richard Floridas reasearch
Talented indic cluster in more culturally diverse coties than others
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Clustered rural settlement
Agr. Based community where a # of fams live close to each other with fields surrounding collection of houses amd farm buildings
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Dispersed rural settlement
Typical of N Am. rural settlement- farmers living on a indiv farms isolated from neighbors rather alongside other farmers in other settlements
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How is land allocated in clustered rural settlement
Each person has strips of land in surrounding fields -scattered pieces of land
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Parts of clustered rural settlement
Homes barns consumer services relig. Structures
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Types of clustered rural settlements
Circular: central open space sureounded by structures
Linear: buildings clustered on road river etc to make communication fields behind houses
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Colonial clustered rural settlement amd reasons
New england: for defense against native am.- to reinforce common culture and religion
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Where were dispersed rural settlements common
Am. Colonies- MIDWEST new england switched to dispersed which are more heterogeneoous
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Enclosure movement:
In great britian govt transformed rural landscape by turning strips into one big farm-consided with ind. rev
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Clustered settlement disadv.
Wasted time moving between fields- restricted what could be planted
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Services in early settlement
Originally consumer and public
Early consumer: places to bury dead-building for ceremonies-started manufac things needed went to retail
Early public services: need protection=soliders-became centers of military power
Early buisness services: transportation from needing food in harsh times- made warehouses to store extrastarted trade bc unequal resources
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Earliest urban settlements origin
Urbanization spread from SW Asia E Asia SS Africa L. Am
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What happened to england displaced farmers
Many moved irban for factory jobs
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City state
Independent sepf governing community that incles settlement and nearby countryside
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Stages of urban settlement
Prehistoric urban
Ancient urban: city states Athens Rome
Medieval urban: lords started reviving urban
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How did the lords revive urban settlements woth trade
Lords traded the right to establish their own coties for military service
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Large cities or coty states supplied what to surrounding himterland
Consumer services govt and military protextion
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Difference between # of people in city vs. % of people in city
MDCs have larger % people in cities
| LDCs have larger # of people in cities
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2 dimensions of urbanization
and % of people living in urban areas
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Louis Wirth said...
Urban people and rural people have different ways of life based on large size high density and socially heterogeneous people
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Explain factors of louis wirths claim
Large size: rural is smaller and know most people urban is large pop with contractual relationships ex. Lawyer
High density: urban compete against others large # of people bc of specialization-each person has a role to make city function
Socially heterogeneous: urban has greater variety of people and more freedom- more tolerant of socially diff behavior Rural unusual actions are noticed and easier to find similar people
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Who did rank size rule
Mark jefferson
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Alfred webers least cost theory minimizes momey for 3 things...
Transportation-Labor-Agflomeration
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Who devel 2 types of cultivation
Carl sauer vegetative planting and seed planting
