AP TEST 🙃 Flashcards
friction of distance
measure of how much absolute distance affexts the interaction between 2 places
space time compressiom
describes how the drecreasing space between people and ideas as technology continues
conservation
conserving something by cutting back
preservation
preserving something by not using it
environmental determinism
belief that the physical environment caused human social development
possibilism
theory that the environment sets certain constraints but people have the ability to adjust their environment
frist ag rev
hunting and gathering to farming through plant amd animal domestication
2nd ag rev
coincided with imdustrial rev; many innovations in tech and helped feed more ppl
replacement level fertility
fertility rated that ensure the newborn girls will have an average of 2 children in their lifespan
dependecy rate
youth/elder
echo boomer
child of baby boomer
j curve
theory stating that a country’s trade deficit (balance of exports and imports) will initially worsen before it balances out again
s curve
rapid exponential growth followed by leveling off
cairo plan
plan by un to control population at 7.27 billion by educating and givong better jobs to women to make them wamt less children
fecundity
ability to produce an abundance of offspring or mew growth; fertility
refugee
forced to migrate to another country to avoid affects of armed conflict violence etc
internally displaced person (IDP)
forced to migrate for similar reasons as refugee but not cross international border (intranational refugee)
asylum seeker
someone whos migrated to another country in hope if being recognized as a refugee
intervening obstacle
environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration
intervening opportunity
presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminished the attractiveness of sites farther away (distracting factor that keeps them from lookimg elsewhere)
counterurbanization
urban to rural
gravity model
says that potential use of a service in a certain place affects the number of people ina place and is inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service
step migration
migration to a distinct place that occurs in stages (migration that takes several different steps)
counter migration
govt sends back illegal immigrantd
cyclic movement
movement done repeatedly or seasonally
periodic movement
movement that is repeated at regualr intervals
quotas
max number of people who can immigrate to acountry each year
transhumance
action or practice of moving livestock from one grazing ground to anotjer in a seasonal cycle lowlands to highlands
eco migrant
one who is forced to migrate due to environmemtal reasons like drought or desertificatiom
channelized migration
tendency for migration to flow between areas that are socially amd economically allied by past migration pattern ex trade conmections
ravensteins laws of migratiom
- usually short distance
- occurs in steps
- long distance usually go to urban areas
- each migration makes movement in opposite direction
- rural ppl migrate more than urban
- within own country; girls more migratory but males are more migratory over long distances
- most are adults
- large towns grow more by migration than by NIR
- it increase with economic developmemt
- mostly due to economic causes
remittance
sum of money sent in payment for goods or services or as a gift
Cultiral Landscape:
Carl Sauer; fashioned from a natural landscape by a cultiral group; culture is the agent; the natural area is the medium the cultural landscape is the result
acculturation
assimilation or cause to assimilate a different culture, typically the dominant one
assimilate
take in info ideas etc and understand it fully
built environmemt
man made surroundings
adaptive strategy
the unique way in which each culture uses its particular physical environment to fit its needs of life
sequent occupance
notion that successful societies leave their cultural imprints on a place each controbuting to a cumulative cultural landscape
placelessness
loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next
Maladaptive diffusion
diffusion of an idea or tech that works well in one area or region but is not suitable for the area it diffuses to
convergence hypothesis
hypothesis holding that cultural differneces among places are being reduced by imporved transportation and communication systems leading to a homogenization of pop culture
cultural determinism
belief that the culture in which we are raised determines who we are at emotional and behavioral levels
cultural imperialism
practice of promoting and imposing a culture usually of politically powerful nations over less potent socieites
cultural lag
slower rate of change jn ine part of a culture compared woth others
pluralism
condition in which 2 or more states or groups etc coexist
ethnocentrism
evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions priginating in the standards amd customs of ones own culture
raison d’etre
basic purpose orreason to exist
city state
city that with its surrounding area forms a state
self determination
concept in which ethnicities have the right to govern themselves
irredentism
homeland of a nationality spilling over into another state
buffer state
small neutral state between two rival powers
satellite state
state that was formerly independent but is under heavy influenxe of another state
geometric boundary
political boumdaries as straight lines or arcs
relict boundaries
political boundary that has ceased to function but the imprint of which can still be detected on the cultural lamdscape
antecedent boundary
boundary that existed before the cultural landscape emerged amd stayed in place while people moved in to occupy the surrounding area
subsequent boundary
boundaries that are created as a result of long term processes
superimposed boundary
boundary that is imposed on tue cultural landscape which ignores pre existing cultural patterns (typically a colonial boundary)
frontier
line or border seperating two countries
manifest destiny
belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents both justified and inevitable
phases of boundary creation…
definition: legal sounding doc is drawn up in which actual points in the landscape are described
delimination: translation of the written terms of a boundary treaty into an official cartographic representation
demarcation: actual place of a political boundary of the landscape by means of barrier fence etc
allocational/resource boundary dispute
dispute over location and resources
locational/positional boundary dispute
territorial dispute along the edge of two neighboring land owners
operational/functional boundary dispute
boundaries that move according to operation and functions
territorial boundary disputes
any dispute over land ownership
unitary state
internal org of a state that places most power in central govt
federal state
internal org of state that gives most power to units of local govt
confederation
actof forming alliance or confederation
forward captial
captial in potentially contested territory to confirm states’s determination to maintain its presence in that region
balkanization
act of dividing a region into smaller mutually hostile states or groups
devolution
process of going from higher to lower level of power
barrio
urban area in soanish speakimg country
ethnic substrate
regional cultural distinctiveness that remains following the assimilation of an ethnic homeland
monoglot
knowing only one language
linguistic refuge area
area protected by isolation ir inhospitable environmwntal conditions in which a lang survived
standard language
lang mainly uniform with respect to grammar spelling qnd vocab representing the apporved community norm of the tongue
polyglot
knowing more than one lang
renfrew hypothesis
three areas in and near the first agr hearth gave rise to three lang fams if Indo European, Arabic langs, mid eastern langs
reverse reconstruction
tracing a lang back into time seeing hiw it diffused through space and time
shatterbelt
are of instability between regions with opposing political and cultural values
fundamentalism
literal interpretation and strict adherance to basic principles of a religoon
interfaith boundary
boundaries between worlds major faiths
intrafaith boundary
boundaries within a major religion
proselytic religion
universalizing religion
secularism
belief that humans should be based on facts and not religious beliefs
syncretic religion
seperate religions that combine into one new religion
theocracy
belief in govt by divine guidance
guild industry
industry if craftsmen it merchants oftrn. having considerable power
fordist production
manyfacyuring when each man does his own part repeatedly
post fordist production
includes outsourcing; goods not mass produced more flexible set of practices; production increased through multinational comp etc
basic industries
industries that mainly sell their product outside the community
non basic industries
industries that sell mainly inside the settlement
break of bulk point
location in where modes of transportatiion is changed ex airport or seaport
commodity chain
series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commondity that is then exchanged on world market
market orientation
tendency of economic act to locate close to market (vice versa with material orientation)
footloose industries
ind that can shift location of facilities to take adv of cheap labor
substitution principle
maintains that the correct place of facility is where net profit is greatest; tendency to substitute one factor if production ex labor for another ex capital for tech
labir intensive industry
industry where labor costs represent large part of total production costs
supranationalism
transcending national boundaries authorities or interests
NATO
north atlantic treaty organization
iron curtain
boundary seperating NATO from WARSAW states ex berlin wall
Median line principle
boundaried yhat are the the midpoint of two places
4 classes of maps and describe
cylindrical: flat rectangular on paper maps
conic: pacman shape of actual cone
azimuthal: top of earth; when directional relationships from a central point are important
other: weird shapes and sizes
contour
isoline showing points of equal elevation
exclusive economic zone
Sea zone over which a state has special rights regarding the exploitation from water and wind
Geopolitics
Study of the effects of geography on international politics and international relations
Domino Theory
Theory that says if one country in a region came under the influence of communism then surrounding countries would follow in domino effect
Ratzel’s Organic theory
A country behaves like an organism to survive a state requires nourishment or territory to gain political power
Mackinder’s Heartland Theory
Control of Eastern Europe is key to control of the world wrote in paper the geographical pivot of history
Spykman’s Rimland theory
Domination of coastal fringes of Eurasia would provide base for world conquest
Berlin conference
Regulated European colonization and trade in Africa; result was elimination of autonomy or self governance in Africa due to heightened colonial activity by European powers
Dependency theory
Notion that resources flow from Periphery to core state; poor states are impoverished and rich ones are enriched by the way poor states are integrated into the world system
Backwash effect
Negative effects on one region that result from economic growth within another region
Multiplier effect
When owners and managers of the touristically services can then spend more money so the extra wealth spreads throughout the community
Right to work law
Prohibit labor unions or union security agreements either before or after hiring
Privatization
To change from govt or public ownership to private ownership or control
NGO
Non government organization: charity or private org that gives resources or money to local businesses and caused advancing human development
Structural adjustment programs
Changes that require the country receiving the international loan to make economic changes in order to use the loan
Technophile
Center of high tech manufacturing and info based industry
Vertical integration
Form of corporate org that one firm controls multiple aspects or phases of a commondity chain
Comparative advantage
Ability of individual firm or country to produce a good or service at a lower oppurtunity than other producers
Topocide
Intentional killing of a place through industrial expansion and change so that its earlier landscape and character are destroyed
CFCs
Chlorofluorocarbons used mainly as refrigerants or propellants also destroy ozone layer
Cause of acid rain
Harmful gases released when coal oil natural gas are burned
Fair trade
Alt to industrial trade that emphasizes small Buisness and worker owned corps that require employers to pay workers FAIR WAGES etc and comply with minimum environment and safety hazards
FDI
Foreign direct investment
investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country
Purchasing power parity
Measure which takes into account what money actually buys in each country
Sectors of economy
Primary Secondary: manufacturing Tertiary: services Quartenary: finance insurance legal etc Quinary: Highest level of knowledge, highest level govt
Special economic zone
Area where tax incentives and less strict environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment
Export processing zones
In many periphery of semi periphery where they offer favorable tax or trade arrangements to attract foreign trade of invents menus
Asians tigers
South Korea
Taiwan
Singapore
Hong Kong
Pacific rim economic region
For eastern places bordering Pacific Ocean
BRICs countries
Brazil Russia India and China (South Africa) major developing economies that are predicted to be wealthier than most of current economic powers
MINT countries
Mexico Indinesia Nigeria Turkey; favorable demographic countries on the economic rise
Global commons
International global resource domains where common pool resources are found
Sharia law
System of Islamic law based on varying perspectives of the Qu’aran
Political ecology
Relationships between political economic and social facts with the environmental issues and changes
Suffrage
Right to vote
Enfranchise
To give the right to vote to
Annexation
Political transfer of land from control of one entity to another, trade of one states territory to another
Urban morphology
Study of the form of human settlements and the process of their formation and transformation
Borcherts Urban Model
Sail and Wagon Epoch Steamboat iron horse epoch Steel rail epoch Auto/air amenity epoch Satellite or electronic jet propulsion epoch
Urban banana
Early Eurasian urban areas extended in crescent shaped zone across Eurasia from England to Japan
Shock city
Urban area experiencing infrastructural challenges related to massive and rapid urbanization
Industrial city
Cities that were made as effect of the industrial rev
Central place theory (christaller)
Explains distribution of services based on fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther
Hinterland
Surrounding area served by an urban center (market area)
Threshold
Size of population needed to keep a service profitable
Mega city
Population>10million
Metropolitan statistical area
Has at least one urbanized area of 50,000 or more and adjacent territory with high degree of social and economic integration
Megalopolis
Extensive area if urbanized settlement with several metropolitan areas ex Boston to DC
Micropolitan statistical area
Has at least one area of 10,000 or more but less than 50,000 and has adjacent territory with high degree of social and economic integration
Fictional zonation
Division of a city into different regions or zones (residential or industrial) for certain purposes of fictions (housing or manufacturing)
Bid rent curve
Theory that refers to how the price and demand in real estate changes as the distance towards the CBD increased; states that land users will compete with one another for land close to central city
Multiple nuclei
Harris-Ullman focuses on how CBD isn’t main node now
Edge city
On outskirts of city with lots of offic and retail space few residential a and has modern buildings
Urban sprawl
Unrestricted growth in urban areas of housing commercial development and roads over large land areas with little concern for urban planning
Exurb
Small communities lying beyond suburbs of a city
Latin American city model
Griffin-Ford; has commercial spine with quality of housing decrease as move away from CBD
Disamenity sector
Poorest part of cites that in extreme cases are not connected to city services and are run by gangs and drug lords
Periferico
Peripheral area beyond ring of highway that holds squatter settlements
McGhee Model
SE Asia city model; focal point is old colonial port zone no CBD but elements of CBD in seperate clusters around colonial port zone
Shantytown
Unplanned slums on margins of cities
Zoning ordinances
Legal rules saying what type of buildings and economic activities can take place and where (residential industrial retail etc)
Restrictive covenants
Statement in property deed restricting use of land in some way
Redlining
Real estate practice in which memebers of minority groups are prevented from loans to buy homes or property in mainly white neighborhoods
Blockbusting
Real estate agents make fear in white neighborhoods after encouraging blacks to move into previously all white neighborhoods and real estate agents get profit by selling low price to white and high to blacks moving in
Seed agriculture
The taking of seed from existing plants and planting them to produce new ones
Agribusiness
Term referring to every business involved in commercial farming in ones- farms suppliers ad agencies etc
Shifting cultivation
Moving of farm fields after several years in search of more productive soil after depleting the previous one
Slash and burn agriculture
The clearing of vegetation and then burning if any remaining plants to make arable land
Swidden
Land cleared through shifting cultivation
Pastoral nomadism
Form subsistence farming based in herding domesticated animals
Pasture
Grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals as well as land used for grazing
Double cropping
Growing of two crops per year to double agricultural output
Cereal grain
Grass with starchy grains which are used in many foods
Milk shed
Area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied
Horticulture
The growing of fruits vegetables or flowers
Extractive industry
Industries involved in the process of finding and developing and extracting a nonrenewable resource
Debt for nature swamp
Agreement between a developing nation in debt and one or more of its creditors who forgive debt for environmental protection
Feedlot
Factory like farm devoted to either livestock fattening it dairying
Ester no setup
Said if population increases then the food supply will be dependent on human innovation that rather human dependent on the food supply
Luxury crops
High priced relatively rare crops which are inessential to human survival
Entrepôt
Port city or other center used to export and import
NIC
Has strong manufacturing base that enables it to maintain a competitive presence in the global exconomy
Sikhism holy place
Amritsar India: golden temple
Six original countries if European community
Belgium France West Germany Italy Luxembourg Netherlands
Desalination
Technology used to convert salt water into potable drinking water
Mercator
Accurately displays direction everywhere
Informal sector
Workers who do not report their income or jobs to the govt
Reverse hierarchical diffusion
Spread of something from smaller places to larger more powerful places
Cleavage model
Explanatory factor in electoral patterns; show the power core being dominated by a particular nation
Goal of green revolution
Reducing hunger in LDCs by giving farmers in those regions greater access to the fertilizers and seeds they needed to increase their crop yields and improve their farming practices
Bid rent curve
Shows how much a firm or person is willing to pay for land; the PEAK LAND VALUE INTERSECTION, stronger desire to be near PLVI then the steeper the curve
