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AP HuG > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is GIS

A

Comp system that has data that makes maps using layers

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2
Q

4 types of distortion

A

Shape, relative size, direction, distance

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3
Q

What happens when you cross the international date line going west toward asia?

A

You go forward a day

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4
Q

How many sats. for GPS to work

A

4

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5
Q

Mercator projection

A

Displays land masses better distorts at poles rectangular map

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6
Q

Who won the prize for whoever could measure longitude

A

John Harrison

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9
Q

When you cross the internation date line going east toward the usa what happens

A

You go back a day

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11
Q

How did john harrison win the prize to measure longitude

A

He make a clock thing with no pendulum

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12
Q

Robinson projection

A

Displays oceans better land areas are smaller

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14
Q

How many GPS sats do we have total

A

24 total 3 in reserve

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15
Q

Demography

A

Study of pop characteristics

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16
Q

What is pop distributed by (2)

A

Concentration and density

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17
Q

What is concentration displayed on

A

Cartogram

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18
Q

Why is census controversial

A

Nonparticipation and sampling

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19
Q

Characteristics of 4 pop clusters

A

Low lying areas with fertile soil and a temperate climate near ocean or river

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20
Q

4 pop cluster

A

East asia
South asia
Southeast asia
Europe

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21
Q

Where is east asia clustered around amd why

A

Pacific ocean bc inside of china is used for farming

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22
Q

What countries are in East asia

A

China japan koreas taiwan

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23
Q

What countries are in south asia

A

India pakistan bangladesh and sri lanka

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24
Q

Where is largest concentration in south asia

A

Along plains and the ganges river

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25
Q

Where is largest concentrations in europe?

A

Around big landmarks rivers and coalfields

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26
Q

4 areas human avoid living in

A

Too dry
Too wet
Too cold
Too mountainous

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27
Q

Ecumene:

A

Part of earth with permanent human settlement

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28
Q

Why is too wet bad?

A

The combo of heat and rain depletes soil nutrients for agriculture

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29
Q

Permafrost:

A

Permanently frozen land

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30
Q

Arithmetic density: and how to find it

A 
Total number of objects in an area
# of people divided by land area
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31
Q

Physiological density: and how to find it

A

Number of people supported by 1 unit of arable land

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32
Q

Agricultural density:

A 
# of farmers to amount of arable land
How effecient the country is
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33
Q

World NIR

A

1.2

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34
Q

Doubling time:

A

of years it takes for a pop to double itself assuming constant NIR

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35
Q

TFR:

A

Avg # of children a woman has

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36
Q

Childbearin years

A

15-49

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37
Q

World TFR:

A

2.5

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38
Q

Dependency Ratio:

A

of people who are too young ir old to work compared to # of people in labor force

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39
Q

Age of dependents in dependency ratio

A

0-14 and 65+

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40
Q

Sex Ratio:

A

of males per 100 females in the pop

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41
Q

IMR:

A

Number of deaths of infants up to age 1

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42
Q

DT:

A

Process of change in a societys pop from high CBR and CDR to low CBR and CDR and low NIR and high total population

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43
Q

Qualities of stage 1 (3) DT

A

High CBR amd CDR with no long term NIR no country left in stage 1 mostly hunting and gathering for food

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44
Q

Qualities of stage 2 DT

A

Rapid declining CDR and very high CBR high NIR

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45
Q

What pushed europe and north america into stage 2

A

Industrial revolution

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46
Q

What pushed africa asia and latin america into stage 2

A

Medical revolution

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47
Q

Qualities of stage 3 DT

A

CBR rapidly declining CDR declining NIR moderates

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48
Q

Why does the NIR decrease in stage 3

A

Women are having fewer kids bc they are living in urban areas where a big fam isnt an asset anymore also bc IMR has decreased

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49
Q

Qualities of stage 4 DT

A

Low CBR and CDR no long term NIR

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50
Q

What is TFR of ZPG?

A

2.1

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51
Q

Why less babies in stage 4

A

Women join labor force and birth control methods are easier to access

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52
Q

Who is Thomas Malthus

A

Guy who said world pop was outpopulating our food supply

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53
Q

Why do critic say Malthus was wrong about resource depletion

A

Bc his idea was that Earths resources are fixed and not expanding

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54
Q

Why do critics say Malthus was wrong about population growth in his theory?

A

Bc a bigger pop means more jobs to come up with more ideas on how to be more productive in food production

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55
Q

Was Malthus right?

A

He was right about food production but not on population growth

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56
Q

Why is Japan’s population declining

A

Bc they arent encouraging immigration

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57
Q

Why no immigration in Japan

A

Bc they place high values on social conformity and people are growing old and cant work

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58
Q

What are the Japanese doing to help with their declining population

A

They are encouraging older people and women to join the labor force by offering more health care at home and better money

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59
Q

2 big breaks in DT

A

Sudden drop in CDR from tech. innovation

Sudden drop in CBR from changing social customs

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60
Q

Elderly support ratio:

A

of working age people divided by # of people 65+

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61
Q

What did India do to reduce CBR

A

Sterilization camps and payment to those who did

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62
Q

What did china do to reduce CBR?

A

One child policy fams get payed to have only one child

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63
Q

Epidemiologic Transition:

A

Focuses on distinctive health threats in each stage of DT

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64
Q

Epidemiology:

A

Branch if medical science concerned with the incidence distribution and control of diseases that are in a pop at a certain time and are made by some special causes not usually present in affected locality

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65
Q

What was Stage 1 of the ET (epidemiologic transition)

A

Pestilence and Famine

High CDR

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66
Q

Qualities of stage 1 of ET

A

Infectious and parasitic diseases were main cause of death, animal attacks, black plague

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67
Q

Where did the black plague originate

A

Kyrgyzstan

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68
Q

How did the black plague diffuse

A

By fleas and rats on ships and trading posts

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69
Q

What was stage 2 of ET

A

Receding pandemics

Rapidly decling CDR

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70
Q

Qualities of stage 2 of ET

A

Industrial rev= improved sanitation and medicine, cholera became common

71
Q

What was main cause of cholera

A

Contaminated water being pumped into cities

72
Q

Pandemic:

A

Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects high proportion of the pop

73
Q

What was stage 3 of ET

A

Degenerative diseases

Moderate declining CDR

74
Q

Qualites of stage 3 ET

A

Increase in chronic diseases that have to do with aging such as:
Cardiovascular diseases and forms of cancer

75
Q

What was stage 4 of ET

A

Delayed degenerative diseases

Low ⬆️ CDR

76
Q

Qualities of stage 4 ET

A

Heart disease and cancer still there, life expectancy expanded thru medical advances

77
Q

3 reasons to explain possible emergence of stage 5 ET

A

Evolution poverty and increased connections

78
Q

How have diseases evolved? Give example

A

They have built up resistence to drugs/insecticides so new strains of viruses are occuring ex. Malaria

79
Q

How is increased connections a possible thing for stage 5 ET

A

Bc disease can travel and spread more easily due to cars and planes

80
Q

How is poverty a possible thing of stage 5 ET

A

Bc disease spreads quicker in poverty due to unsanitazion and less money for people to treat disease

81
Q

How much if health care do MDCs govt pay for

A

70%

82
Q

How much if LDCs govt does pay for health care

A

50%

83
Q

How much does the US govt pay for health care

A

55%

84
Q

What 3 things do people migrate in search of

A

Economic oppurtunity, cultural freedom, environmental comfort

85
Q

E. G. Ravenstein’s law of migration are

A

Distance migrants move, reasons they move, characteristics of migrants

86
Q

Migration Transition:

A

Changes in a society comparable to those in DT

87
Q

Stage 1 MT

A

High daily and seasonal mobility in search of food

88
Q

Stage 2 MT

A

High int. emmigration and interregional from rural to urban

89
Q

Stage 3 MT

A

High int. immigration and intraregional from cities to suburbs

90
Q

Stage 4 MT

A

High int. immigration and intraregional migration from cities to suburbs

91
Q

Two types of migration

A

International or internal

92
Q

Ravensteins laws of distance

A

Most Migrants relocate a short distance amd remain within the same country and long distance migrants head for economic centers of economic activity in new country

93
Q

International Migration:

A

Permanent mive from one country to another

94
Q

2 types of international migration

A

Voluntary and forced

95
Q

Voluntary migration:

A

Implies migrant has chosd to move esp. For economic improvement

96
Q

Forced migration:

A

Migrant has been compelled to move esp. by political or environmental factors

97
Q

Internal migration:

A

Permanent move within the same country

98
Q

2 types of internal migration

A

Interregional and intraregional

99
Q

Interregional mugration:

A

From one region of a country to another ex. Rural to urban

100
Q

Intraregional migration:

A

Movement within one region

101
Q

3 largest flows of migrants

A

Asia to europe
Asia to NAm
Latin Am to NAm

102
Q

3 main eras of immigration in US

A

Colonial settlement
Mass european immigration
Asian and LA immigration

103
Q

2 groups of people that moved during colonial settlement

A

Europeans voluntary went to colonies; African Americans were forced to be slaves in the new world

104
Q

Who came during Mass European Settlement?

A

Irish and germans came due to political push and pull factors. When some countries reached stage 2 (Industrial rev.) pop started to grow and many came for better job oppurtunities

105
Q

FACT

A

Immigration started predominantly European then transferred to be mostly Asian and Latin American

106
Q

Mobility:

A

Most generalized term that refers to all types of movement

107
Q

Circulation

A

Short term repetitve acts of mobility

108
Q

Net Migration:

A

Difference between number if immigrants and emmigrants

109
Q

Where do most migrants go?

A

CA, FL, NY AND TX

110
Q

Most of recent migration is from where

A

Asia and latin america

111
Q

Population Center:

A

Average location of everyone in the country (center of pop gravity)

112
Q

1790 hugging the coast

A

Colonial settlement on coast so they cud trade with Europe by ship
Couldnt cross App. Mtns
Indians resisted expansion on other side of mtns.

113
Q

1800-1840 crossing the appalachians

A

Built canals and crossed mtns and cut down trees to build houses etc. many bought cheap land by rivers

114
Q

1850-1890 rushing to the gold

A

Pop center went west to CA for gold rush, they crossed the great plains but decided wasnt good farming land

115
Q

What did they call the great plains?

A

Great American Desert

116
Q

1900-1940 filling in the great plains

A

Filled in GP and made new equipment for farming; Built railroads to ship goods to east coast

117
Q

1950-2010 moving south

A

Pop center moved W and S. People went south for warm climate and job oppurtunites

118
Q

Is pop center still moving

A

It has slowed bc job prospects are about the same in all regions

119
Q

Where did the Soviet govt want to put factories in russia

A

Closer to raw materials in the north not by the pop

120
Q

Where is russia populated

A

West by Europe

121
Q

What kind of migration did the soviet encourage towards people to move up north closer to factories

A

Interregional migration

122
Q

What was trail of tears

A

When 5 indian tribes were forced to move west bc of Indian Removal Act to open up land

123
Q

What is the canada migration pattern and what areas are they headed for

A

E to W headed towards Alberta, British Columbia, and saskatchewan

124
Q

What is chinas migration pattern?

A

From chinas interior toward urban areas by the coast for jobs

125
Q

Fact

A

Brazil is like china with farming interior and most pop on coast

126
Q

Why do most people move from rural to urban areas

A

For work or economic reasons

127
Q

Why do people move from urban to suburb areas

A

For bigger houses, safer schools more space not usually for work

128
Q

Counterurbanization

A

Migration from urban to rural

129
Q

Push factor:

A

Induces people to move out of their present location

130
Q

Pull factor:

A

Induces people to move into a new location

131
Q

3 types of push and pull factors

A

Economic, political, environmental

132
Q

Political push factor ex.

A

Slavery

133
Q

3 groups of forced political migrants

A

Refugee, internally displacsd person (IDP), asylum seeker

134
Q

Refugee:

A

forced to migrate to another country to avoid effects of armed conflict, violent situations due to race, religion, nationality etc.

135
Q

IDP:

A

Forced to migrate for similar reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border

136
Q

Asylum seeker:

A

Someone whos migrated to another country in hope of being recognized as a refugee

137
Q

Environmental pull factors

A

Attractice environments: mtns seasides warm climates

138
Q

Environmental push factors:

A

Too much or too little water, drought areas

139
Q

Floodplain:

A

Area subject to flooding during a specific # of yesrs on a river, based on historical trends

140
Q

Economic push factor:

A

Few jobs

141
Q

FACT

A

Refugees get special priority in admission to other countries and some people may only get to mgrate temporarily

142
Q

FACT

A

Many immigrants come to europe to take jobs that are low paid but higher paid than at home

143
Q

Guest worker program:

A

Immigrants were allowed to immigrate temporarily for work

144
Q

What is with southwest asia’s working conditioms?

A

They produce oil down there and have very bad working conditions and workers rights

145
Q

Intervening obstacle:

A

An environmental/ political feature that hinders migration

146
Q

Environmental intervening obstacle:

A

Long and expensive journey to migrate

147
Q

Political intervening obstacle:

A

Needing a passport and visa to immigrate to a new country

148
Q

2 reasons most visas are granted

A

Special employment and family reunification

149
Q

Quotas:

A

Max limits on number of people who could immigrate to US during one year period

150
Q

There is now a global quota with a max quota for each country

A

True dat^

151
Q

Family reunification:

A

Reunite family who were partly already in USA; if spouse was already in USA, there is a 5 year wait to join them

152
Q

3 preferences for visa applications

A

Family reunification, skilled workers, diversity

153
Q

Brain Drain:

A

Large scale emmigration of talented people

154
Q

Chain migration:

A

Migration of people yona specific location bc relatives or member of same nationality already migrated there

155
Q

Unauthorized Immigrants:

A

Those who immigrate without proper docs.

156
Q

Characteristics of unauthorized immigrants

A

Many from mexico, many give birth to us citizen in usa, many are staying for long periods, many have undesirable jobs

157
Q

What border does mexico have with guatemala

A

Mex wants stronger security on guatamalan border but they want sympathy towards imms on US border

158
Q

What are common characteristic of long distance immigrants?

A

Males, adult individuals rather than families with kids

159
Q

Why do males more likely to migrate

A

Bc men are more likely to b employed

160
Q

FACT

A

Recently more women have been migrating unauthorized bc roles of women have been changing so they can now go to US for work or to find family

161
Q

Immigration concens in USA

A

Want better border patrol, and work related programs for unauth. Immigrants, and they oppose raids on immigrants that would violate their human rights

162
Q

Do americans want local govt to be involved in finding unauthorized immigants?

A

No they think it is a federal govt problem

163
Q

What term is used for unauthorized immigrants by those who advocate for more rights for them?

A

Undocumented immigrant

164
Q

What term is used by people who want tougher rules for immigrant laws

A

Illegal alien

165
Q

What are states doing about unauthorized immigrants

A

Some like AL are making them carry legal docs and be able to show them at all times, and some like TX are advocating for more rights for unauthorized immigrants

166
Q

Immigration concerns in Europe

A

They fear immigrants are a threat to cultural traditions and that they raise crime rates and unemployment

167
Q

How was Europe a big emmigrant?

A

In 19th they emmigrate to colonies and planted seeds all throughout world in other countries spreading their customs ex. Christianity

AP HuG (6 decks)

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