Unit 1 test and stuff pls save me or I'ma die rn ): Flashcards
Ions/Ionic Bond
An atom that has a charge
An atom that gives or receives an electron
Covalent Bonds
Sharing of electrons on the valence shell,
Cation and Anion
Cat: +
Anion: -
Compounds & Mixture
COM: Multiple elements
Mix: Physical blend of two or more substances
Atom
The building blocks that make up elements
Water Bonding
water molecule is a Polar, (covalent bond). It has an eletronegative oxygen that keeps the electrons closer to it. Which gives oxygen a slightly negative charge and hydrogen has slightly positive charge. This creates a water molecule and they bond to other molecules through hydrogen bonds, O- to H+
Polar
Molecules have unequal sharing of electrons
Electronegativity
The tendency of a atom in a covalent bond to attract electrons
Adhesion & Cohesion
Ad: Water molecules sticking to other substances
Coh: Water Bonding to each other
Surface Tension
Cohesion allows for surface Tension because molecules on the surface are pulled in inward which acts like a thin film that resists external force
The property that allows water to resist external forces
Solvent:
Water is a solvent because of its polarity that allows it to attract and dissolve other polar substances, the different water molecules can surround and seperate ions
Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic
Phobic: Non polar, scared of water
Philic: Water loving, Polar
Organic vs Inorganic molecules
Organic has carbon skeleton and is only in living things. Organic molecules are typically larger and inorganic r smaller
Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acid
Lipids
Diverse molecules that do not mix well with water. Provides energy, makes up cell membranes, acts as hormones.
They are not that big
all are hydrophobic,
Ester Link
Proteins
- Structural support that provides strength to cells
- Carry out Enzymes that speed up biochemical reactions
- Transport and store important molecules throughout the body
Made from amino acids. Have complex shapes
Nucleic Acid
Stores genetic information and acts as gene functions
made up of nucleotides: Phosphate, base, and sugar
Phosphate sugar backbone: Sugar, hydroxyl (3 prime) and phosphate group (5 prime) connecting.
Bases are like A T stuff liek that
Phosphodiester Bond
Carbohydrate Structures
Stores energy and provides structural support
Either in rings or straight lines
CHO 121
monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccaharide
Glycosidic bonds
Lipids Structures
Not that big,
Have no polymers
have little oxygen
Have fatty acid chains
3 types of structures: Phospholipids, triglycerides, steroids
Phospholipids: Have phosphate head (negative charges and polar bonds which makes it hydrophilic) and two fatty tails. The tails are long hydrocarbon chains (non polar and hydrophobic)
Triglycerides: Classic E shape. glycerol plus + fatty acids.
Steroids: Hydrophobic, do not have fatty acids. just has 4 simple rings.
CHO
Carboxyl Group
Cabonyl Group + hydroxyl (Hydrogen & Oxygen)
has non ionized and ionized forms.
Ionized lose the hydrogen
Carbonyl: carbon double bonded to oxygen
Amino Acid Structures
Amino Group: Nitrogen boned with two hydrogens
R Group: The side Chain that determines the nature of amino acids (phobic or philic
Carobyl Group: Cabonyl + Hydroxyl
Center C:
Protein stage?
Primary: Amino Acids joining together foming polypeptide chains. Which are held by pepide bonds
Secondary: Folding happening; held by h bonding
Teritiary: More folding (3 d shape)
- Philic hang outside
-Phobic hang inside
-Blob
Quaternary: Protein consisting of one or more polypeptide chain
A lot of tertiary blobs
Base pairs
Adenine Thymine
Guanine Cytosine
Adenine Uracil (RNA)
ALL BONDED THROUGH HYDROGEN BONDS
Dehydration Reaction
Removing a water molecule to combine two large molecules
Metabolism
The process that changes food into energy
Replication
The process of a cell replicating itself
Hydrolysis
Chemical breakdowns when water molecules are added. This is further initiated by enzymes
Early Earth
When earth was first formed, it was very hostile. It was super hot. While it was bombarded by meteors.
- did not contain much oxygen
- Had water vapor
-
Primordial Soup Model
which proposes that life on Earth originated in a warm, shallow ocean where simple organic molecules, like amino acids, accumulated from the atmosphere and combined to form the building blocks of life, essentially creating a “soup” from which early life forms could emerge
The model which proposes that gasses in the early atmospheres of earth created organic molecules when exposed to energy sources from lightning.
Basic unit of life on earth
A cell
Replication
Organic Molecules
Molecules that are carbon based which bond to hydrogens
The Miller Urey Experiment
An experiment that tried to create early Earth by creating a atmosphere with gasses they thought were present. They it over liquid. Used sparks of electricity to mimic lightning
RESULT: 15% of carbon from methane formed into carbon compounds. Organic compounds like amino acids formed
Theories:
Organic Molecules could have arrived from outer space. Meteors brought organic molecules to earth.
It could have also formed in deep sea vents
First cells on earth
Prokaryotic Cells or protcells.
Droplets that contained membranes. (Kinda like bubbles)
RNA world hypothesis
RNA was the first genetic material
RNA acts like a catalysis through ribozymes. Allows for replication
Rna can store genetic information
Was able to mutate frequently thus forming many traits or functions which DNA later stored.
Eventually they evolved and formed many functions because it frequently mutates. Eventually DNA came along and due to it being more stable.
Metabolism World hypothesis
Suggests that life did not begin with the formation of RNA. instead it claims that some forms of metabolism mustve come first before macromolecules. Basically it suggests that living systems were simple metabolic networks, which provided the energy and materials to give the rise to more complex structures.
Endosymbiotic Theory
Explains how prokaryotes evolved into eukaryotes. The theory layout: Many prokaryotes had a lot of different functions. Some could carry make their own food using sunlight, others were larger and could consume other bacteria. However instead of the bacteria getting digested, they remained intact forming a symbiotic relationship. Overtime the bacteria digested would merge with the bigger cells, which is how the mitochondria and chloroplast formed.
Saturated Fat vs Unsaturated fats
Sat:
Solid at room temp
All carbon atoms are bonded to hydrogen atoms
Mostly animal products
can raise cholesterol levels
un:
liquid at room tem
Has a double bond between carbon atoms
Healthier
Amino Group
Nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen
Phosphate Group
Phosphate attached to carbon skeleton
DNA VS RNA
DNA:
Double stranded
deoxyribose
stores information
uses thymine
stable
Both:
Has sugar and phosphate backbone
uses AGC
RNA:
single strand
Ribose
uses uracil
does not usually last long
unstable, mutates often
