Final REmembering myself for centuries! Flashcards
Purpose of cell communication
-Cells can communicate to coordinate process like growth, development and other stuff
Direct Contact
Cells communicate directly next to each other
Paracrine signaling
Local signaling between nearby cells
Endocrine Signaling
Long-distance communication via hormones (e.g., insulin in blood sugar regulation).
Autocrine Signaling:
Cells signaling themselves
Reception
Cell receptor detector and ligand bind together
- Specific chemical
Transduction
The signal is relayed through a series of steps (e.g., phosphorylation cascades).
Where the signal is transmitted to the inside of a cell and the signal can pass from protein to protein
Causes a signal cascade that amplifies the signal. Helps turn on of off response
Response
The cell produces a specific response (e.g., activating a gene or enzyme).
Ligand gated ion channels
In the plasma membrane open or close an ion channel upon binding a particular ligand.
-allows diffusion
Catalytic Receptors (enzyme linked)
Cell surface receptors that bind to ligands. This causes the start of activity
G protein linked receptor
Binds to different versions of a G-Protein (NOT AN ENZYME) often GTP or GDP. This causes activation of secondary message within the cell.
Changes in transduction pathway?
Can cause changes to gene expression and cell function, may cause apoptosis if bad mutations occur.
Neg feedback
Product reduced the reactant
Positive feedback
product furthers the reactant
Cell communication in plants
Plants don’t have nervous systems but they can generate signals by
- Response to environment: affects photosynthesis, respiration, flowering, healing
Interphase
G(0): Cells just hang out until they get a signal to renter the normal cell cycle
G(1): The cell grows
S: DNA gets replicated
G(2): Cell continues to grow
Regulation during cell cycle
A cell regulates itself to make sure that their are no mutations as we do not want to grow a mutated cell.
G(1): check for DNA damage and growth factors
g(2): ensures that all DNA is replicated and cell size
Meta: Chromosomes are attached to spindle fibers
Cycling and CDK
Cyclines are proteins that bind to CDK to activate them
CDK are enzymes that (Kinases) that phosphorylate proteins to activate or deactivate them
Different combos of CDK and cyclines produce different actions at different points in the cell cycle
Tumor suppressor genes: Proteins that prevent the conversion of cells into cancer cells. They can detect damage and can work with CDK and cyclines.
Mitosis:
PMAT:
Prophase: The cell prepares to divide, Nucleus disappears. Chromosomes become chromatins. Chromatins forms coils and thickens. Centrioles start to spins out spindle fibers and attach to chromosomes.
Metaphase: Chromosomes line up,
Anaphase: Chromosomes get ripped apart and go to opposite poles.
Telophase: Nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes and the nucleoli reappears
Cytokinesis: The division step, the two cells are ready to divide, Split the cytoplasm.
Interphase: Daughter cells stay in interphase
The production of daughter cells that r identical copies of the parent cell. maintains the proper number of chromosomes from generation to generation. Allows for division and growth.
