Unit 1 test and stuff pls save me or I'ma die rn ):

Question 1

Ions/Ionic Bond

Answer 1

An atom that has a charge
An atom that gives or receives an electron

Question 2

Covalent Bonds

Answer 2

Sharing of electrons on the valence shell,

Question 3

Cation and Anion

Answer 3

Cat: +
Anion: -

Question 4

Compounds & Mixture

Answer 4

COM: Multiple elements
Mix: Physical blend of two or more substances

Question 5

Atom

Answer 5

The building blocks that make up elements

Question 6

Water Bonding

Answer 6

water molecule is a Polar, (covalent bond). It has an eletronegative oxygen that keeps the electrons closer to it. Which gives oxygen a slightly negative charge and hydrogen has slightly positive charge. This creates a water molecule and they bond to other molecules through hydrogen bonds, O- to H+

Question 7

Polar

Answer 7

Molecules have unequal sharing of electrons

Question 8

Electronegativity

Answer 8

The tendency of a atom in a covalent bond to attract electrons

Question 9

Adhesion & Cohesion

Answer 9

Ad: Water molecules sticking to other substances
Coh: Water Bonding to each other

Question 10

Surface Tension

Answer 10

Cohesion allows for surface Tension because molecules on the surface are pulled in inward which acts like a thin film that resists external force
The property that allows water to resist external forces

Question 11

Solvent:

Answer 11

Water is a solvent because of its polarity that allows it to attract and dissolve other polar substances, the different water molecules can surround and seperate ions

Question 12

Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic

Answer 12

Phobic: Non polar, scared of water
Philic: Water loving, Polar

Question 13

Organic vs Inorganic molecules

Answer 13

Organic has carbon skeleton and is only in living things. Organic molecules are typically larger and inorganic r smaller

Question 14

Macromolecules

Answer 14

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acid

Question 15

Lipids

Answer 15

Diverse molecules that do not mix well with water. Provides energy, makes up cell membranes, acts as hormones.
They are not that big
all are hydrophobic,
Ester Link

Question 16

Proteins

Answer 16

• Structural support that provides strength to cells
• Carry out Enzymes that speed up biochemical reactions
• Transport and store important molecules throughout the body
  Made from amino acids. Have complex shapes

Question 17

Nucleic Acid

Answer 17

Stores genetic information and acts as gene functions
made up of nucleotides: Phosphate, base, and sugar
Phosphate sugar backbone: Sugar, hydroxyl (3 prime) and phosphate group (5 prime) connecting.
Bases are like A T stuff liek that
Phosphodiester Bond

Question 18

Carbohydrate Structures

Answer 18

Stores energy and provides structural support
Either in rings or straight lines
CHO 121
monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccaharide
Glycosidic bonds

Question 19

Lipids Structures

Answer 19

Not that big,
Have no polymers
have little oxygen
Have fatty acid chains
3 types of structures: Phospholipids, triglycerides, steroids
Phospholipids: Have phosphate head (negative charges and polar bonds which makes it hydrophilic) and two fatty tails. The tails are long hydrocarbon chains (non polar and hydrophobic)
Triglycerides: Classic E shape. glycerol plus + fatty acids.
Steroids: Hydrophobic, do not have fatty acids. just has 4 simple rings.
CHO

Question 20

Carboxyl Group

Answer 20

Cabonyl Group + hydroxyl (Hydrogen & Oxygen)
has non ionized and ionized forms.
Ionized lose the hydrogen
Carbonyl: carbon double bonded to oxygen

Question 21

Amino Acid Structures

Answer 21

Amino Group: Nitrogen boned with two hydrogens
R Group: The side Chain that determines the nature of amino acids (phobic or philic
Carobyl Group: Cabonyl + Hydroxyl
Center C:

Question 22

Protein stage?

Answer 22

Primary: Amino Acids joining together foming polypeptide chains. Which are held by pepide bonds
Secondary: Folding happening; held by h bonding
Teritiary: More folding (3 d shape)
- Philic hang outside
-Phobic hang inside
-Blob
Quaternary: Protein consisting of one or more polypeptide chain
A lot of tertiary blobs

Question 23

Base pairs

Answer 23

Adenine Thymine
Guanine Cytosine
Adenine Uracil (RNA)
ALL BONDED THROUGH HYDROGEN BONDS

Question 24

Dehydration Reaction

Answer 24

Removing a water molecule to combine two large molecules

Question 25

Metabolism

Answer 25

The process that changes food into energy

Question 26

Replication

Answer 26

The process of a cell replicating itself

Question 27

Hydrolysis

Answer 27

Chemical breakdowns when water molecules are added. This is further initiated by enzymes

Question 28

Early Earth

Answer 28

When earth was first formed, it was very hostile. It was super hot. While it was bombarded by meteors.
- did not contain much oxygen
- Had water vapor
-

Question 29

Primordial Soup Model

Answer 29

which proposes that life on Earth originated in a warm, shallow ocean where simple organic molecules, like amino acids, accumulated from the atmosphere and combined to form the building blocks of life, essentially creating a “soup” from which early life forms could emerge
The model which proposes that gasses in the early atmospheres of earth created organic molecules when exposed to energy sources from lightning.

Question 30

Basic unit of life on earth

Answer 30

A cell
Replication

Question 31

Organic Molecules

Answer 31

Molecules that are carbon based which bond to hydrogens

Question 32

The Miller Urey Experiment

Answer 32

An experiment that tried to create early Earth by creating a atmosphere with gasses they thought were present. They it over liquid. Used sparks of electricity to mimic lightning
RESULT: 15% of carbon from methane formed into carbon compounds. Organic compounds like amino acids formed

Question 33

Theories:

Answer 33

Organic Molecules could have arrived from outer space. Meteors brought organic molecules to earth.
It could have also formed in deep sea vents

Question 34

First cells on earth

Answer 34

Prokaryotic Cells or protcells.
Droplets that contained membranes. (Kinda like bubbles)

Question 35

RNA world hypothesis

Answer 35

RNA was the first genetic material
RNA acts like a catalysis through ribozymes. Allows for replication
Rna can store genetic information
Was able to mutate frequently thus forming many traits or functions which DNA later stored.

Eventually they evolved and formed many functions because it frequently mutates. Eventually DNA came along and due to it being more stable.

Question 36

Metabolism World hypothesis

Answer 36

Suggests that life did not begin with the formation of RNA. instead it claims that some forms of metabolism mustve come first before macromolecules. Basically it suggests that living systems were simple metabolic networks, which provided the energy and materials to give the rise to more complex structures.

Question 37

Endosymbiotic Theory

Answer 37

Explains how prokaryotes evolved into eukaryotes. The theory layout: Many prokaryotes had a lot of different functions. Some could carry make their own food using sunlight, others were larger and could consume other bacteria. However instead of the bacteria getting digested, they remained intact forming a symbiotic relationship. Overtime the bacteria digested would merge with the bigger cells, which is how the mitochondria and chloroplast formed.

Question 38

Saturated Fat vs Unsaturated fats

Answer 38

Sat:
Solid at room temp
All carbon atoms are bonded to hydrogen atoms
Mostly animal products
can raise cholesterol levels
un:
liquid at room tem
Has a double bond between carbon atoms
Healthier

Question 39

Amino Group

Answer 39

Nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen

Question 40

Phosphate Group

Answer 40

Phosphate attached to carbon skeleton

Question 41

DNA VS RNA

Answer 41

DNA:
Double stranded
deoxyribose
stores information
uses thymine
stable
Both:
Has sugar and phosphate backbone
uses AGC
RNA:
single strand
Ribose
uses uracil
does not usually last long
unstable, mutates often