UNIT 2 TEST ABT THE STUFF Flashcards
Nucleus
- Contains the cells genetic coding/material
- Controls the cells activity
- In charge of reproduction
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
synthesizes Lipids stores and transports them and carbz
Detoxification
Metabolizies carbohydrates
Helps material get around (rough)
CAN SHIP ITEMS TO GOLGI APPARATUS
Ribosomes
Ribosomal RNA:
Made up of RNA and proteins,
Helps cells make proteins it needs to function
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes that are attached to the Er
makes proteins that can be used inside or outside the cell
Transport of proteins
- Network of tubules and sacks
Golgi Apparatus
Packs up proteins & lipids to be shipped out
Creates vesicles through budding, a process where it pinches off parts of its membrane
- have sacks called cisternae
- kinda forms lysomes
Vesicles
Small membrane bound sacks that store and transport cellular material.
Mitochondria
The powerhouse of the cell
double membrane
Creates ATP through cellular respiration
- has an outer and inner membrane
- The inner membrane has folds called cristae where ATP production happens
- The different compartments provide different metabolic reactions
- captures energy from csrbo
Chloroplast
Used for photosynthesis in plants cells
Contains Chlorophyll
Makes sugar
Double membraned
Has an outer and inner with an intermembrane space
Stroma (Aqueous solution) is found inside the intermembrane
Calvin Cycle (a stage in photosynthesis which glucose occurs) occurs in the stroma
Thylakoids, membrane sacs suspended in the stroma
Lysomes
Clean things up or break things up
Kills bacteria and foreign objects
Small organelle contains enzymes which catalyzes reactions
BREAKS DOWN SUBSTANCES
Flagella
Tails used for movement
Cilia
Hair projections on the outer surface of the cell
Centrioles
Cylindrical structures hat play a key role in cell division
Have spindle fibers & microtubules
pulls apart chromosomes
Cell Wall
The rigid layer outside of plants cells. It lies outside the cell membrane and it isn’t flexible
Maintains the cells integrity
Made up of cellulose
Cytoplasm
Fluids that hold everything together
- acts as a buffer for organelles, protecting them from damage
- Suspends the organelles, and allows for their movement
Cytosol
The fluid in cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
Meant for structure and support
Protein fibers that hold everything together.
Has microtubules and microfilaments
Cell Membrane
Controls what goes in and out of the cell
A phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the cell.
maintains homeostasis
Vacuole
Stores material
WAREHOUSE
- can also remove waste
-membrane bound sac
- In plants, the central vacuole stores water helping keep the plant’s internal fluid balance
what can pass through the cell membrane
Small-Nonpolar molecules such as nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide can go pass freely
what cant pass through the cell membrane
LARGE,
POLAR
IONS
THESE NEED THE HELP OF PROTEINS
water?
Yes it is small but it is polar so it will stick to the hydrophilic heads thus it needs to help of aquaporins
if it does pass through, the hydrophobic tails will repel water.
Aquaporins
channel proteins specifically designed for water molecules to pass through
Cell Size
Cells need to maintain a small surface area bc it needs to maintain a small V. If it has too big of a V it will be harder to transport stuff from one region of the cell to the other
& the bigger the cell the more nutrients it would need
Glycoproteins & Glycolipids
Proteins & Lipids attached to the cell membrane
- glycoproteins help with cell recognition
- basically distinguishes self from non self and which can help recognize harmful proteins
- Signals and identifies
Transport Protein
specialized proteins embedded into the cell membrane that facilitates the molecules, usually polar and big, in and out of the cell.
Simple Diffusion
A form of passive where non polar small molecules move from high to low concentration through the cell membrane
Facilitated diffusion
Small polar molecules moving from high to low with the help of transport proteins
Active Transport
Molecules moving from low to high which requires energy
Endo/Exocytosis
Moving large molecules inside and outside the cell by packaging them in vesicles
Osmosis
The movement of water from low solute to high solute
Channel Proteins
Channels throughout the cell membrane that allow for specific molecules to pass through
Carrier Proteins
Proteins that bind to molecules, changing shape to shuttle them across the cell membrane
Hypertonic
Low solute inside more solute outside. Water moves out bc their was less water outside
Hypotonic
Low solute outside and high solute inside, Water moves in bc there is less water inside
Water Potential
Water’s potential energy or tendency to move from areas of high concentration to low concentration through osmosis
Isotonic
One that has equal solute outside and in
There is an equal rate of water going in and out
Secondary vs Primary Active Trasnport
Primary is achieved by using ATP
Secondary is achieved by using stored up energy in the concentration gradient of another substance
Cotransport
A coupled movement of one molecule down its concentration gradient with a second molecule going against its concentration gradient
Homeostasis
the process where a cell tries to maintain a relative stable internal and external environment
Symport & Antiport
Sym: Moving in the same direction
Antiport: Moving in opposite direction
Compartmentalization
Eukaryotes compartmentalize their internal processes in membrane bound organelles
- Allows for specialization of functions
- Cells have membrane bounded organelles which compartmentalize the cell by creating a microenvironment within a cell where each organelle can have all the advantages It needs to preform.
- MINIMIZES COMPETING INTERACTIONS
- EX: LYSOMES NEED AN ACIDIC ENVIRONMENT TO FUNCTION, THUS THE INSIDE OF IT ISN ACIDIC WHILE NOT AFFECTING EVERYTHING ELSE
endosymbiotic theory
A theory on how eukaryotic cells formed
- It basically states that a large cell engulfed a smaller cell and the smaller cell became a endosymbiont, a cell living in another cell.
- These smaller cells were capable of producing extra energy which was advantageous for the cell.
- The cells eventually merged and became an eukaryotic cell
How do organelles capture and store energy
In chloroplast there are thylakoids and stroma.
- Membranes containing chlorophyll can easily absorb light which photosynthesis needs
- Calvin Cycle
Membrane folding
A form of compartmentalization where folding the inner membranes would INC SA and not increases volume by much. MORE SA accommodates the electron transport chain.
Electron Transport Chain
is the final stage of cellular respiration, where most of the ATP is produced. It occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane and uses high-energy electrons,
Cellular respiration
Breaks down sugar into ATP
