UNIT 2 TEST ABT THE STUFF

Question 1

Nucleus

Answer 1

• Contains the cells genetic coding/material
• Controls the cells activity
• In charge of reproduction

Question 2

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 2

synthesizes Lipids stores and transports them and carbz
Detoxification
Metabolizies carbohydrates
Helps material get around (rough)
CAN SHIP ITEMS TO GOLGI APPARATUS

Question 3

Ribosomes

Answer 3

Ribosomal RNA:
Made up of RNA and proteins,
Helps cells make proteins it needs to function

Question 4

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 4

Ribosomes that are attached to the Er
makes proteins that can be used inside or outside the cell
Transport of proteins
- Network of tubules and sacks

Question 5

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 5

Packs up proteins & lipids to be shipped out
Creates vesicles through budding, a process where it pinches off parts of its membrane
- have sacks called cisternae
- kinda forms lysomes

Question 6

Vesicles

Answer 6

Small membrane bound sacks that store and transport cellular material.

Question 7

Mitochondria

Answer 7

The powerhouse of the cell
double membrane
Creates ATP through cellular respiration
- has an outer and inner membrane
- The inner membrane has folds called cristae where ATP production happens
- The different compartments provide different metabolic reactions
- captures energy from csrbo

Question 8

Chloroplast

Answer 8

Used for photosynthesis in plants cells
Contains Chlorophyll
Makes sugar
Double membraned
Has an outer and inner with an intermembrane space
Stroma (Aqueous solution) is found inside the intermembrane
Calvin Cycle (a stage in photosynthesis which glucose occurs) occurs in the stroma
Thylakoids, membrane sacs suspended in the stroma

Question 9

Lysomes

Answer 9

Clean things up or break things up
Kills bacteria and foreign objects
Small organelle contains enzymes which catalyzes reactions
BREAKS DOWN SUBSTANCES

Question 10

Flagella

Answer 10

Tails used for movement

Question 11

Cilia

Answer 11

Hair projections on the outer surface of the cell

Question 12

Centrioles

Answer 12

Cylindrical structures hat play a key role in cell division
Have spindle fibers & microtubules
pulls apart chromosomes

Question 13

Cell Wall

Answer 13

The rigid layer outside of plants cells. It lies outside the cell membrane and it isn’t flexible
Maintains the cells integrity
Made up of cellulose

Question 14

Cytoplasm

Answer 14

Fluids that hold everything together
- acts as a buffer for organelles, protecting them from damage
- Suspends the organelles, and allows for their movement

Question 15

Cytosol

Answer 15

The fluid in cytoplasm

Question 16

Cytoskeleton

Answer 16

Meant for structure and support
Protein fibers that hold everything together.
Has microtubules and microfilaments

Question 17

Cell Membrane

Answer 17

Controls what goes in and out of the cell
A phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the cell.
maintains homeostasis

Question 18

Vacuole

Answer 18

Stores material
WAREHOUSE
- can also remove waste
-membrane bound sac
- In plants, the central vacuole stores water helping keep the plant’s internal fluid balance

Question 19

what can pass through the cell membrane

Answer 19

Small-Nonpolar molecules such as nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide can go pass freely

Question 20

what cant pass through the cell membrane

Answer 20

LARGE,
POLAR
IONS
THESE NEED THE HELP OF PROTEINS

Question 21

water?

Answer 21

Yes it is small but it is polar so it will stick to the hydrophilic heads thus it needs to help of aquaporins
if it does pass through, the hydrophobic tails will repel water.

Question 22

Aquaporins

Answer 22

channel proteins specifically designed for water molecules to pass through

Question 23

Cell Size

Answer 23

Cells need to maintain a small surface area bc it needs to maintain a small V. If it has too big of a V it will be harder to transport stuff from one region of the cell to the other
& the bigger the cell the more nutrients it would need

Question 24

Glycoproteins & Glycolipids

Answer 24

Proteins & Lipids attached to the cell membrane
- glycoproteins help with cell recognition
- basically distinguishes self from non self and which can help recognize harmful proteins
- Signals and identifies

Question 25

Transport Protein

Answer 25

specialized proteins embedded into the cell membrane that facilitates the molecules, usually polar and big, in and out of the cell.

Question 26

Simple Diffusion

Answer 26

A form of passive where non polar small molecules move from high to low concentration through the cell membrane

Question 27

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 27

Small polar molecules moving from high to low with the help of transport proteins

Question 28

Active Transport

Answer 28

Molecules moving from low to high which requires energy

Question 29

Endo/Exocytosis

Answer 29

Moving large molecules inside and outside the cell by packaging them in vesicles

Question 30

Osmosis

Answer 30

The movement of water from low solute to high solute

Question 31

Channel Proteins

Answer 31

Channels throughout the cell membrane that allow for specific molecules to pass through

Question 32

Carrier Proteins

Answer 32

Proteins that bind to molecules, changing shape to shuttle them across the cell membrane

Question 33

Hypertonic

Answer 33

Low solute inside more solute outside. Water moves out bc their was less water outside

Question 34

Hypotonic

Answer 34

Low solute outside and high solute inside, Water moves in bc there is less water inside

Question 35

Water Potential

Answer 35

Water’s potential energy or tendency to move from areas of high concentration to low concentration through osmosis

Question 36

Isotonic

Answer 36

One that has equal solute outside and in
There is an equal rate of water going in and out

Question 36

Secondary vs Primary Active Trasnport

Answer 36

Primary is achieved by using ATP
Secondary is achieved by using stored up energy in the concentration gradient of another substance

Question 37

Cotransport

Answer 37

A coupled movement of one molecule down its concentration gradient with a second molecule going against its concentration gradient

Question 37

Homeostasis

Answer 37

the process where a cell tries to maintain a relative stable internal and external environment

Question 38

Symport & Antiport

Answer 38

Sym: Moving in the same direction
Antiport: Moving in opposite direction

Question 38

Compartmentalization

Answer 38

Eukaryotes compartmentalize their internal processes in membrane bound organelles
- Allows for specialization of functions
- Cells have membrane bounded organelles which compartmentalize the cell by creating a microenvironment within a cell where each organelle can have all the advantages It needs to preform.
- MINIMIZES COMPETING INTERACTIONS
- EX: LYSOMES NEED AN ACIDIC ENVIRONMENT TO FUNCTION, THUS THE INSIDE OF IT ISN ACIDIC WHILE NOT AFFECTING EVERYTHING ELSE

Question 38

endosymbiotic theory

Answer 38

A theory on how eukaryotic cells formed
- It basically states that a large cell engulfed a smaller cell and the smaller cell became a endosymbiont, a cell living in another cell.
- These smaller cells were capable of producing extra energy which was advantageous for the cell.
- The cells eventually merged and became an eukaryotic cell

Question 39

How do organelles capture and store energy

Answer 39

In chloroplast there are thylakoids and stroma.
- Membranes containing chlorophyll can easily absorb light which photosynthesis needs
- Calvin Cycle

Question 40

Membrane folding

Answer 40

A form of compartmentalization where folding the inner membranes would INC SA and not increases volume by much. MORE SA accommodates the electron transport chain.

Question 41

Electron Transport Chain

Answer 41

is the final stage of cellular respiration, where most of the ATP is produced. It occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane and uses high-energy electrons,

Question 42

Cellular respiration

Answer 42

Breaks down sugar into ATP