Unit 3.1 Flashcards by Haru Haru

It is the scientific study of how human thinks, feel, and behave.

Psychology

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Psychology is the ________ of how human ______, _____, and _______.

scientific study
thinks, feel, and behave

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What are the four goals of psychology?

Describe
Explain
Predict
Modify

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_______ – “of relating to, being, or involving conscious intellectual activity”

Cognitive

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Cognitive - “of relating to, being, or involving ____________”

conscious intellectual activity

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A Swiss clinical psychologist who pioneered the Theory of Cognitive Development.

Jean Piaget

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Jean Piaget is a ____________ who pioneered the Theory of _____________.

Swiss clinical psychologist
Theory of Cognitive Development

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It deals with the nature of knowledge itself; and how humans gradually come to acquire and use it

Theory of Cognitive Development

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Theory of Cognitive Development deals with the _________ itself; and how humans gradually come to acquire and use it

nature of knowledge

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For Piaget, _________ is a progressive reorganization of ________ resulting from _________ and __________

cognitive development
mental processes
biological maturation
environmental experience

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Basic components of Piaget’s cognitive development

Schemas
Adaptation
Stages of Cognitive Development

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Mental organizations used to understand the environment

Schemas

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Schemas is _______ used to understand the ________

mental organizations
environment

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a child’s process in encountering situational conditions

Adaptation

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Adaptation is a child’s process in encountering _________

situational conditions

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focused on the growing expertise of child’s thought process

Stages of cognitive development

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Stages of cognitive development is focused on the _______ of child’s _________

growing expertise
thought process

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It is the process of getting new information that is already active in our schemas.

Assimilation

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This operation is somewhat subjective for the reason we tend to change information and experiences that could fit in with our pre-existing beliefs.

Assimilation

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Assimilation is the process of getting new information that is already ___________. This operation is somewhat ________ for the reason we tend to change information and experiences that could fit in with our __________.

active in our schemas
subjective
pre-existing beliefs

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It is a procedure known as a part of adaptation involves that altering or changing the existing schemas, as a result of a new experiences and information.

Accommodation

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During this process, a new schema might be developed.

Accommodation

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Accommodation is a procedure known as a part of ________ involves that altering or changing the _________, as a result of a _____ experiences and information.

In accommodation, during this process, a ______ might be developed.

adaptation
existing schemas
new

new schema

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Assimilation is incorporated into an ________ schema

Existing

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Accommodation is a modification of a _____ schema

Prior

He believed that it is essential to maintain a balance between assimilation [previous knowledge] and accommodation [new knowledge]. It helps to explain how the children can move from one stage to another.

Jean Piaget

Piaget believed that ________ is essential to maintain a balance between assimilation [previous knowledge] and accommodation [new knowledge].

Equilibration

It helps to explain how the children can move from one stage to another.

Equilibration

Equilibration is essential to maintain a _______ between assimilation [previous knowledge] and accommodation [new knowledge]. It helps to explain how the children can move from one stage to another.

balance

_____________ • Knowledge is through _____ (tasting, seeing, smelling, touching, hearing) • _________ develops between to 4-9 months Age:

Sensorimotor senses Object permanence 0-2

__________ • ________ and __________ develop • Can do mentally what one could only do physically • Conservation of shape, number, liquid not yet possible Age:

Preoperational Verbal and egocentric thinking 2-5

__________ • Conservation of shape, number, liquid are now possible • _______ and _______ develop, but are limited to Age:

Concrete Operational Logic and reasoning 6-11

___________ • ________ – principles and ideals develop • _________ is now possible (no longer just trial and error) • Ability to think about and reflect upon one’s thinking (_____) • ________ Age:

Formal operational Abstract reasoning Systematic problem solving (metacognition) Scientific reasoning 12 and up

___________ The ability to realize that objects still exist when they are not being _____

Object permanence sensed

Believing that inanimate objects are alive

Animistic thinking

_________ Not being capable of seeing things from another person's _______

Egocentrism perspective

Recognition that when some properties (such as shape) of an object change, other properties (such as volume) remain constant

Conservation

Elaborated on the emergence of self-concept and asserted that the wide developmental changes is observed across: early childhood, later childhood, adolescence, emerging adults

Dr. Susan Harter

Dr. Susan Harter Elaborated on the emergence of ______ and asserted that the wide _________ is observed across: ________, ________, ______ and _______

self-concept developmental changes • early childhood, later childhood, adolescence, emerging adults

Two important concepts of self. By _______

Self esteem Self concept Dr. Susan Harter

Also known as self-worth which refers to the individual’s overall acceptance of self.

Self-esteem

Involves the degree of self success

Self - esteem

Self esteem known as _______ which refers to the individual’s overall ________. Involves the degree of _________.

self-worth acceptance of self self success

Individual perception of self that remains comparatively consistent and steady overtime, context and developmental stages

Self concept

Self concept is the __________ of self that remains comparatively consistent and steady overtime, context and developmental stages

individual perception

Development of self concept according to _________

Dr. Susan Harter Early Childhood Middle to Later Childhood Adolescence Emerging adults

Child describe the self in terms of concrete and observable characteristics

Early childhood

Self is described in terms of trait-like constructs (e.g. shy, behaved, timid)

Middle to Later Childhood

Emergence of more abstract self-definitions, such as inner thoughts, emotions, attitudes, & motives

Adolescence

Having a vision of “possible self”.

Emerging adults

In early childhood, the child describe the self in terms of _____ and ________.

concrete and observable characteristics

In middle to later childhood, self is described in terms of ________ (e.g. shy, behaved, timid)

trait-like constructs

In adolescence, it is the emergence of more abstract _________, such as inner thoughts, emotions, attitudes, & motives

self-definitions

Emerging adults have a vision of “________”.

possible self

An American psychologist who was one of the founders of humanistic approach to psychology.

Carl Rogers

He asserted that all behavior is motivated by self actualizing tendencies and these drive you to reach your potential.

Carl Rogers

Carl Rogers is an American psychologist who was one of the founders of _________ approach to psychology.

humanistic

Carl Rogers asserted that all behavior is motivated by __________ and these drive you to reach your potential.

Self actualizing tendencies

Emphasized the active role of the individual in shaping their internal and external worlds

Humanistic

Humanistic emphasized the ______ of the individual in ________ their internal and external worlds

active role shaping

A person is an active, creative, experiencing being who lives in the present and has a basic instinct to succeed at his highest capacity

Actualizing Tendency

Actualizing tendency is when a person is an active, creative, experiencing being who lives in the _______ and has a basic instinct to succeed at his highest capacity

present

-Actualizing Tendency-

Need for maintenance Need for enhancement

________ includes such basic needs as food, air, and safety; but it also includes the tendency to _________ and to seek the ________.

Need for Maintenance resist change status quo

People’s willingness to learn things that are not immediately rewarding

Need for enhancement

are expressed in a variety of forms, including curiosity, playfulness, self-exploration, friendship, and confidence

Need for enhancement

___________ Animals and plants have an inherent tendency to grow toward reaching their _______- provided ________ are present.

Need for enhancement genetic potential certain conditions

What are the two subsystems of self?

Self concept Ideal self

All those aspects of one’s being and one’s experiences that are perceived in awareness (though not always accurately) by the individual.

Self concept

One’s view of self as one wishes to be.

Ideal self

A wide gap between the ideal self and the self-concept indicates _______ and an _________

incongruence unhealthy personality

Conditions to achieve Actualizing Tendency

Congruence Unconditional positive regard Emphathy