Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP HuG > AP TEST 🙃 > Flashcards

AP TEST 🙃 Flashcards

1
Q

friction of distance

A

measure of how much absolute distance affexts the interaction between 2 places

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

space time compressiom

A

describes how the drecreasing space between people and ideas as technology continues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

conservation

A

conserving something by cutting back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

preservation

A

preserving something by not using it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

environmental determinism

A

belief that the physical environment caused human social development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

possibilism

A

theory that the environment sets certain constraints but people have the ability to adjust their environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

frist ag rev

A

hunting and gathering to farming through plant amd animal domestication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

2nd ag rev

A

coincided with imdustrial rev; many innovations in tech and helped feed more ppl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

replacement level fertility

A

fertility rated that ensure the newborn girls will have an average of 2 children in their lifespan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

dependecy rate

A

youth/elder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

echo boomer

A

child of baby boomer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

j curve

A

theory stating that a country’s trade deficit (balance of exports and imports) will initially worsen before it balances out again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

s curve

A

rapid exponential growth followed by leveling off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

cairo plan

A

plan by un to control population at 7.27 billion by educating and givong better jobs to women to make them wamt less children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

fecundity

A

ability to produce an abundance of offspring or mew growth; fertility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

refugee

A

forced to migrate to another country to avoid affects of armed conflict violence etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

internally displaced person (IDP)

A

forced to migrate for similar reasons as refugee but not cross international border (intranational refugee)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

asylum seeker

A

someone whos migrated to another country in hope if being recognized as a refugee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

intervening obstacle

A

environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

intervening opportunity

A

presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminished the attractiveness of sites farther away (distracting factor that keeps them from lookimg elsewhere)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

counterurbanization

A

urban to rural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

gravity model

A

says that potential use of a service in a certain place affects the number of people ina place and is inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

step migration

A

migration to a distinct place that occurs in stages (migration that takes several different steps)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

counter migration

A

govt sends back illegal immigrantd

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

cyclic movement

A

movement done repeatedly or seasonally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

periodic movement

A

movement that is repeated at regualr intervals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

quotas

A

max number of people who can immigrate to acountry each year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

transhumance

A

action or practice of moving livestock from one grazing ground to anotjer in a seasonal cycle lowlands to highlands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

eco migrant

A

one who is forced to migrate due to environmemtal reasons like drought or desertificatiom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

channelized migration

A

tendency for migration to flow between areas that are socially amd economically allied by past migration pattern ex trade conmections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

ravensteins laws of migratiom

A
  1. usually short distance
  2. occurs in steps
  3. long distance usually go to urban areas
  4. each migration makes movement in opposite direction
  5. rural ppl migrate more than urban
  6. within own country; girls more migratory but males are more migratory over long distances
  7. most are adults
  8. large towns grow more by migration than by NIR
  9. it increase with economic developmemt
  10. mostly due to economic causes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

remittance

A

sum of money sent in payment for goods or services or as a gift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Cultiral Landscape:

A

Carl Sauer; fashioned from a natural landscape by a cultiral group; culture is the agent; the natural area is the medium the cultural landscape is the result

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

acculturation

A

assimilation or cause to assimilate a different culture, typically the dominant one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

assimilate

A

take in info ideas etc and understand it fully

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

built environmemt

A

man made surroundings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

adaptive strategy

A

the unique way in which each culture uses its particular physical environment to fit its needs of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

sequent occupance

A

notion that successful societies leave their cultural imprints on a place each controbuting to a cumulative cultural landscape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

placelessness

A

loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Maladaptive diffusion

A

diffusion of an idea or tech that works well in one area or region but is not suitable for the area it diffuses to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

convergence hypothesis

A

hypothesis holding that cultural differneces among places are being reduced by imporved transportation and communication systems leading to a homogenization of pop culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

cultural determinism

A

belief that the culture in which we are raised determines who we are at emotional and behavioral levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

cultural imperialism

A

practice of promoting and imposing a culture usually of politically powerful nations over less potent socieites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

cultural lag

A

slower rate of change jn ine part of a culture compared woth others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

pluralism

A

condition in which 2 or more states or groups etc coexist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

ethnocentrism

A

evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions priginating in the standards amd customs of ones own culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

raison d’etre

A

basic purpose orreason to exist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

city state

A

city that with its surrounding area forms a state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

self determination

A

concept in which ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

irredentism

A

homeland of a nationality spilling over into another state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

buffer state

A

small neutral state between two rival powers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

satellite state

A

state that was formerly independent but is under heavy influenxe of another state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

geometric boundary

A

political boumdaries as straight lines or arcs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

relict boundaries

A

political boundary that has ceased to function but the imprint of which can still be detected on the cultural lamdscape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

antecedent boundary

A

boundary that existed before the cultural landscape emerged amd stayed in place while people moved in to occupy the surrounding area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

subsequent boundary

A

boundaries that are created as a result of long term processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

superimposed boundary

A

boundary that is imposed on tue cultural landscape which ignores pre existing cultural patterns (typically a colonial boundary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

frontier

A

line or border seperating two countries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

manifest destiny

A

belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents both justified and inevitable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

phases of boundary creation…

A

definition: legal sounding doc is drawn up in which actual points in the landscape are described
delimination: translation of the written terms of a boundary treaty into an official cartographic representation
demarcation: actual place of a political boundary of the landscape by means of barrier fence etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

allocational/resource boundary dispute

A

dispute over location and resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

locational/positional boundary dispute

A

territorial dispute along the edge of two neighboring land owners

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

operational/functional boundary dispute

A

boundaries that move according to operation and functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

territorial boundary disputes

A

any dispute over land ownership

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

unitary state

A

internal org of a state that places most power in central govt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

federal state

A

internal org of state that gives most power to units of local govt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

confederation

A

actof forming alliance or confederation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

forward captial

A

captial in potentially contested territory to confirm states’s determination to maintain its presence in that region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

balkanization

A

act of dividing a region into smaller mutually hostile states or groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

devolution

A

process of going from higher to lower level of power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

barrio

A

urban area in soanish speakimg country

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

ethnic substrate

A

regional cultural distinctiveness that remains following the assimilation of an ethnic homeland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

monoglot

A

knowing only one language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

linguistic refuge area

A

area protected by isolation ir inhospitable environmwntal conditions in which a lang survived

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

standard language

A

lang mainly uniform with respect to grammar spelling qnd vocab representing the apporved community norm of the tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

polyglot

A

knowing more than one lang

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

renfrew hypothesis

A

three areas in and near the first agr hearth gave rise to three lang fams if Indo European, Arabic langs, mid eastern langs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

reverse reconstruction

A

tracing a lang back into time seeing hiw it diffused through space and time

79
Q

shatterbelt

A

are of instability between regions with opposing political and cultural values

80
Q

fundamentalism

A

literal interpretation and strict adherance to basic principles of a religoon

81
Q

interfaith boundary

A

boundaries between worlds major faiths

82
Q

intrafaith boundary

A

boundaries within a major religion

83
Q

proselytic religion

A

universalizing religion

84
Q

secularism

A

belief that humans should be based on facts and not religious beliefs

85
Q

syncretic religion

A

seperate religions that combine into one new religion

86
Q

theocracy

A

belief in govt by divine guidance

87
Q

guild industry

A

industry if craftsmen it merchants oftrn. having considerable power

88
Q

fordist production

A

manyfacyuring when each man does his own part repeatedly

89
Q

post fordist production

A

includes outsourcing; goods not mass produced more flexible set of practices; production increased through multinational comp etc

90
Q

basic industries

A

industries that mainly sell their product outside the community

91
Q

non basic industries

A

industries that sell mainly inside the settlement

92
Q

break of bulk point

A

location in where modes of transportatiion is changed ex airport or seaport

93
Q

commodity chain

A

series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commondity that is then exchanged on world market

94
Q

market orientation

A

tendency of economic act to locate close to market (vice versa with material orientation)

95
Q

footloose industries

A

ind that can shift location of facilities to take adv of cheap labor

96
Q

substitution principle

A

maintains that the correct place of facility is where net profit is greatest; tendency to substitute one factor if production ex labor for another ex capital for tech

97
Q

labir intensive industry

A

industry where labor costs represent large part of total production costs

98
Q

supranationalism

A

transcending national boundaries authorities or interests

99
Q

NATO

A

north atlantic treaty organization

100
Q

iron curtain

A

boundary seperating NATO from WARSAW states ex berlin wall

101
Q

Median line principle

A

boundaried yhat are the the midpoint of two places

102
Q

4 classes of maps and describe

A

cylindrical: flat rectangular on paper maps
conic: pacman shape of actual cone
azimuthal: top of earth; when directional relationships from a central point are important
other: weird shapes and sizes

103
Q

contour

A

isoline showing points of equal elevation

104
Q

exclusive economic zone

A

Sea zone over which a state has special rights regarding the exploitation from water and wind

105
Q

Geopolitics

A

Study of the effects of geography on international politics and international relations

106
Q

Domino Theory

A

Theory that says if one country in a region came under the influence of communism then surrounding countries would follow in domino effect

107
Q

Ratzel’s Organic theory

A

A country behaves like an organism to survive a state requires nourishment or territory to gain political power

108
Q

Mackinder’s Heartland Theory

A

Control of Eastern Europe is key to control of the world wrote in paper the geographical pivot of history

109
Q

Spykman’s Rimland theory

A

Domination of coastal fringes of Eurasia would provide base for world conquest

110
Q

Berlin conference

A

Regulated European colonization and trade in Africa; result was elimination of autonomy or self governance in Africa due to heightened colonial activity by European powers

111
Q

Dependency theory

A

Notion that resources flow from Periphery to core state; poor states are impoverished and rich ones are enriched by the way poor states are integrated into the world system

112
Q

Backwash effect

A

Negative effects on one region that result from economic growth within another region

113
Q

Multiplier effect

A

When owners and managers of the touristically services can then spend more money so the extra wealth spreads throughout the community

114
Q

Right to work law

A

Prohibit labor unions or union security agreements either before or after hiring

115
Q

Privatization

A

To change from govt or public ownership to private ownership or control

116
Q

NGO

A

Non government organization: charity or private org that gives resources or money to local businesses and caused advancing human development

117
Q

Structural adjustment programs

A

Changes that require the country receiving the international loan to make economic changes in order to use the loan

118
Q

Technophile

A

Center of high tech manufacturing and info based industry

119
Q

Vertical integration

A

Form of corporate org that one firm controls multiple aspects or phases of a commondity chain

120
Q

Comparative advantage

A

Ability of individual firm or country to produce a good or service at a lower oppurtunity than other producers

121
Q

Topocide

A

Intentional killing of a place through industrial expansion and change so that its earlier landscape and character are destroyed

122
Q

CFCs

A

Chlorofluorocarbons used mainly as refrigerants or propellants also destroy ozone layer

123
Q

Cause of acid rain

A

Harmful gases released when coal oil natural gas are burned

124
Q

Fair trade

A

Alt to industrial trade that emphasizes small Buisness and worker owned corps that require employers to pay workers FAIR WAGES etc and comply with minimum environment and safety hazards

125
Q

FDI

A

Foreign direct investment

investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country

126
Q

Purchasing power parity

A

Measure which takes into account what money actually buys in each country

127
Q

Sectors of economy

A 
Primary
Secondary: manufacturing
Tertiary: services
Quartenary: finance insurance legal etc
Quinary: Highest level of knowledge, highest level govt
128
Q

Special economic zone

A

Area where tax incentives and less strict environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment

129
Q

Export processing zones

A

In many periphery of semi periphery where they offer favorable tax or trade arrangements to attract foreign trade of invents menus

130
Q

Asians tigers

A

South Korea
Taiwan
Singapore
Hong Kong

131
Q

Pacific rim economic region

A

For eastern places bordering Pacific Ocean

132
Q

BRICs countries

A

Brazil Russia India and China (South Africa) major developing economies that are predicted to be wealthier than most of current economic powers

133
Q

MINT countries

A

Mexico Indinesia Nigeria Turkey; favorable demographic countries on the economic rise

134
Q

Global commons

A

International global resource domains where common pool resources are found

135
Q

Sharia law

A

System of Islamic law based on varying perspectives of the Qu’aran

136
Q

Political ecology

A

Relationships between political economic and social facts with the environmental issues and changes

137
Q

Suffrage

A

Right to vote

138
Q

Enfranchise

A

To give the right to vote to

139
Q

Annexation

A

Political transfer of land from control of one entity to another, trade of one states territory to another

140
Q

Urban morphology

A

Study of the form of human settlements and the process of their formation and transformation

141
Q

Borcherts Urban Model

A 
Sail and Wagon Epoch
Steamboat iron horse epoch
Steel rail epoch
Auto/air amenity epoch
Satellite or electronic jet propulsion epoch
142
Q

Urban banana

A

Early Eurasian urban areas extended in crescent shaped zone across Eurasia from England to Japan

143
Q

Shock city

A

Urban area experiencing infrastructural challenges related to massive and rapid urbanization

144
Q

Industrial city

A

Cities that were made as effect of the industrial rev

145
Q

Central place theory (christaller)

A

Explains distribution of services based on fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther

146
Q

Hinterland

A

Surrounding area served by an urban center (market area)

147
Q

Threshold

A

Size of population needed to keep a service profitable

148
Q

Mega city

A

Population>10million

149
Q

Metropolitan statistical area

A

Has at least one urbanized area of 50,000 or more and adjacent territory with high degree of social and economic integration

150
Q

Megalopolis

A

Extensive area if urbanized settlement with several metropolitan areas ex Boston to DC

151
Q

Micropolitan statistical area

A

Has at least one area of 10,000 or more but less than 50,000 and has adjacent territory with high degree of social and economic integration

152
Q

Fictional zonation

A

Division of a city into different regions or zones (residential or industrial) for certain purposes of fictions (housing or manufacturing)

153
Q

Bid rent curve

A

Theory that refers to how the price and demand in real estate changes as the distance towards the CBD increased; states that land users will compete with one another for land close to central city

154
Q

Multiple nuclei

A

Harris-Ullman focuses on how CBD isn’t main node now

155
Q

Edge city

A

On outskirts of city with lots of offic and retail space few residential a and has modern buildings

156
Q

Urban sprawl

A

Unrestricted growth in urban areas of housing commercial development and roads over large land areas with little concern for urban planning

157
Q

Exurb

A

Small communities lying beyond suburbs of a city

158
Q

Latin American city model

A

Griffin-Ford; has commercial spine with quality of housing decrease as move away from CBD

159
Q

Disamenity sector

A

Poorest part of cites that in extreme cases are not connected to city services and are run by gangs and drug lords

160
Q

Periferico

A

Peripheral area beyond ring of highway that holds squatter settlements

161
Q

McGhee Model

A

SE Asia city model; focal point is old colonial port zone no CBD but elements of CBD in seperate clusters around colonial port zone

162
Q

Shantytown

A

Unplanned slums on margins of cities

163
Q

Zoning ordinances

A

Legal rules saying what type of buildings and economic activities can take place and where (residential industrial retail etc)

164
Q

Restrictive covenants

A

Statement in property deed restricting use of land in some way

165
Q

Redlining

A

Real estate practice in which memebers of minority groups are prevented from loans to buy homes or property in mainly white neighborhoods

166
Q

Blockbusting

A

Real estate agents make fear in white neighborhoods after encouraging blacks to move into previously all white neighborhoods and real estate agents get profit by selling low price to white and high to blacks moving in

167
Q

Seed agriculture

A

The taking of seed from existing plants and planting them to produce new ones

168
Q

Agribusiness

A

Term referring to every business involved in commercial farming in ones- farms suppliers ad agencies etc

169
Q

Shifting cultivation

A

Moving of farm fields after several years in search of more productive soil after depleting the previous one

170
Q

Slash and burn agriculture

A

The clearing of vegetation and then burning if any remaining plants to make arable land

171
Q

Swidden

A

Land cleared through shifting cultivation

172
Q

Pastoral nomadism

A

Form subsistence farming based in herding domesticated animals

173
Q

Pasture

A

Grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals as well as land used for grazing

174
Q

Double cropping

A

Growing of two crops per year to double agricultural output

175
Q

Cereal grain

A

Grass with starchy grains which are used in many foods

176
Q

Milk shed

A

Area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied

177
Q

Horticulture

A

The growing of fruits vegetables or flowers

178
Q

Extractive industry

A

Industries involved in the process of finding and developing and extracting a nonrenewable resource

179
Q

Debt for nature swamp

A

Agreement between a developing nation in debt and one or more of its creditors who forgive debt for environmental protection

180
Q

Feedlot

A

Factory like farm devoted to either livestock fattening it dairying

181
Q

Ester no setup

A

Said if population increases then the food supply will be dependent on human innovation that rather human dependent on the food supply

182
Q

Luxury crops

A

High priced relatively rare crops which are inessential to human survival

183
Q

Entrepôt

A

Port city or other center used to export and import

184
Q

NIC

A

Has strong manufacturing base that enables it to maintain a competitive presence in the global exconomy

185
Q

Sikhism holy place

A

Amritsar India: golden temple

186
Q

Six original countries if European community

A 
Belgium
France
West Germany
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
187
Q

Desalination

A

Technology used to convert salt water into potable drinking water

188
Q

Mercator

A

Accurately displays direction everywhere

189
Q

Informal sector

A

Workers who do not report their income or jobs to the govt

190
Q

Reverse hierarchical diffusion

A

Spread of something from smaller places to larger more powerful places

191
Q

Cleavage model

A

Explanatory factor in electoral patterns; show the power core being dominated by a particular nation

192
Q

Goal of green revolution

A

Reducing hunger in LDCs by giving farmers in those regions greater access to the fertilizers and seeds they needed to increase their crop yields and improve their farming practices

193
Q

Bid rent curve

A

Shows how much a firm or person is willing to pay for land; the PEAK LAND VALUE INTERSECTION, stronger desire to be near PLVI then the steeper the curve

AP HuG (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions