Unit 2 Flashcards
Pop culture:
Found in large heterogeneous societies that share certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics
Habit vs. custom
Habit: repetitive act an individual does custom: repetitive act of a group performed to the extent that it becomes a characteristic of the group
Origin and diffusion of soccer
After Danish invasion they kicked the Danes head as a game to fill leisure time then football clubs developed and it was taught in school and people started to pay money to see professionals play
What does pop clothing reflext
Occupations rather than environment
3 source regions of folk housing
New England
Middle Atlantic
Lower Chesapeake
3 countries that dominate the tv markets
Japan UK USA
2 largest newspaper organizations
Associated press and Reuters
Where did Amish culture origin
Bern Switzerland
Why did Amish come to USA
For cheap land offered by William Penn
What is happening to Amish now
Moving SW to Kentucky for cheaper land to get away from large city tourists
2 ways pop culture hurts environment
Golf courses and factories
Folk culture
Traditional practice by small homogeneous groups living in isolated rural areas
Language:
System of communication through speech a collection of sounds that a group of people understand to have some meaning
Lang. Family
Collection of langs related through a common ancestral Lang that existed long before recorded history
Order of Lang. Branch family and group
FAMILY
BRANCH
GROUP
Lang. Group
Collection of langs within a branch that share a common origin in the recent past and displays similarities in grammar and vocabulary
2 most used Lang families
Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan
Where is INDOEUROPEAN USED
Europe South Asia and north and Latin America
Sinotibetan:
Langs of people’s repub of China includes mandarin uses logograms-symbols that represent words
Austronesian
Mostly Indonesia lots of Langs due to islands most used=Javanese
Austro-Asiatic
Mainly SE Asia includes Vietnamese also used RC alphabet
Tai Kadai
Thailand and outside of China many langs in Philippines was once part of sino Tibetan
Japanese:
Used 2 systems of phonetic symbols has Chinese traits that diffused into Japanese society
Korean:
No logograms uses hankul most from Chinese words each letter has a sound
Afro-Asiatic
Arabic and Hebrew in SW Asia and n Africa
Altaic
Originated between Quian Shan and Altai mountains
Uralic:
Estonia Finland Hungary traced to proto-Uralic Lang by people in ural mtns. Once linked to Altaic Lang family
Niger Congo
Mainly subsaharan Africa lingua Franca of Swahili used to communicate between villages
NILO SAHARAN
Few speakers but has 6 branches
Khoisan
Uses clicking sounds main Lang of Holtentot
Langs in W Germanic group
English and German
Langs in North Germanic group
Swedish Danish Norwegian Icelandic
Division of Germanic branch
West Germanic and North Germanic
-in west… high Germanic and low Germanic
Indo Iranian branch split into…
Indic group (eastern) iranian group (western)
Whats in the indic group if indo iranian group
In pakistan and bangladesh is hindi which the official way to write it is= Devanagari
Whats in iranian group of indo iranian group
In iran and central asia persian pashto kurdish which is written in arabic alphabet
Russian became important east slavic lang bc…
When soviet union was in power they forced non native speakers convert to russian
Most important west slavic lang.
Polish
3 component of culture
Material traits customary beliefs and social forms
Material culture:
Clothing food shelter
Pidgin lang
Simplified form of english or other lingua franca that a group learns
Terrior:
Contribution of a locations distinctive physical features to way food tastes
Taboo:
A restriction on behavior imposed by a social custom
2 most common building materials
Wood and brick
4 types of internet content
Political content
Social content
Security content
Internet tools
Dowry:
Gift from one family to another as a sign from respect from a womans family to mans
Materials for recycling collected in 4 ways
Curbside programs and Dropoff centers and Buyback centers-pay customers for recyclables and deposit programs-materials is refunded for returning glass to retailers
2 main series if acts in recycling
Pick up and processing and manufacturing
Conflict between czech and slovak under czech’s govt
Czech tried to balance and use both langs equally but slovak split from czech in 1993
Why are south slavic langs becoming different when they used to be very similar
When these langs were once used when the serbs dominated their land but now they are replacing words that were serbian to make their langs more unique and independent
4 ROMANCE LANGS
Italian spanish portueguese romansh
3 european people that came together to form emglish
Angles
Jutes
Saxons
What 2 invasions added words to english
German and norman
How did latin langs diffuse in europe
They expanded as the roman empire grew
Vulgar latin:
The latin provinces learned which is a spoken form not the standard form
Name of common ancestor of all langs
Proto-indo-european
2 thoeries of who were first protoindoeuropean speakers
Kurgan nomadic warrior theory and renfrew farmer theory
Dialects distinguised by…
Vocab spelling and pronunciation
Isogloss
Boundaries of the region where a certain word is used
Standard lang:
A dialect that is well established and widely recognized as the most acceptable for govt buisness education etc.
Standard language of english? What 3 cities is it from? How was it diffused thru britain?
Received pronunciation
London, cambridge, oxford
Diffused thru printing press, grammar books, dictionairies
Why is american english different that europe english
Isolation
Creolized lang:
Lang that results from the mixing of the colonies language with the indigenous lang of people being dominated
Explain nigeria situation
Has 3 widespread langs of hausa, yoruba, igbo and the langs conflict so capital is in center if country which has 527 langs
Explain switzerland situation
Peacefully exists with many langs. Gives local power to small communities. has 4 official langs. Of german, french, italian, romansh
Basque:
Only lang that survived b4 indoeuropean era bc of live in mtns. That helped preserve the lang
Where is the Maronites church?
Lebanon
Icelandic:
Changed the least in germanic branch bc of no contact with other people
Native american:
Going extinct
Cusco is only lang with over a million speakers
Hebrew:
Extinct and was only used for religous services but israel became a country=lots of jews who spoke lots of langs and used hebrew to unite em
Celtic 5 langs
Welsh irish breton scottish cornish
What happening to celtic langs
Was very pop in eur before indo european split into goidelic and brythonic groups we r trying to preserve it
What family has the most speakers
Indo iranian
Austrailia
Teaching english more than trying to teach native langs. has lots of asian imm.s
New zealand:
Trying to save maori people (descendants of polynesian pwople who came long time ago) by pitting policies in place
Occitan:
Used in S. France
Lingua franca:
Lang of international communication
Explain belgium situation
Split into 2 parts: N=Flanders who speak the dutch dialect flemish and S=Walloons who speak french and historically dominated govt and was offical lang. Now each has own assembly that controls cultural affairs public health etc. flanders want to split they wid be rich walloonia wud b poor
What is denglish
German and english
3 dialect regions of 13 colonies
New england
Southeastern
Midlands
3 search engines
Google yahoo and baidu
Atheism
Belief that god does not exist
Agnosticism
Belief that nothing can be known about whether God exists
Percentage if christianitys branches
Protestant: 24%
Roman Catholic: 51%
Orthodox: 11%
How many orthodox chirches are there
14
Largest orthodox church
Russian orthodox church
What % of latin americans are RC
93%
5 largest denoms of protestant
Baptist Lutheran Methodist Pentecostol Presbyterian
Vajrayana beliefs:
Emphasizes the practice rituals (Tantras) that Buddha were said to once perform these
What are 2 churches in afrca and where are they
Coptic church of egypt and ethiopian church in NE Africa
Confucianism
Confucius in Lu, China emphasizes li which is following traditions fulfilling duties and treating others with respect
Half of muslims live in middle east the other half live in what 4 countries?
Indonesia Pakistan Bangladesh India
Percentage of islams branches
Sunni: 83%
Shiite: 16%
Four countries where more shiite than sunni
Iran iraq azerbaijan oman bahrain
Percentage if buddhist branches
Mahayana: 56%
Theravada: 38%
Vajrayana: 6%
Where are mahayana buddhists
China japan korea
Where are theravada buddhists
Cambodia laos myanmar thailand sri lanka
Where are vajrayana buddhists
Tibet and mongolia
Where are hindus concentrated
India
What percent of hindus live in india
90%
What are the 2 other countries besides india that hindus are in
Bangladesh and nepal
Why are buddhists hard to count
Only a few participate in buddhist institutions, most functions done by monks not by general public
Where is armenian church
Antioch, syria
Taoism
Lao-Zi emphasizes mystical and magical aspects of life
Spiritism:
Belief that human personality continues to exist after death and can communicate with the living thru a medium or psychic
Animism:
Believe inanimate objects and natural events have spirits and life monotheistic
Judaism:
Monotheism following abraham
Founder of buddhism
Siddhartha gautama
Theravada beliefs:
Believe buddhism is a full time job so one has ti renounce worldly goods and become a monk
Mahayana beliefs:
Helps more people and emphasizes buddhas life of self help it is less demanding than theravada
Primal-Indigenous:
In SE Asia and S pacific islands with no written docs. passed down orally believe God dwells within all things everything in nature is spiritual
Founder of islam
Muhammad
What do branches of islam disagree on
The line of succession in islamic leadership after muhammad
Beliefs if RC
Accept bible teachings accept pope has universal authority god conveys his grace thru seven sacraments
7 sacraments
Baptism, the Eucharist, penance, confirmation, matrimony, holy orders, anointing the sick
Whats the Eucharist
Partaking in bread and wine that repeats the actions of the last supper
Orthodox beliefs:
Accept 7 sacraments but reject new RC docs, was with RC but split when pope and patriarchy of contantinople conflicted
Protestant beliefs
Grace achieved thru faith rather than sacraments of church
4 noble truths
- All living things must endure suffering
- Suffering is caused by desire to live and leads to reincarnation
- Goal of existence is to escape suffering and endless cycle of reincarnation into nirvana achieved thru mental/moral self purification
- Nirvana acheived thru eightfold path
What 2 ancient poeples beliefs joined to make hinduism
Aryans and dravidians
3 explanations for diffusion of christianity
Missionaires hierarchial and contagious diffuison
3 ways islam spread
Missionaires, intermarriage, arab traders
2 reasons for buddhism spread
Hierarchial- asoka emperor of magadhan empire and merchants
Diaspora:
When romans forced jews to disperse throughtout the world after they rebelled
Origin of word ghetto
16th century in venice italy as refernce to citys foundry or metal casting district
2 ways relig structures stand out in cities
Tallest and most elaborate buildings
2 reasons church has critical role
Attendace at services is very important
Environment in image of god
What is muslims relig structure
Mosque
What happens at a mosque
Where communtiy assembles for group worship not santified
4 features of a mosque
Organized around a central courtyard, open air, pulpit at end of courtyard facing mecca, MINARET: tower where a muezzin summons people to worship
Relig purpose of pagoda
Contains relics that buddhists believe to be a part of buddhas bodyorclothing
Where do buddhists usually worship
At adjacent temple remote monastery or at home
Buddhist holy places
Where buddha…
Was born, reached perfect wisdom, gave 1st sermon, died, went into nirvana, visited heaven, went to heaven preached to mom and returned, tamed wild elephant, made 1st council, announced his impending death (2nd council)
Islam holy sites
Mecca=birthplace of muhammad ka’ba= made by abraham and ishmael holds stone gabriel gave to abraham medina=place of muhammads tomb
Hindu holy sites
Mt. Kailas @ source of ganges where siva lives
Bathing in Ganges and temples for deities
Why are hindu temples diff from churches and mosques
Not made for group worship, most hindus worship at home
3 features of hindu temple
Small room where artifacts of god is and strucutre for caretaker of deity and pool for ritual baths
Solstice:
Astronomical event that happens 2x a year results in shortest and longest day of year
Christianity practice of burrying dead thru history:
Catacombs when relig was illegal-> buried people in yard around church but eventually ran out of room-> cemetaires now used not always around chirch
Hindu burial
Cremate bodies after bathing it in ganges- burial for kids and the sick
Parsis burial
Expose dead to scavenging birds and animals in dakhma so bodies wont taint earths elements
What is the tower of silence?
Dakhma where parsis expose dead
Micronesia burial
Dispose bodies at sea lower class is thrown in-elites are floated on raft or boat
Utopian settlement:
Ideal communities based on religious ways of life
Salt lake city settlement:
Mormon joseph smith founded- churches at strategic places
Puritans settlements
Liked to live in clusters not isolated
How do jews and muslims use lunar calender differently
Jews insert extra month every few years so their agr. events rnt in middle of winter but islam=no agr so they dont add months bc they only celebrate events if founders life
How is date of easter related to physical geo.
On first sunday after first full moon following spring equinox
Why do christians celebrate easter on diff days
Prot. And RC use gregorian calender and orthodox use julian calender
Why do buddhists celebrate holidays on diff days
Japanese budd- celebrate birth enlightenment and death on diff days in diff months but theravada budd- all on one day in april
Hierarchial religion:
Relig that has a well defined geographic structure and organized territory into local admin units
RC HIERARCHY
Pope-bishop of diocese of rome
Archbishops- head a province=several dioceses
Bishops- head a diocese=several parishes
Priest- head a parish
Basic unit of geographic organization in rc chirch
Diocese
2nd highest rank in RC hierarchy
Cardinal
Why are parishes in latin am so much bigger than in europe
Lower pop density
Autonomous religion
Relig that doesnt have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally
What holds islam together
Pilgrimage and pillars of faith
Ex of autonomous religs
Hinduism judaism baptists united church of christ
Ex of hierarchial religs
Lutheran methodist
In what ways did taliban govt raise conflicts with modern ideas after it took control of afganistan
Imposed strict laws inspired by islamic values as the taliban interpreted them
What aspect of hinduism clashes with modern and western ideas
Caste system
How did czar peter the great attempt to limit relig in orthodox esp.
Made russian orthodox xhurch part of russian govt
What was patriarch of church replaced with
12 person committee called holy synod
How did communism limit relig
All church buildings were nationalized and could only be used with local govt permission
How was vietnam war hurt buddhism in se asia
US air raids destroyed shrines and they were vandalized by vietnamese and other communists
Since communism fell, what countries are doing what in catholic and muslim regions
Cathoic: croatia, czech repub, hungary, lithuania, poland, slovakia, slovenia are taking church buildings back and attendance@services has gone up
Muslim: kazakhstan, kyrgzstan ,turkmenistan, uzbekistan are deciding whether to keep soviet laws or conform to islamic custom
Fundamentalism:
A literal interpretation and a strict and intense adherance to basic principles of a relig
2 conflicting relig in ireland
Protestant and roman catholic
Where are conflicting groups in ireland
Prot= northern ireland amd eastern belfast RC= repub of ireland and western belfast
Military campaign by christians to gain holy land back from muslims
Crusades
What are hindu lowest caste people called
Dalit
5 pillars of faith
- Only one god allah and muhammad the messenger of god
- Pray 5x a day facing mecca
- Give to charity
- Fast during month of ramadan
- Pilgrimage to mecca (hajj)
