AP TEST 🙃 Flashcards
1
Q
friction of distance
A
measure of how much absolute distance affexts the interaction between 2 places
2
Q
space time compressiom
A
describes how the drecreasing space between people and ideas as technology continues
3
Q
conservation
A
conserving something by cutting back
4
Q
preservation
A
preserving something by not using it
5
Q
environmental determinism
A
belief that the physical environment caused human social development
6
Q
possibilism
A
theory that the environment sets certain constraints but people have the ability to adjust their environment
7
Q
frist ag rev
A
hunting and gathering to farming through plant amd animal domestication
8
Q
2nd ag rev
A
coincided with imdustrial rev; many innovations in tech and helped feed more ppl
9
Q
replacement level fertility
A
fertility rated that ensure the newborn girls will have an average of 2 children in their lifespan
10
Q
dependecy rate
A
youth/elder
11
Q
echo boomer
A
child of baby boomer
12
Q
j curve
A
theory stating that a country’s trade deficit (balance of exports and imports) will initially worsen before it balances out again
13
Q
s curve
A
rapid exponential growth followed by leveling off
14
Q
cairo plan
A
plan by un to control population at 7.27 billion by educating and givong better jobs to women to make them wamt less children
15
Q
fecundity
A
ability to produce an abundance of offspring or mew growth; fertility
16
Q
refugee
A
forced to migrate to another country to avoid affects of armed conflict violence etc
17
Q
internally displaced person (IDP)
A
forced to migrate for similar reasons as refugee but not cross international border (intranational refugee)
18
Q
asylum seeker
A
someone whos migrated to another country in hope if being recognized as a refugee
19
Q
intervening obstacle
A
environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration
20
Q
intervening opportunity
A
presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminished the attractiveness of sites farther away (distracting factor that keeps them from lookimg elsewhere)
21
Q
counterurbanization
A
urban to rural
22
Q
gravity model
A
says that potential use of a service in a certain place affects the number of people ina place and is inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service
23
Q
step migration
A
migration to a distinct place that occurs in stages (migration that takes several different steps)
24
Q
counter migration
A
govt sends back illegal immigrantd
25
cyclic movement
movement done repeatedly or seasonally
26
periodic movement
movement that is repeated at regualr intervals
27
quotas
max number of people who can immigrate to acountry each year
28
transhumance
action or practice of moving livestock from one grazing ground to anotjer in a seasonal cycle lowlands to highlands
29
eco migrant
one who is forced to migrate due to environmemtal reasons like drought or desertificatiom
30
channelized migration
tendency for migration to flow between areas that are socially amd economically allied by past migration pattern ex trade conmections
31
ravensteins laws of migratiom
1. usually short distance
2. occurs in steps
3. long distance usually go to urban areas
4. each migration makes movement in opposite direction
5. rural ppl migrate more than urban
6. within own country; girls more migratory but males are more migratory over long distances
7. most are adults
8. large towns grow more by migration than by NIR
9. it increase with economic developmemt
10. mostly due to economic causes
32
remittance
sum of money sent in payment for goods or services or as a gift
33
Cultiral Landscape:
Carl Sauer; fashioned from a natural landscape by a cultiral group; culture is the agent; the natural area is the medium the cultural landscape is the result
34
acculturation
assimilation or cause to assimilate a different culture, typically the dominant one
35
assimilate
take in info ideas etc and understand it fully
36
built environmemt
man made surroundings
37
adaptive strategy
the unique way in which each culture uses its particular physical environment to fit its needs of life
38
sequent occupance
notion that successful societies leave their cultural imprints on a place each controbuting to a cumulative cultural landscape
39
placelessness
loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next
40
Maladaptive diffusion
diffusion of an idea or tech that works well in one area or region but is not suitable for the area it diffuses to
41
convergence hypothesis
hypothesis holding that cultural differneces among places are being reduced by imporved transportation and communication systems leading to a homogenization of pop culture
42
cultural determinism
belief that the culture in which we are raised determines who we are at emotional and behavioral levels
43
cultural imperialism
practice of promoting and imposing a culture usually of politically powerful nations over less potent socieites
44
cultural lag
slower rate of change jn ine part of a culture compared woth others
45
pluralism
condition in which 2 or more states or groups etc coexist
46
ethnocentrism
evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions priginating in the standards amd customs of ones own culture
47
raison d'etre
basic purpose orreason to exist
48
city state
city that with its surrounding area forms a state
49
self determination
concept in which ethnicities have the right to govern themselves
50
irredentism
homeland of a nationality spilling over into another state
51
buffer state
small neutral state between two rival powers
52
satellite state
state that was formerly independent but is under heavy influenxe of another state
53
geometric boundary
political boumdaries as straight lines or arcs
54
relict boundaries
political boundary that has ceased to function but the imprint of which can still be detected on the cultural lamdscape
55
antecedent boundary
boundary that existed before the cultural landscape emerged amd stayed in place while people moved in to occupy the surrounding area
56
subsequent boundary
boundaries that are created as a result of long term processes
57
superimposed boundary
boundary that is imposed on tue cultural landscape which ignores pre existing cultural patterns (typically a colonial boundary)
58
frontier
line or border seperating two countries
59
manifest destiny
belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents both justified and inevitable
60
phases of boundary creation...
definition: legal sounding doc is drawn up in which actual points in the landscape are described
delimination: translation of the written terms of a boundary treaty into an official cartographic representation
demarcation: actual place of a political boundary of the landscape by means of barrier fence etc
61
allocational/resource boundary dispute
dispute over location and resources
62
locational/positional boundary dispute
territorial dispute along the edge of two neighboring land owners
63
operational/functional boundary dispute
boundaries that move according to operation and functions
64
territorial boundary disputes
any dispute over land ownership
65
unitary state
internal org of a state that places most power in central govt
66
federal state
internal org of state that gives most power to units of local govt
67
confederation
actof forming alliance or confederation
68
forward captial
captial in potentially contested territory to confirm states's determination to maintain its presence in that region
69
balkanization
act of dividing a region into smaller mutually hostile states or groups
70
devolution
process of going from higher to lower level of power
71
barrio
urban area in soanish speakimg country
72
ethnic substrate
regional cultural distinctiveness that remains following the assimilation of an ethnic homeland
73
monoglot
knowing only one language
74
linguistic refuge area
area protected by isolation ir inhospitable environmwntal conditions in which a lang survived
75
standard language
lang mainly uniform with respect to grammar spelling qnd vocab representing the apporved community norm of the tongue
76
polyglot
knowing more than one lang
77
renfrew hypothesis
three areas in and near the first agr hearth gave rise to three lang fams if Indo European, Arabic langs, mid eastern langs
78
reverse reconstruction
tracing a lang back into time seeing hiw it diffused through space and time
79
shatterbelt
are of instability between regions with opposing political and cultural values
80
fundamentalism
literal interpretation and strict adherance to basic principles of a religoon
81
interfaith boundary
boundaries between worlds major faiths
82
intrafaith boundary
boundaries within a major religion
83
proselytic religion
universalizing religion
84
secularism
belief that humans should be based on facts and not religious beliefs
85
syncretic religion
seperate religions that combine into one new religion
86
theocracy
belief in govt by divine guidance
87
guild industry
industry if craftsmen it merchants oftrn. having considerable power
88
fordist production
manyfacyuring when each man does his own part repeatedly
89
post fordist production
includes outsourcing; goods not mass produced more flexible set of practices; production increased through multinational comp etc
90
basic industries
industries that mainly sell their product outside the community
91
non basic industries
industries that sell mainly inside the settlement
92
break of bulk point
location in where modes of transportatiion is changed ex airport or seaport
93
commodity chain
series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commondity that is then exchanged on world market
94
market orientation
tendency of economic act to locate close to market (vice versa with material orientation)
95
footloose industries
ind that can shift location of facilities to take adv of cheap labor
96
substitution principle
maintains that the correct place of facility is where net profit is greatest; tendency to substitute one factor if production ex labor for another ex capital for tech
97
labir intensive industry
industry where labor costs represent large part of total production costs
98
supranationalism
transcending national boundaries authorities or interests
99
NATO
north atlantic treaty organization
100
iron curtain
boundary seperating NATO from WARSAW states ex berlin wall
101
Median line principle
boundaried yhat are the the midpoint of two places
102
4 classes of maps and describe
cylindrical: flat rectangular on paper maps
conic: pacman shape of actual cone
azimuthal: top of earth; when directional relationships from a central point are important
other: weird shapes and sizes
103
contour
isoline showing points of equal elevation
104
exclusive economic zone
Sea zone over which a state has special rights regarding the exploitation from water and wind
105
Geopolitics
Study of the effects of geography on international politics and international relations
106
Domino Theory
Theory that says if one country in a region came under the influence of communism then surrounding countries would follow in domino effect
107
Ratzel's Organic theory
A country behaves like an organism to survive a state requires nourishment or territory to gain political power
108
Mackinder's Heartland Theory
Control of Eastern Europe is key to control of the world wrote in paper the geographical pivot of history
109
Spykman's Rimland theory
Domination of coastal fringes of Eurasia would provide base for world conquest
110
Berlin conference
Regulated European colonization and trade in Africa; result was elimination of autonomy or self governance in Africa due to heightened colonial activity by European powers
111
Dependency theory
Notion that resources flow from Periphery to core state; poor states are impoverished and rich ones are enriched by the way poor states are integrated into the world system
112
Backwash effect
Negative effects on one region that result from economic growth within another region
113
Multiplier effect
When owners and managers of the touristically services can then spend more money so the extra wealth spreads throughout the community
114
Right to work law
Prohibit labor unions or union security agreements either before or after hiring
115
Privatization
To change from govt or public ownership to private ownership or control
116
NGO
Non government organization: charity or private org that gives resources or money to local businesses and caused advancing human development
117
Structural adjustment programs
Changes that require the country receiving the international loan to make economic changes in order to use the loan
118
Technophile
Center of high tech manufacturing and info based industry
119
Vertical integration
Form of corporate org that one firm controls multiple aspects or phases of a commondity chain
120
Comparative advantage
Ability of individual firm or country to produce a good or service at a lower oppurtunity than other producers
121
Topocide
Intentional killing of a place through industrial expansion and change so that its earlier landscape and character are destroyed
122
CFCs
Chlorofluorocarbons used mainly as refrigerants or propellants also destroy ozone layer
123
Cause of acid rain
Harmful gases released when coal oil natural gas are burned
124
Fair trade
Alt to industrial trade that emphasizes small Buisness and worker owned corps that require employers to pay workers FAIR WAGES etc and comply with minimum environment and safety hazards
125
FDI
Foreign direct investment
| investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country
126
Purchasing power parity
Measure which takes into account what money actually buys in each country
127
Sectors of economy
```
Primary
Secondary: manufacturing
Tertiary: services
Quartenary: finance insurance legal etc
Quinary: Highest level of knowledge, highest level govt
```
128
Special economic zone
Area where tax incentives and less strict environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment
129
Export processing zones
In many periphery of semi periphery where they offer favorable tax or trade arrangements to attract foreign trade of invents menus
130
Asians tigers
South Korea
Taiwan
Singapore
Hong Kong
131
Pacific rim economic region
For eastern places bordering Pacific Ocean
132
BRICs countries
Brazil Russia India and China (South Africa) major developing economies that are predicted to be wealthier than most of current economic powers
133
MINT countries
Mexico Indinesia Nigeria Turkey; favorable demographic countries on the economic rise
134
Global commons
International global resource domains where common pool resources are found
135
Sharia law
System of Islamic law based on varying perspectives of the Qu'aran
136
Political ecology
Relationships between political economic and social facts with the environmental issues and changes
137
Suffrage
Right to vote
138
Enfranchise
To give the right to vote to
139
Annexation
Political transfer of land from control of one entity to another, trade of one states territory to another
140
Urban morphology
Study of the form of human settlements and the process of their formation and transformation
141
Borcherts Urban Model
```
Sail and Wagon Epoch
Steamboat iron horse epoch
Steel rail epoch
Auto/air amenity epoch
Satellite or electronic jet propulsion epoch
```
142
Urban banana
Early Eurasian urban areas extended in crescent shaped zone across Eurasia from England to Japan
143
Shock city
Urban area experiencing infrastructural challenges related to massive and rapid urbanization
144
Industrial city
Cities that were made as effect of the industrial rev
145
Central place theory (christaller)
Explains distribution of services based on fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther
146
Hinterland
Surrounding area served by an urban center (market area)
147
Threshold
Size of population needed to keep a service profitable
148
Mega city
Population>10million
149
Metropolitan statistical area
Has at least one urbanized area of 50,000 or more and adjacent territory with high degree of social and economic integration
150
Megalopolis
Extensive area if urbanized settlement with several metropolitan areas ex Boston to DC
151
Micropolitan statistical area
Has at least one area of 10,000 or more but less than 50,000 and has adjacent territory with high degree of social and economic integration
152
Fictional zonation
Division of a city into different regions or zones (residential or industrial) for certain purposes of fictions (housing or manufacturing)
153
Bid rent curve
Theory that refers to how the price and demand in real estate changes as the distance towards the CBD increased; states that land users will compete with one another for land close to central city
154
Multiple nuclei
Harris-Ullman focuses on how CBD isn't main node now
155
Edge city
On outskirts of city with lots of offic and retail space few residential a and has modern buildings
156
Urban sprawl
Unrestricted growth in urban areas of housing commercial development and roads over large land areas with little concern for urban planning
157
Exurb
Small communities lying beyond suburbs of a city
158
Latin American city model
Griffin-Ford; has commercial spine with quality of housing decrease as move away from CBD
159
Disamenity sector
Poorest part of cites that in extreme cases are not connected to city services and are run by gangs and drug lords
160
Periferico
Peripheral area beyond ring of highway that holds squatter settlements
161
McGhee Model
SE Asia city model; focal point is old colonial port zone no CBD but elements of CBD in seperate clusters around colonial port zone
162
Shantytown
Unplanned slums on margins of cities
163
Zoning ordinances
Legal rules saying what type of buildings and economic activities can take place and where (residential industrial retail etc)
164
Restrictive covenants
Statement in property deed restricting use of land in some way
165
Redlining
Real estate practice in which memebers of minority groups are prevented from loans to buy homes or property in mainly white neighborhoods
166
Blockbusting
Real estate agents make fear in white neighborhoods after encouraging blacks to move into previously all white neighborhoods and real estate agents get profit by selling low price to white and high to blacks moving in
167
Seed agriculture
The taking of seed from existing plants and planting them to produce new ones
168
Agribusiness
Term referring to every business involved in commercial farming in ones- farms suppliers ad agencies etc
169
Shifting cultivation
Moving of farm fields after several years in search of more productive soil after depleting the previous one
170
Slash and burn agriculture
The clearing of vegetation and then burning if any remaining plants to make arable land
171
Swidden
Land cleared through shifting cultivation
172
Pastoral nomadism
Form subsistence farming based in herding domesticated animals
173
Pasture
Grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals as well as land used for grazing
174
Double cropping
Growing of two crops per year to double agricultural output
175
Cereal grain
Grass with starchy grains which are used in many foods
176
Milk shed
Area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied
177
Horticulture
The growing of fruits vegetables or flowers
178
Extractive industry
Industries involved in the process of finding and developing and extracting a nonrenewable resource
179
Debt for nature swamp
Agreement between a developing nation in debt and one or more of its creditors who forgive debt for environmental protection
180
Feedlot
Factory like farm devoted to either livestock fattening it dairying
181
Ester no setup
Said if population increases then the food supply will be dependent on human innovation that rather human dependent on the food supply
182
Luxury crops
High priced relatively rare crops which are inessential to human survival
183
Entrepôt
Port city or other center used to export and import
184
NIC
Has strong manufacturing base that enables it to maintain a competitive presence in the global exconomy
185
Sikhism holy place
Amritsar India: golden temple
186
Six original countries if European community
```
Belgium
France
West Germany
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
```
187
Desalination
Technology used to convert salt water into potable drinking water
188
Mercator
Accurately displays direction everywhere
189
Informal sector
Workers who do not report their income or jobs to the govt
190
Reverse hierarchical diffusion
Spread of something from smaller places to larger more powerful places
191
Cleavage model
Explanatory factor in electoral patterns; show the power core being dominated by a particular nation
192
Goal of green revolution
Reducing hunger in LDCs by giving farmers in those regions greater access to the fertilizers and seeds they needed to increase their crop yields and improve their farming practices
193
Bid rent curve
Shows how much a firm or person is willing to pay for land; the PEAK LAND VALUE INTERSECTION, stronger desire to be near PLVI then the steeper the curve
