Unit 1 Flashcards
What is GIS
Comp system that has data that makes maps using layers
4 types of distortion
Shape, relative size, direction, distance
What happens when you cross the international date line going west toward asia?
You go forward a day
How many sats. for GPS to work
4
Mercator projection
Displays land masses better distorts at poles rectangular map
Who won the prize for whoever could measure longitude
John Harrison
When you cross the internation date line going east toward the usa what happens
You go back a day
How did john harrison win the prize to measure longitude
He make a clock thing with no pendulum
Robinson projection
Displays oceans better land areas are smaller
How many GPS sats do we have total
24 total 3 in reserve
Demography
Study of pop characteristics
What is pop distributed by (2)
Concentration and density
What is concentration displayed on
Cartogram
Why is census controversial
Nonparticipation and sampling
Characteristics of 4 pop clusters
Low lying areas with fertile soil and a temperate climate near ocean or river
4 pop cluster
East asia
South asia
Southeast asia
Europe
Where is east asia clustered around amd why
Pacific ocean bc inside of china is used for farming
What countries are in East asia
China japan koreas taiwan
What countries are in south asia
India pakistan bangladesh and sri lanka
Where is largest concentration in south asia
Along plains and the ganges river
Where is largest concentrations in europe?
Around big landmarks rivers and coalfields
4 areas human avoid living in
Too dry
Too wet
Too cold
Too mountainous
Ecumene:
Part of earth with permanent human settlement
Why is too wet bad?
The combo of heat and rain depletes soil nutrients for agriculture
Permafrost:
Permanently frozen land
Arithmetic density: and how to find it
Total number of objects in an area # of people divided by land area
Physiological density: and how to find it
Number of people supported by 1 unit of arable land
Agricultural density:
# of farmers to amount of arable land How effecient the country is
World NIR
1.2
Doubling time:
of years it takes for a pop to double itself assuming constant NIR
TFR:
Avg # of children a woman has
Childbearin years
15-49
World TFR:
2.5
Dependency Ratio:
of people who are too young ir old to work compared to # of people in labor force
Age of dependents in dependency ratio
0-14 and 65+
Sex Ratio:
of males per 100 females in the pop
IMR:
Number of deaths of infants up to age 1
DT:
Process of change in a societys pop from high CBR and CDR to low CBR and CDR and low NIR and high total population
Qualities of stage 1 (3) DT
High CBR amd CDR with no long term NIR no country left in stage 1 mostly hunting and gathering for food
Qualities of stage 2 DT
Rapid declining CDR and very high CBR high NIR
What pushed europe and north america into stage 2
Industrial revolution
What pushed africa asia and latin america into stage 2
Medical revolution
Qualities of stage 3 DT
CBR rapidly declining CDR declining NIR moderates
Why does the NIR decrease in stage 3
Women are having fewer kids bc they are living in urban areas where a big fam isnt an asset anymore also bc IMR has decreased
Qualities of stage 4 DT
Low CBR and CDR no long term NIR
What is TFR of ZPG?
2.1
Why less babies in stage 4
Women join labor force and birth control methods are easier to access
Who is Thomas Malthus
Guy who said world pop was outpopulating our food supply
Why do critic say Malthus was wrong about resource depletion
Bc his idea was that Earths resources are fixed and not expanding
Why do critics say Malthus was wrong about population growth in his theory?
Bc a bigger pop means more jobs to come up with more ideas on how to be more productive in food production
Was Malthus right?
He was right about food production but not on population growth
Why is Japan’s population declining
Bc they arent encouraging immigration
Why no immigration in Japan
Bc they place high values on social conformity and people are growing old and cant work
What are the Japanese doing to help with their declining population
They are encouraging older people and women to join the labor force by offering more health care at home and better money
2 big breaks in DT
Sudden drop in CDR from tech. innovation
Sudden drop in CBR from changing social customs
Elderly support ratio:
of working age people divided by # of people 65+
What did India do to reduce CBR
Sterilization camps and payment to those who did
What did china do to reduce CBR?
One child policy fams get payed to have only one child
Epidemiologic Transition:
Focuses on distinctive health threats in each stage of DT
Epidemiology:
Branch if medical science concerned with the incidence distribution and control of diseases that are in a pop at a certain time and are made by some special causes not usually present in affected locality
What was Stage 1 of the ET (epidemiologic transition)
Pestilence and Famine
High CDR
Qualities of stage 1 of ET
Infectious and parasitic diseases were main cause of death, animal attacks, black plague
Where did the black plague originate
Kyrgyzstan
How did the black plague diffuse
By fleas and rats on ships and trading posts
What was stage 2 of ET
Receding pandemics
Rapidly decling CDR
Qualities of stage 2 of ET
Industrial rev= improved sanitation and medicine, cholera became common
What was main cause of cholera
Contaminated water being pumped into cities
Pandemic:
Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects high proportion of the pop
What was stage 3 of ET
Degenerative diseases
Moderate declining CDR
Qualites of stage 3 ET
Increase in chronic diseases that have to do with aging such as:
Cardiovascular diseases and forms of cancer
What was stage 4 of ET
Delayed degenerative diseases
Low ⬆️ CDR
Qualities of stage 4 ET
Heart disease and cancer still there, life expectancy expanded thru medical advances
3 reasons to explain possible emergence of stage 5 ET
Evolution poverty and increased connections
How have diseases evolved? Give example
They have built up resistence to drugs/insecticides so new strains of viruses are occuring ex. Malaria
How is increased connections a possible thing for stage 5 ET
Bc disease can travel and spread more easily due to cars and planes
How is poverty a possible thing of stage 5 ET
Bc disease spreads quicker in poverty due to unsanitazion and less money for people to treat disease
How much if health care do MDCs govt pay for
70%
How much if LDCs govt does pay for health care
50%
How much does the US govt pay for health care
55%
What 3 things do people migrate in search of
Economic oppurtunity, cultural freedom, environmental comfort
E. G. Ravenstein’s law of migration are
Distance migrants move, reasons they move, characteristics of migrants
Migration Transition:
Changes in a society comparable to those in DT
Stage 1 MT
High daily and seasonal mobility in search of food
Stage 2 MT
High int. emmigration and interregional from rural to urban
Stage 3 MT
High int. immigration and intraregional from cities to suburbs
Stage 4 MT
High int. immigration and intraregional migration from cities to suburbs
Two types of migration
International or internal
Ravensteins laws of distance
Most Migrants relocate a short distance amd remain within the same country and long distance migrants head for economic centers of economic activity in new country
International Migration:
Permanent mive from one country to another
2 types of international migration
Voluntary and forced
Voluntary migration:
Implies migrant has chosd to move esp. For economic improvement
Forced migration:
Migrant has been compelled to move esp. by political or environmental factors
Internal migration:
Permanent move within the same country
2 types of internal migration
Interregional and intraregional
Interregional mugration:
From one region of a country to another ex. Rural to urban
Intraregional migration:
Movement within one region
3 largest flows of migrants
Asia to europe
Asia to NAm
Latin Am to NAm
3 main eras of immigration in US
Colonial settlement
Mass european immigration
Asian and LA immigration
2 groups of people that moved during colonial settlement
Europeans voluntary went to colonies; African Americans were forced to be slaves in the new world
Who came during Mass European Settlement?
Irish and germans came due to political push and pull factors. When some countries reached stage 2 (Industrial rev.) pop started to grow and many came for better job oppurtunities
FACT
Immigration started predominantly European then transferred to be mostly Asian and Latin American
Mobility:
Most generalized term that refers to all types of movement
Circulation
Short term repetitve acts of mobility
Net Migration:
Difference between number if immigrants and emmigrants
Where do most migrants go?
CA, FL, NY AND TX
Most of recent migration is from where
Asia and latin america
Population Center:
Average location of everyone in the country (center of pop gravity)
1790 hugging the coast
Colonial settlement on coast so they cud trade with Europe by ship
Couldnt cross App. Mtns
Indians resisted expansion on other side of mtns.
1800-1840 crossing the appalachians
Built canals and crossed mtns and cut down trees to build houses etc. many bought cheap land by rivers
1850-1890 rushing to the gold
Pop center went west to CA for gold rush, they crossed the great plains but decided wasnt good farming land
What did they call the great plains?
Great American Desert
1900-1940 filling in the great plains
Filled in GP and made new equipment for farming; Built railroads to ship goods to east coast
1950-2010 moving south
Pop center moved W and S. People went south for warm climate and job oppurtunites
Is pop center still moving
It has slowed bc job prospects are about the same in all regions
Where did the Soviet govt want to put factories in russia
Closer to raw materials in the north not by the pop
Where is russia populated
West by Europe
What kind of migration did the soviet encourage towards people to move up north closer to factories
Interregional migration
What was trail of tears
When 5 indian tribes were forced to move west bc of Indian Removal Act to open up land
What is the canada migration pattern and what areas are they headed for
E to W headed towards Alberta, British Columbia, and saskatchewan
What is chinas migration pattern?
From chinas interior toward urban areas by the coast for jobs
Fact
Brazil is like china with farming interior and most pop on coast
Why do most people move from rural to urban areas
For work or economic reasons
Why do people move from urban to suburb areas
For bigger houses, safer schools more space not usually for work
Counterurbanization
Migration from urban to rural
Push factor:
Induces people to move out of their present location
Pull factor:
Induces people to move into a new location
3 types of push and pull factors
Economic, political, environmental
Political push factor ex.
Slavery
3 groups of forced political migrants
Refugee, internally displacsd person (IDP), asylum seeker
Refugee:
forced to migrate to another country to avoid effects of armed conflict, violent situations due to race, religion, nationality etc.
IDP:
Forced to migrate for similar reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border
Asylum seeker:
Someone whos migrated to another country in hope of being recognized as a refugee
Environmental pull factors
Attractice environments: mtns seasides warm climates
Environmental push factors:
Too much or too little water, drought areas
Floodplain:
Area subject to flooding during a specific # of yesrs on a river, based on historical trends
Economic push factor:
Few jobs
FACT
Refugees get special priority in admission to other countries and some people may only get to mgrate temporarily
FACT
Many immigrants come to europe to take jobs that are low paid but higher paid than at home
Guest worker program:
Immigrants were allowed to immigrate temporarily for work
What is with southwest asia’s working conditioms?
They produce oil down there and have very bad working conditions and workers rights
Intervening obstacle:
An environmental/ political feature that hinders migration
Environmental intervening obstacle:
Long and expensive journey to migrate
Political intervening obstacle:
Needing a passport and visa to immigrate to a new country
2 reasons most visas are granted
Special employment and family reunification
Quotas:
Max limits on number of people who could immigrate to US during one year period
There is now a global quota with a max quota for each country
True dat^
Family reunification:
Reunite family who were partly already in USA; if spouse was already in USA, there is a 5 year wait to join them
3 preferences for visa applications
Family reunification, skilled workers, diversity
Brain Drain:
Large scale emmigration of talented people
Chain migration:
Migration of people yona specific location bc relatives or member of same nationality already migrated there
Unauthorized Immigrants:
Those who immigrate without proper docs.
Characteristics of unauthorized immigrants
Many from mexico, many give birth to us citizen in usa, many are staying for long periods, many have undesirable jobs
What border does mexico have with guatemala
Mex wants stronger security on guatamalan border but they want sympathy towards imms on US border
What are common characteristic of long distance immigrants?
Males, adult individuals rather than families with kids
Why do males more likely to migrate
Bc men are more likely to b employed
FACT
Recently more women have been migrating unauthorized bc roles of women have been changing so they can now go to US for work or to find family
Immigration concens in USA
Want better border patrol, and work related programs for unauth. Immigrants, and they oppose raids on immigrants that would violate their human rights
Do americans want local govt to be involved in finding unauthorized immigants?
No they think it is a federal govt problem
What term is used for unauthorized immigrants by those who advocate for more rights for them?
Undocumented immigrant
What term is used by people who want tougher rules for immigrant laws
Illegal alien
What are states doing about unauthorized immigrants
Some like AL are making them carry legal docs and be able to show them at all times, and some like TX are advocating for more rights for unauthorized immigrants
Immigration concerns in Europe
They fear immigrants are a threat to cultural traditions and that they raise crime rates and unemployment
How was Europe a big emmigrant?
In 19th they emmigrate to colonies and planted seeds all throughout world in other countries spreading their customs ex. Christianity
