Unit 3 (8,9) Flashcards
Sovereignty
Independence from control of its internal affairs by other states
6 largest states
Russia canada usa china brazil austrailia
How many microstates are recognized
24
Ex of microstate
Andorra
When was UN est. by who
End of WW2 by victorious allies
Why did un grow in 1955
Bc of liberation of nazi germany during ww2
Why did un grow in 1960
Former british and french african countries joined
Why did un grow in 1990s
Breakup of soviet union/yugoslavia and admission of microstates
5 permanent member of security council of un
China france russia UK USA
State
Area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established govt that has control over its internal and foreign affairs
UN problems
Lacks troops
Maintaining neutrality
China vs Taiwan
Taiwan-nationalists
China-communists
Ancient state history
Fertile crescent in middle east-mesopotamia where first states developed
What kind of states were the first states to develop
City states: town and countryside around it
Where is fertile crescent
Persian gulf and mediteranian sea
Ex of medieval state
Roman empire
Self-determination
Concept that ethnicites have the right to govern themselves
Multinational state:
Country that contains more than one ethnicity with traditions of selfdetermination
Why denmark good ex of nation state
Bc majority of pop is danish and other ethnicitys are grouped on other islands
Other ethnicites of denmark
Faeroe islands: 21 islands speak fasroese
Greenland: mainly inuit they control most of own domestic affairs
Worlds largest islands
Greenland
How did communism suppress the issues of ethnicity and nationalism
Discouraged ethnicites from expressing cultural uniqueness and organized religion
What problems have rose from the fall of communism govts
Boundary problems between ethnicites that have their own nation states
States in Baltic Region
Estonia latvia lithuania
States in eastern europe
Belarus moldova ukraine
States in central asai
Kazakhstan kurgystan tajikistan turkmenistan uzbekistan
States in Caucasus
Azerbaijan armenia georgia
Major religion of baltic states
Lithuania: RC balto group in balto slavic branch
Estonia: Protestant uralic lang (related to finish)
Latvia: Lutheran baltic lang of baltic group
Why are ethnic division among eastern europe states blurred
Bc they have similar east spavic langs and are all mainly orthodox christians
What did majority of moldovans want when they gained independance
Reunify with romania (improve econ) but ukrainians and russians oppossed that live on border
Problems in central asia
Tajikistan
How many ethnicites in russia
39
Why is independance flourising among ethnicites in russia
Bc russia is less willing to suppress these groups than SU was
Why has russia resisted chechnya independance movement
- Feared if chechnya was free other ethn. would follow suit
2. Region contained deposits of petroleum
Problems in azerbaijan
Many azeris in NW iran but nakhicheran the city seperated itself with wall and belongs to armenia
Problems with armenia
Many armenians killed by turks who also went to war with azeris over boundaries
Problems in georgia
Diverse pop. abkhazia and south ossetia claim to be independent but some do not recognize them as indep.
Whats main problem in caucsas region
The kurds dont have their own country
Colony: a territory that is legally tied to a soveriegn state rather than being all indep
a territory that is legally tied to a soveriegn state rather than being all indep
Colonialism:
Effort to establish settlement in a territory and to impose its political economic and cultural principles on that territory by a country
3 reasons europe colonized
Promote christianity
Get $ for their resources in other countries
Power for # of colonies
Largest empire
Great britian
Second largest empire
France
Largest remaining colonies and who has each
Puerto rico- USA greenland- denmark
Hong kong amd macao- china used to be britian and portugal
2 types of boundaries
Physical and cultural
3 types of physical boundaries
Water desert mountains
2 types of cultural boundaries
Geometric and ethnic
Cyprus situation:
Turks= minority
Greeks= majority
When indep greeks took control but turk invaded and only turkey recognized the turk part of cyprus as own state and wall was built between 2 sides of states
List 5 types of states
Compact Elongated Perforated Proruped Fragmented
Adv of compact state amd ex.
Short boundarys to defend captial in center good comm. Kenya and Uganda
Ex of elongated
Gambia and chile
Reasons for prorupting state and ex
Access to resource (water)
Seperate 2 states that wud share a boundary
Nambia
Perforated state ex
South africa
Fragmented state types
Fragmented by water
Fragmented by intervening state
Where are most if the world landlocked states
Africa
Autocracy
Country run according to interests of the ruler rather than the people
3 areas that democracy and autocracy differ
Selection of leaders
Citizen participation
Checks and balances
Unitary state
Places most power in hands of central govt officials
Federal state
Distributes strong power to units of local govt within the country
What characteristic tend to favor unitary states
Small land area
Few internal cultural diff
Strong snese of national unity
Where r unitary states most common
Europe
Why do multinational states adopt unitary govts and ex
To values of one nationality is imposed on others ex kenya and rwanda
Federal state ex.
Russia canada usa brazil india
Why has tiny belgium a federal state
Bc has 2 ethnic flemish and waloons
Why is china a unitary state
To promote communism
Gerrymandering:
Process of redrawing leg. Boundaries dor the purpose of beneifitng the party in power
3 types ofgerrymandering
Stacked vote: links distant areas of like minded votes thru odd shaped boundaries
Wasted vote: spreads opposition across many districts but in thenminority
Excess vote: concentrates opposition in a few districts
Balance of power:
Condition of roughly equal strength between opposing alliances
Purpose od NATO
Alliance of democratic states to maintain a bipolar balanxe in eur. And prevent the SU from taking over w. Germany or other countries
Purpose of warsaw pact
Say they will defend each orher in case of attack
When was EU formed and by who
1958 by belgium franch italy luxembourg netherlands and west germany
Why was EU formed
To heal eastern europe from WW2
OSCE and goals
Organization on security and cooperation in europe- ends conflicts in eur.
OAS
Western hem states that promote social cultural political economic links among members
AU
Countries in africa that promote economic intergration in africa
The Commonwealth
Uk and other former british colonies that seek economix and cultural cooperation
Terrorism:
Systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a pop or coerce a govt into granting its demands
Characteristics of terrorist acts
Spread fear among pop
View violence as way to achieve goals
Suicidal acts
Thebase
Arabic translation for Al-Qaeda
Fatwa:
Religious decree that bin laden argued that muslim shud be agnry at usa and should fight againt usa
Yemen and somalia
Where bin laden instigated attacks on us troops
Founder of al-q
Osama bin laden
In what ways does alQ pose challenge to muslims
They must decide whether to express disagreement with laws of govt in usa yet deny responsiblitiy and support for alQ
How is alQ challenge for amerixans
Distinguish between peaceful but unfamiliar principles and practices of worlds muslims and the misuse of islam by terrorists
3 ways states can help terrorists
Providing sanctuary for wanted terrorists by other countries
Supplying weapons intelligence or $$
Planning attacks using terroritsts
How afghanistan helped terrorists
Provided santuary
How pakistan helped terror
Provided santuary? (Where bin laden was killed) supplied weapons etx
How iraq help terror
Providing materials for terrorists
How iran helped terror
Provided santuary and materials
How linya helped terrorists
Planning attacks (panam in scotland, bombing in germany that had us soliders
HDI uses what 3 factors
Decent standard of living
Long and healthy life
Access to knowledge
What is hdi
Human development index created by the UN used to determine a countrys level of development
GNI
Gross national income: value of the output of goods and ssdvices produced in a country in a year including money that leaves and enters the country
Annual per capita GNI in MDC? LDC?
34,000
7,000
What jobs go in each of the 3 job sectors
Primary: extracting materials from earth
Secondary: manufac. that transforms raw materials to consumer goods
Teritary: supplying goods and srvices ex banking law edu govt
Productivity:
Value of a certain product compared to tue amount of labor needed to make it
Value added:
Actual value of a product minus xost of raw materials and energy
3 consumer goods that are good indicators of devel
Motor vehicles telephones and computers
Ratio per 1,000 of cars for a MDC AND LDC
630 and 80
Ratio of phones per 1000 in a MDC AND LDC
1100 per 1000 people
700 per 1000 people
Ratio of computers per 1000 people in a MDC AND LDC
700 per 1000
200 per 1000 people
Life expectanxy in ldcs and mdcs
MDC: 80
LDC: 68
What % of babies survive in LDCS
94
Pupil teacher ratio in MDCS AND LDCS
MDC: 14 kids per teacher
LDC: 26 kids per teacher
Literacy rate in MDC AND LDC
99%
90%
Example of regions with varied devel
Brazil china mexico wealth is all distributed very uneven along coasts and borders
Example of region with varied devel
Sw asia bc part is desert which is inhabited and plant and animal life is sparse but other parts have rich petroleum reserves
GII
Gender inequality index: made by UN to measure countrys genderinequality
3 areas to measure GII
Empowerment
Labor
Reproductive Health
Empowerment:
Ability of women to fet improvement in their own status
2 indicators of empowerment
% seats held by women in nat leg.
% women who have completed high school
Female participation Rate:
% of women holding full time jobs outside the home
% of women in nat leg in Eur and Usa
25%
16%
Why reproductive health in gii
Bc in countries where effective control of reproduction is universal
Why is USA 47 on gii rank
Bc low reproductive rights maternal mortality rate and % of women in nat leg rate are not as good as other MDCS
Supply:
Quantity of something that producers have available to sell
Demand
Quanitity that consumers are willing and able to buy
3 types of consumption of coal petroleum and natural gas
Buisness
Homes
Transportation
Where is coal formed
Swampy areas that are tropical and rich with plants in mid latitudes
Proven reserved of coal
China and USA
What is petroleum
Residue deposited on the seafloor
Found underwater or under land that used to be underwater
Proven reserves if petroleum
Persian gulf
N. Sea
Russia
Saudi arabia
What is natural gas
Waste product if petroleum now used to heat homes
Proven reserves of natural gas
Russia, SW Asia, USA (middle of south and appalacian)
3 ways potential reserves can become proven reserves
Undiscovered fields
Enhanced recovery from discovered fields
Unconventional sources
OPEC
Organization of petroleum exporting countries made to help LDCs with reserves get more control over resource
Adv of nuclear energy
Large energy for small amount material
Disadv of nuclear energy
Very$$ to build plants, potential accidents, radioactive waste
Hydroelectric
Energy from water movement
Leading source of energy
Biomass fuel
Derived from plant material and animal waste
Limited use bc not also efficient
Wind power
Limited in ldc due to cost
Uses only little part of resource
Geothermal energy
Energy from hot water or steam from groundwater heated by the earth
Where is geothermal energy easiest to harmess at
Plate boundaries
Nuclear fusion
Fusing H atoms to form helium
Passive solar energy
W/out using special devices- uses south facing windows and dark surfaces: human act like passive solar energy collectors
Types of Active solar energy
Direct or indirect
Direct active solar energy
Uses photovoltaic cells to convert light energy to electrical energy
What happens to photovoltaic cells in the sun
Photovoltaic effect when the cells show distinct electrical porpperties
Indirect active solar energy
Turns heat energy into electricity
Self sufficiency model
Limits trade no competition bc no transnational corps
Investment spread equally
Modest devel rate
Incomes of city and country are close
3 ways self sufficiency model limits trade
Setting tariffs (high taxes) Fixing quotas for imports Requiring licenses to import
Rostows devel model
Traditional society: no devel lots of agr.
Preconditions of takeoff: elite group initiated devel and starts to invest in tech and infrastructure (transportation)
Takeoff: rapid growth in elite group of few industries
Drive to maturity: modern tech diffuses is more productive and workers are skilled and specialized
Age of mass consumption: econ goes from heavy indistry (steel and energy) to consumer goods like cars and fridges
Problems of self sufficiency model
Protection of inefficient buismesses
Need for large bureaucracy
Problems or intern trade approach
Uneven resource distrib
Increase dependence on mdcs
Market decline
4 asian dragons
South korea, singapore, taiwan, hong kong
Info about asian dragons
Lack of resources so focus on manufacturing goods like clothing and electronics
Low labor coast= sell cheap products to MDCs
Arabian peninsula states:
Saudi arabia kuwait bahrain oman united arab emirates
Info about arabian pen states
Used $ from petroleum reserves to finace devel
Purchasing power parity
An adjustment made to gni to account for diffs among countries for cost of goods
GDP
Same as GNI but doesnt account for money leaving/entering country
IHDI
Indicator of devel that modified the hdi to account for inequality within a country
Parts of decent standard of living
Income
Economic structure
Productivity
What used to measure long and healthy life in HDI
Life expectancy
Parts of access to knowledge in HDI
Quanity of school: #yrs of schoolin and expected #yrs of schooling
Quality of school: pupil teacher ratio and literacy rate
Indicators of reproductive health in GII
Maternal mortality ratio (# women die from birth per 100,000 births)
Adolescent fertility rate (# of births per women 15-19)
Breeder reactor:
Turns uranium knto renewable resource by making plutoniu
What have progressives critisized WTO about?
Its antidemocratic bc decisions are behind closed doors and promote ingefests if large corps rather than poor people
Conservatives critisize WTO OF…
Compromising power and soverignty of indiv countries bc it can order changed in taxes amd laws that it considers unfair trading practices
Foreign direct investment
Investment made by a foreign company in the econ of another country
2 sources of loans for LDCS
World bank and internAtional monetary fund
Theory of using loans for infrastructure in LDCs
New infrastructure will make conditions better for domestic and foreign buisnesses to open or expand
Explain international trade challenges
Uneven resource distribution: ldc that is depend on one product can suffer if price doesnt rise as the cost of stuff needed to import
Increase dependence on mdcs: building up of industries to sell to people in mdcs may make ldc cut back on food clothing and other production that is necessary
Market decline:bcountries that depend on selling cheap manufactured goods find world market has decreased bc mdc= little growth in pop and market
Goal of WTO
Reduce barriers of int trade by neotiating reduction of restrictions on trade and enforcing agreements
How do ldcs get $$ to finace devel
Direct investments by transnational corps or
Loans from banks and int orgs
Parts if world bank
Int bank for reconstruction and devel (IBRD)
Int devel association (IDA)
What does IBRD DO
International bank for reconstruction and development loans to fund specific projects like transportation or legal and financial institutions
What does IDA do
Intenational Development Association supports countries that are too risky for IBRD loans
What does IMF do
Loans to countries with balance of payment probs that threaten expansion od int trade
Why do funded projects fail
Faulty engineering
Aid spent on military equip or aid is stolen
New infrastructure doesnt attract new investment
Structural adjustment program:
Program LDCs must have to apply for debt relief that has econ goals strategies for acheiving objectives amd external financing requirments
Stimulus strategy
Govt should spend more money than collected in taxes and pit people to work by building infrastructure once recession is over them everyone will be in place to pau more taxes and pay off debt
Austerity strategy
Govt shouldnreduce taxes so people can revive economy bt spending tax savings and spending govt program shud go down a lot to keep dept from swelling
Fact
Usa used stimulus but now uses austerity strat
Europe is half and half which may lead to the demise of the euro
Housing bubble
Rapid increase in the balue of houses followed by a sharp decline in their value
Fair trade
Commerce in which products are made and traded according to standards that protect workers and small buismesses in LDCS
Producer stakdards in fair trade
1/3 of retail price goes back to producer
Advocates for work with small buisnesses that cant get bank loans
Conusmers pay higher price but get high quality
Fiar trade worker standards
Fiar wages
Health care clinics
Child care
Training
How has IMR gap changed
MDC: 17 to 6
LDC: 107 to 44
Gap narrowed a lot
How has life expectancy gap changed
Up 7yrs in MDC
Up 8yrs in LDC
GAP NO CHANGE
How has GNI per capita gap changed
20,000 to 33,000 in MDC
1,000 to 5,000 in LDC
GAP WIDENED
Millennium development goals
set by UN to achieve by 2015 ex eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, combat diseases, achieve universal primary education, promote gender equality and empower women, reduce child mortality, improve maternal health
Explain core and periphery
Created by Immanuel Wallerstein MDCS ARE CORE area and LDCs are in perihery locations, this results in uneven development with countries at the core beneifting at the expense of periphery countries
