Unit 333333 OMG I can't remember Flashcards
what is an Enzymes (shape design)
A macromolecule made out of amino acids that acts as a catalyst for biochemical reactions. (PROTEINS in Tertiary shapes)
Have an active site
CAN preform synthesis or digestion
What is an active site
The region that specifically interacts with the substrates. Each active site is specific to substrates due to the amino acid sequence
CAN have charges
Activation Energy
The initial energy required t hat all biological reactions need in order to start. ENzymes can lower this
Some release and some absorb energy
Denaturing
Changes in the 3d shape of the enzyme
Temperature and pH can lead to denature
irreversible and the catalytic ability is lost or decreased
Optimal Temp: Inc temp causes inc in reactions to a certain extent bc enzyme substrate collisions are higher. When to low, enzyme sub are slow
PH: High and low pH it will denature: bc hydrogen bonds
Competitive inhibitors
Molecules that can bind irreversibly or reversibly to the active site to prohibit substrates from going in
Noncompetitive inhibitors
allosteric sites binds to them and causes shape change to the active site
2nd thermodynamic system
Every energy transfer increases the disorder of the universe,
Living cells are not at equilibrium, There is a constant flow of material in n out
Energy transfer always results in some lost of energy such as heat being lost
This returns in a disorderly system -> things arent organized anymore since u r losing it to the environment
Photosynthesis:
The process that captures energy from the sun to produce sugars.
Responsible for the early productions of oxygen in the atmosphere
Light reaction & Electron Transport Chain
Dark Cycle
Light dependent reaction
LIGHT absorbed from pigments
The light excited electrions causing them to move through the photosystems and proton pumps through carriers such as
NADPH
Once in pho 1 it absorbs energy and excited the electrons once again. Picked up by NAD+ becoming NADPH WHEN PICKING UP ELECTRONS to the Calvin cycle
WATER IS SPLIT UP BY THE LIGHT TO REPLENISH THESE ELECTRONS AND TO OXYGEN AND PROTONS
AS THey PASS THROUGH PROTON PUMPS, THEY LEAVE ENERYG THUS CREATING A CONC GRAD
ATP SYNTHASE: Membrane enzyme
Powered by chemiosmosis, as the protons flow back out, ATP is created which is used to power the dark cycle
OXIDIZED VS REDUCED
OX: Lose
RE: Gain
Calvin Cycle (DARK REACTION)
A complex series of reactions that creates half of a glucose: G3P
STROMA!!!
NADPH TO NADP+ provides electrons that help reduce the Co2
CO2 COMES IN IS IS CHANGES Through CO2 Fixation, CO2 reduction and regeneration of RUBP GLUCOSEish
ATP -> ADP
Cellular Respiration (Aerobic with oxygen)
Glycolysis (Cytosol)
Creb Cycle (Matrix)
ETC (Inner mito membrane)
Glycolysis
Glucose gets broken down into two pyruvates. Glucose is oxidized and loses electrons and picked up by NAD+
TWO ATP generated & NADH (carries electrons) ARE GENERATED
Kreb Cycle
Pyruvate enters the mitochondria where it is further oxidized into coa acetyl through a link reaction.
Then A lot of specific enzymes break down acetyl coa creating nadh FADH and ATP.
the electrons are once again picked up by NAD+ to form NADH. & FAD to form FADH2
ATP is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
TWO ATP generated and CO2 is wasted
THE NADH AND FADH head to the electron transport chain
ETC (Cellular Res)
A series of protein channels embedded in the inner mitochondria membrane
The electrons carried by the carriers are passed along through proton complexes that increase in electronegativity,
this actively pumps h+ ions into the intermembrane space creating a gradient
At the end, Oxygen comes in and accepts the electrons (FINAL) Also accepting protons resulting in water which our body absorbs
ATP synthase facilitates the movement of the H+ which creates ATP in a process called oxidative phosphorylation:
