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AP HuG > Unit 3 (8,9) > Flashcards

Unit 3 (8,9) Flashcards

1
Q

Sovereignty

A

Independence from control of its internal affairs by other states

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2
Q

6 largest states

A

Russia canada usa china brazil austrailia

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3
Q

How many microstates are recognized

A

24

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4
Q

Ex of microstate

A

Andorra

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5
Q

When was UN est. by who

A

End of WW2 by victorious allies

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6
Q

Why did un grow in 1955

A

Bc of liberation of nazi germany during ww2

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7
Q

Why did un grow in 1960

A

Former british and french african countries joined

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8
Q

Why did un grow in 1990s

A

Breakup of soviet union/yugoslavia and admission of microstates

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9
Q

5 permanent member of security council of un

A

China france russia UK USA

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10
Q

State

A

Area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established govt that has control over its internal and foreign affairs

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11
Q

UN problems

A

Lacks troops

Maintaining neutrality

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12
Q

China vs Taiwan

A

Taiwan-nationalists

China-communists

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13
Q

Ancient state history

A

Fertile crescent in middle east-mesopotamia where first states developed

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14
Q

What kind of states were the first states to develop

A

City states: town and countryside around it

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15
Q

Where is fertile crescent

A

Persian gulf and mediteranian sea

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16
Q

Ex of medieval state

A

Roman empire

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17
Q

Self-determination

A

Concept that ethnicites have the right to govern themselves

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18
Q

Multinational state:

A

Country that contains more than one ethnicity with traditions of selfdetermination

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19
Q

Why denmark good ex of nation state

A

Bc majority of pop is danish and other ethnicitys are grouped on other islands

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20
Q

Other ethnicites of denmark

A

Faeroe islands: 21 islands speak fasroese

Greenland: mainly inuit they control most of own domestic affairs

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21
Q

Worlds largest islands

A

Greenland

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22
Q

How did communism suppress the issues of ethnicity and nationalism

A

Discouraged ethnicites from expressing cultural uniqueness and organized religion

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23
Q

What problems have rose from the fall of communism govts

A

Boundary problems between ethnicites that have their own nation states

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24
Q

States in Baltic Region

A

Estonia latvia lithuania

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25
Q

States in eastern europe

A

Belarus moldova ukraine

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26
Q

States in central asai

A

Kazakhstan kurgystan tajikistan turkmenistan uzbekistan

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27
Q

States in Caucasus

A

Azerbaijan armenia georgia

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28
Q

Major religion of baltic states

A

Lithuania: RC balto group in balto slavic branch
Estonia: Protestant uralic lang (related to finish)
Latvia: Lutheran baltic lang of baltic group

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29
Q

Why are ethnic division among eastern europe states blurred

A

Bc they have similar east spavic langs and are all mainly orthodox christians

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30
Q

What did majority of moldovans want when they gained independance

A

Reunify with romania (improve econ) but ukrainians and russians oppossed that live on border

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31
Q

Problems in central asia

A

Tajikistan

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32
Q

How many ethnicites in russia

A

39

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33
Q

Why is independance flourising among ethnicites in russia

A

Bc russia is less willing to suppress these groups than SU was

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34
Q

Why has russia resisted chechnya independance movement

A
  1. Feared if chechnya was free other ethn. would follow suit

2. Region contained deposits of petroleum

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35
Q

Problems in azerbaijan

A

Many azeris in NW iran but nakhicheran the city seperated itself with wall and belongs to armenia

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36
Q

Problems with armenia

A

Many armenians killed by turks who also went to war with azeris over boundaries

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37
Q

Problems in georgia

A

Diverse pop. abkhazia and south ossetia claim to be independent but some do not recognize them as indep.

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38
Q

Whats main problem in caucsas region

A

The kurds dont have their own country

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39
Q

Colony: a territory that is legally tied to a soveriegn state rather than being all indep

A

a territory that is legally tied to a soveriegn state rather than being all indep

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40
Q

Colonialism:

A

Effort to establish settlement in a territory and to impose its political economic and cultural principles on that territory by a country

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41
Q

3 reasons europe colonized

A

Promote christianity
Get $ for their resources in other countries
Power for # of colonies

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42
Q

Largest empire

A

Great britian

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43
Q

Second largest empire

A

France

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44
Q

Largest remaining colonies and who has each

A

Puerto rico- USA greenland- denmark

Hong kong amd macao- china used to be britian and portugal

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45
Q

2 types of boundaries

A

Physical and cultural

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46
Q

3 types of physical boundaries

A

Water desert mountains

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47
Q

2 types of cultural boundaries

A

Geometric and ethnic

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48
Q

Cyprus situation:

A

Turks= minority
Greeks= majority
When indep greeks took control but turk invaded and only turkey recognized the turk part of cyprus as own state and wall was built between 2 sides of states

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49
Q

List 5 types of states

A 
Compact
Elongated
Perforated
Proruped
Fragmented
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50
Q

Adv of compact state amd ex.

A

Short boundarys to defend captial in center good comm. Kenya and Uganda

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51
Q

Ex of elongated

A

Gambia and chile

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52
Q

Reasons for prorupting state and ex

A

Access to resource (water)
Seperate 2 states that wud share a boundary
Nambia

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53
Q

Perforated state ex

A

South africa

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54
Q

Fragmented state types

A

Fragmented by water

Fragmented by intervening state

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55
Q

Where are most if the world landlocked states

A

Africa

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56
Q

Autocracy

A

Country run according to interests of the ruler rather than the people

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57
Q

3 areas that democracy and autocracy differ

A

Selection of leaders
Citizen participation
Checks and balances

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58
Q

Unitary state

A

Places most power in hands of central govt officials

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59
Q

Federal state

A

Distributes strong power to units of local govt within the country

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60
Q

What characteristic tend to favor unitary states

A

Small land area
Few internal cultural diff
Strong snese of national unity

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61
Q

Where r unitary states most common

A

Europe

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62
Q

Why do multinational states adopt unitary govts and ex

A

To values of one nationality is imposed on others ex kenya and rwanda

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63
Q

Federal state ex.

A

Russia canada usa brazil india

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64
Q

Why has tiny belgium a federal state

A

Bc has 2 ethnic flemish and waloons

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65
Q

Why is china a unitary state

A

To promote communism

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66
Q

Gerrymandering:

A

Process of redrawing leg. Boundaries dor the purpose of beneifitng the party in power

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67
Q

3 types ofgerrymandering

A

Stacked vote: links distant areas of like minded votes thru odd shaped boundaries
Wasted vote: spreads opposition across many districts but in thenminority
Excess vote: concentrates opposition in a few districts

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68
Q

Balance of power:

A

Condition of roughly equal strength between opposing alliances

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69
Q

Purpose od NATO

A

Alliance of democratic states to maintain a bipolar balanxe in eur. And prevent the SU from taking over w. Germany or other countries

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70
Q

Purpose of warsaw pact

A

Say they will defend each orher in case of attack

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71
Q

When was EU formed and by who

A

1958 by belgium franch italy luxembourg netherlands and west germany

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72
Q

Why was EU formed

A

To heal eastern europe from WW2

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73
Q

OSCE and goals

A

Organization on security and cooperation in europe- ends conflicts in eur.

74
Q

OAS

A

Western hem states that promote social cultural political economic links among members

75
Q

AU

A

Countries in africa that promote economic intergration in africa

76
Q

The Commonwealth

A

Uk and other former british colonies that seek economix and cultural cooperation

77
Q

Terrorism:

A

Systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a pop or coerce a govt into granting its demands

78
Q

Characteristics of terrorist acts

A

Spread fear among pop
View violence as way to achieve goals
Suicidal acts

79
Q

Thebase

A

Arabic translation for Al-Qaeda

80
Q

Fatwa:

A

Religious decree that bin laden argued that muslim shud be agnry at usa and should fight againt usa

81
Q

Yemen and somalia

A

Where bin laden instigated attacks on us troops

82
Q

Founder of al-q

A

Osama bin laden

83
Q

In what ways does alQ pose challenge to muslims

A

They must decide whether to express disagreement with laws of govt in usa yet deny responsiblitiy and support for alQ

84
Q

How is alQ challenge for amerixans

A

Distinguish between peaceful but unfamiliar principles and practices of worlds muslims and the misuse of islam by terrorists

85
Q

3 ways states can help terrorists

A

Providing sanctuary for wanted terrorists by other countries
Supplying weapons intelligence or $$
Planning attacks using terroritsts

86
Q

How afghanistan helped terrorists

A

Provided santuary

87
Q

How pakistan helped terror

A

Provided santuary? (Where bin laden was killed) supplied weapons etx

88
Q

How iraq help terror

A

Providing materials for terrorists

89
Q

How iran helped terror

A

Provided santuary and materials

90
Q

How linya helped terrorists

A

Planning attacks (panam in scotland, bombing in germany that had us soliders

91
Q

HDI uses what 3 factors

A

Decent standard of living
Long and healthy life
Access to knowledge

92
Q

What is hdi

A

Human development index created by the UN used to determine a countrys level of development

93
Q

GNI

A

Gross national income: value of the output of goods and ssdvices produced in a country in a year including money that leaves and enters the country

94
Q

Annual per capita GNI in MDC? LDC?

A

34,000

7,000

95
Q

What jobs go in each of the 3 job sectors

A

Primary: extracting materials from earth
Secondary: manufac. that transforms raw materials to consumer goods
Teritary: supplying goods and srvices ex banking law edu govt

96
Q

Productivity:

A

Value of a certain product compared to tue amount of labor needed to make it

97
Q

Value added:

A

Actual value of a product minus xost of raw materials and energy

98
Q

3 consumer goods that are good indicators of devel

A

Motor vehicles telephones and computers

99
Q

Ratio per 1,000 of cars for a MDC AND LDC

A

630 and 80

100
Q

Ratio of phones per 1000 in a MDC AND LDC

A

1100 per 1000 people

700 per 1000 people

101
Q

Ratio of computers per 1000 people in a MDC AND LDC

A

700 per 1000

200 per 1000 people

102
Q

Life expectanxy in ldcs and mdcs

A

MDC: 80
LDC: 68

103
Q

What % of babies survive in LDCS

A

94

104
Q

Pupil teacher ratio in MDCS AND LDCS

A

MDC: 14 kids per teacher
LDC: 26 kids per teacher

105
Q

Literacy rate in MDC AND LDC

A

99%

90%

106
Q

Example of regions with varied devel

A

Brazil china mexico wealth is all distributed very uneven along coasts and borders

107
Q

Example of region with varied devel

A

Sw asia bc part is desert which is inhabited and plant and animal life is sparse but other parts have rich petroleum reserves

108
Q

GII

A

Gender inequality index: made by UN to measure countrys genderinequality

109
Q

3 areas to measure GII

A

Empowerment
Labor
Reproductive Health

110
Q

Empowerment:

A

Ability of women to fet improvement in their own status

111
Q

2 indicators of empowerment

A

% seats held by women in nat leg.

% women who have completed high school

112
Q

Female participation Rate:

A

% of women holding full time jobs outside the home

113
Q

% of women in nat leg in Eur and Usa

A

25%

16%

114
Q

Why reproductive health in gii

A

Bc in countries where effective control of reproduction is universal

115
Q

Why is USA 47 on gii rank

A

Bc low reproductive rights maternal mortality rate and % of women in nat leg rate are not as good as other MDCS

116
Q

Supply:

A

Quantity of something that producers have available to sell

117
Q

Demand

A

Quanitity that consumers are willing and able to buy

118
Q

3 types of consumption of coal petroleum and natural gas

A

Buisness
Homes
Transportation

119
Q

Where is coal formed

A

Swampy areas that are tropical and rich with plants in mid latitudes

120
Q

Proven reserved of coal

A

China and USA

121
Q

What is petroleum

A

Residue deposited on the seafloor

Found underwater or under land that used to be underwater

122
Q

Proven reserves if petroleum

A

Persian gulf
N. Sea
Russia
Saudi arabia

123
Q

What is natural gas

A

Waste product if petroleum now used to heat homes

124
Q

Proven reserves of natural gas

A

Russia, SW Asia, USA (middle of south and appalacian)

125
Q

3 ways potential reserves can become proven reserves

A

Undiscovered fields
Enhanced recovery from discovered fields
Unconventional sources

126
Q

OPEC

A

Organization of petroleum exporting countries made to help LDCs with reserves get more control over resource

127
Q

Adv of nuclear energy

A

Large energy for small amount material

128
Q

Disadv of nuclear energy

A

Very$$ to build plants, potential accidents, radioactive waste

129
Q

Hydroelectric

A

Energy from water movement

Leading source of energy

130
Q

Biomass fuel

A

Derived from plant material and animal waste

Limited use bc not also efficient

131
Q

Wind power

A

Limited in ldc due to cost

Uses only little part of resource

132
Q

Geothermal energy

A

Energy from hot water or steam from groundwater heated by the earth

133
Q

Where is geothermal energy easiest to harmess at

A

Plate boundaries

134
Q

Nuclear fusion

A

Fusing H atoms to form helium

135
Q

Passive solar energy

A

W/out using special devices- uses south facing windows and dark surfaces: human act like passive solar energy collectors

136
Q

Types of Active solar energy

A

Direct or indirect

137
Q

Direct active solar energy

A

Uses photovoltaic cells to convert light energy to electrical energy

138
Q

What happens to photovoltaic cells in the sun

A

Photovoltaic effect when the cells show distinct electrical porpperties

139
Q

Indirect active solar energy

A

Turns heat energy into electricity

140
Q

Self sufficiency model

A

Limits trade no competition bc no transnational corps
Investment spread equally
Modest devel rate
Incomes of city and country are close

141
Q

3 ways self sufficiency model limits trade

A 
Setting tariffs (high taxes)
Fixing quotas for imports
Requiring licenses to import
142
Q

Rostows devel model

A

Traditional society: no devel lots of agr.
Preconditions of takeoff: elite group initiated devel and starts to invest in tech and infrastructure (transportation)
Takeoff: rapid growth in elite group of few industries
Drive to maturity: modern tech diffuses is more productive and workers are skilled and specialized
Age of mass consumption: econ goes from heavy indistry (steel and energy) to consumer goods like cars and fridges

143
Q

Problems of self sufficiency model

A

Protection of inefficient buismesses

Need for large bureaucracy

144
Q

Problems or intern trade approach

A

Uneven resource distrib
Increase dependence on mdcs
Market decline

145
Q

4 asian dragons

A

South korea, singapore, taiwan, hong kong

146
Q

Info about asian dragons

A

Lack of resources so focus on manufacturing goods like clothing and electronics
Low labor coast= sell cheap products to MDCs

147
Q

Arabian peninsula states:

A

Saudi arabia kuwait bahrain oman united arab emirates

148
Q

Info about arabian pen states

A

Used $ from petroleum reserves to finace devel

149
Q

Purchasing power parity

A

An adjustment made to gni to account for diffs among countries for cost of goods

150
Q

GDP

A

Same as GNI but doesnt account for money leaving/entering country

151
Q

IHDI

A

Indicator of devel that modified the hdi to account for inequality within a country

152
Q

Parts of decent standard of living

A

Income
Economic structure
Productivity

153
Q

What used to measure long and healthy life in HDI

A

Life expectancy

154
Q

Parts of access to knowledge in HDI

A

Quanity of school: #yrs of schoolin and expected #yrs of schooling
Quality of school: pupil teacher ratio and literacy rate

155
Q

Indicators of reproductive health in GII

A

Maternal mortality ratio (# women die from birth per 100,000 births)
Adolescent fertility rate (# of births per women 15-19)

156
Q

Breeder reactor:

A

Turns uranium knto renewable resource by making plutoniu

157
Q

What have progressives critisized WTO about?

A

Its antidemocratic bc decisions are behind closed doors and promote ingefests if large corps rather than poor people

158
Q

Conservatives critisize WTO OF…

A

Compromising power and soverignty of indiv countries bc it can order changed in taxes amd laws that it considers unfair trading practices

159
Q

Foreign direct investment

A

Investment made by a foreign company in the econ of another country

160
Q

2 sources of loans for LDCS

A

World bank and internAtional monetary fund

161
Q

Theory of using loans for infrastructure in LDCs

A

New infrastructure will make conditions better for domestic and foreign buisnesses to open or expand

162
Q

Explain international trade challenges

A

Uneven resource distribution: ldc that is depend on one product can suffer if price doesnt rise as the cost of stuff needed to import
Increase dependence on mdcs: building up of industries to sell to people in mdcs may make ldc cut back on food clothing and other production that is necessary
Market decline:bcountries that depend on selling cheap manufactured goods find world market has decreased bc mdc= little growth in pop and market

163
Q

Goal of WTO

A

Reduce barriers of int trade by neotiating reduction of restrictions on trade and enforcing agreements

164
Q

How do ldcs get $$ to finace devel

A

Direct investments by transnational corps or

Loans from banks and int orgs

165
Q

Parts if world bank

A

Int bank for reconstruction and devel (IBRD)

Int devel association (IDA)

166
Q

What does IBRD DO

A

International bank for reconstruction and development loans to fund specific projects like transportation or legal and financial institutions

167
Q

What does IDA do

A

Intenational Development Association supports countries that are too risky for IBRD loans

168
Q

What does IMF do

A

Loans to countries with balance of payment probs that threaten expansion od int trade

169
Q

Why do funded projects fail

A

Faulty engineering
Aid spent on military equip or aid is stolen
New infrastructure doesnt attract new investment

170
Q

Structural adjustment program:

A

Program LDCs must have to apply for debt relief that has econ goals strategies for acheiving objectives amd external financing requirments

171
Q

Stimulus strategy

A

Govt should spend more money than collected in taxes and pit people to work by building infrastructure once recession is over them everyone will be in place to pau more taxes and pay off debt

172
Q

Austerity strategy

A

Govt shouldnreduce taxes so people can revive economy bt spending tax savings and spending govt program shud go down a lot to keep dept from swelling

173
Q

Fact

A

Usa used stimulus but now uses austerity strat

Europe is half and half which may lead to the demise of the euro

174
Q

Housing bubble

A

Rapid increase in the balue of houses followed by a sharp decline in their value

175
Q

Fair trade

A

Commerce in which products are made and traded according to standards that protect workers and small buismesses in LDCS

176
Q

Producer stakdards in fair trade

A

1/3 of retail price goes back to producer
Advocates for work with small buisnesses that cant get bank loans
Conusmers pay higher price but get high quality

177
Q

Fiar trade worker standards

A

Fiar wages
Health care clinics
Child care
Training

178
Q

How has IMR gap changed

A

MDC: 17 to 6
LDC: 107 to 44
Gap narrowed a lot

179
Q

How has life expectancy gap changed

A

Up 7yrs in MDC
Up 8yrs in LDC
GAP NO CHANGE

180
Q

How has GNI per capita gap changed

A

20,000 to 33,000 in MDC
1,000 to 5,000 in LDC
GAP WIDENED

181
Q

Millennium development goals

A

set by UN to achieve by 2015 ex eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, combat diseases, achieve universal primary education, promote gender equality and empower women, reduce child mortality, improve maternal health

182
Q

Explain core and periphery

A

Created by Immanuel Wallerstein MDCS ARE CORE area and LDCs are in perihery locations, this results in uneven development with countries at the core beneifting at the expense of periphery countries

AP HuG (6 decks)

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