Final REmembering myself for centuries!

Question 1

Purpose of cell communication

Answer 1

-Cells can communicate to coordinate process like growth, development and other stuff

Question 2

Direct Contact

Answer 2

Cells communicate directly next to each other

Question 3

Paracrine signaling

Answer 3

Local signaling between nearby cells

Question 4

Endocrine Signaling

Answer 4

Long-distance communication via hormones (e.g., insulin in blood sugar regulation).

Question 5

Autocrine Signaling:

Answer 5

Cells signaling themselves

Question 6

Reception

Answer 6

Cell receptor detector and ligand bind together
- Specific chemical

Question 7

Transduction

Answer 7

The signal is relayed through a series of steps (e.g., phosphorylation cascades).
Where the signal is transmitted to the inside of a cell and the signal can pass from protein to protein
Causes a signal cascade that amplifies the signal. Helps turn on of off response

Question 8

Response

Answer 8

The cell produces a specific response (e.g., activating a gene or enzyme).

Question 9

Ligand gated ion channels

Answer 9

In the plasma membrane open or close an ion channel upon binding a particular ligand.
-allows diffusion

Question 10

Catalytic Receptors (enzyme linked)

Answer 10

Cell surface receptors that bind to ligands. This causes the start of activity

Question 11

G protein linked receptor

Answer 11

Binds to different versions of a G-Protein (NOT AN ENZYME) often GTP or GDP. This causes activation of secondary message within the cell.

Question 12

Changes in transduction pathway?

Answer 12

Can cause changes to gene expression and cell function, may cause apoptosis if bad mutations occur.

Question 13

Neg feedback

Answer 13

Product reduced the reactant

Question 14

Positive feedback

Answer 14

product furthers the reactant

Question 15

Cell communication in plants

Answer 15

Plants don’t have nervous systems but they can generate signals by

• Response to environment: affects photosynthesis, respiration, flowering, healing

Question 16

Interphase

Answer 16

G(0): Cells just hang out until they get a signal to renter the normal cell cycle
G(1): The cell grows
S: DNA gets replicated
G(2): Cell continues to grow

Question 17

Regulation during cell cycle

Answer 17

A cell regulates itself to make sure that their are no mutations as we do not want to grow a mutated cell.
G(1): check for DNA damage and growth factors
g(2): ensures that all DNA is replicated and cell size
Meta: Chromosomes are attached to spindle fibers

Question 18

Cycling and CDK

Answer 18

Cyclines are proteins that bind to CDK to activate them
CDK are enzymes that (Kinases) that phosphorylate proteins to activate or deactivate them
Different combos of CDK and cyclines produce different actions at different points in the cell cycle
Tumor suppressor genes: Proteins that prevent the conversion of cells into cancer cells. They can detect damage and can work with CDK and cyclines.

Question 19

Mitosis:

Answer 19

PMAT:
Prophase: The cell prepares to divide, Nucleus disappears. Chromosomes become chromatins. Chromatins forms coils and thickens. Centrioles start to spins out spindle fibers and attach to chromosomes.
Metaphase: Chromosomes line up,
Anaphase: Chromosomes get ripped apart and go to opposite poles.
Telophase: Nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes and the nucleoli reappears
Cytokinesis: The division step, the two cells are ready to divide, Split the cytoplasm.
Interphase: Daughter cells stay in interphase

The production of daughter cells that r identical copies of the parent cell. maintains the proper number of chromosomes from generation to generation. Allows for division and growth.