Unit 3 (Week 11 Genetic Technologies and Genomics) Flashcards
What is hemophilia A and why does it happen?
A blood clotting disorder that is inherited as an X-linked recessive trait.
What protein is in hemophilia A which is needed in a pathway required for normal blood clotting?
Factor VIII
How is factor VIII made if it is not made from humans?
Purified factor VIII is made by cells grown in a laboratory. They are genetically modified to synthesize factor VIII in large amounts.
What do you call the use of laboratory techniques to bring together fragments of DNA from multiple sources?
Recombinant DNA technology
What was some first successes in making recombinant DNA molecules?
In the early 1970s, independent groups at Stanford University: David Jackson, Robert Symons, and Paul Berg and another group, Peter Lobban and A. Dale Kaiser.
Both groups were able to isolate and purify pieces of DNA in a test tube and then covalently link two or more DNA fragments. Once inside a host cell, the recombinant molecules were replicated to produce many identical copies.
What is the process of making multiple copies of a particular gene?
Gene cloning
The use of laboratory techniques to isolate and manipulate fragments of DNA is known as _____ DNA technology.
Recombinant
The introduction of recombinant DNA molecules into living cells where the molecules are replicated to produce many identical copies is a process known as ______.
Multiple choice question.
stem cell therapy
gene cloning
DNA sequencing
complementation
gene cloning
The molecular analysis of the entire genome of a species is defined as _______.
Genomics
A goal of gene __________ is to gather many copies of a gene of interest in order to study DNA directly or to use the DNA as a tool.
Cloning
What is a good example as to why someone was to clone genes?
For example, geneticists may want to determine the sequence of a gene from a person with a disease to see if the gene carries a mutation.
Why would researchers want to clone genes to gather large amount of gene product like a protein?
For example, biochemists use gene cloning to obtain large amounts of proteins to study their structure and function. In recent years, gene cloning has provided the foundation for critical technical advances in a variety of disciplines, including molecular biology, genetics, cell biology, biochemistry, and medicine.
What is one way to carry out gene cloning that consists of making a carrier of the DNA segment that is to be cloned? This may carry a small segment of chromosomal DNA, perhaps only a single gene.
A vector or Vector DNA
By comparison, a chromosome carries a few thousand genes.
Where were vectors used in gene cloning originally derived from in two natural sources?
Plasmids and Viruses
What are small, circular pieces of DNA that are found naturally in many strains of bacteria and exist independently of the bacterial chromosome?
Plasmids.
Commercially available plasmids have been genetically engineered for effective use in cloning experiments. They contain unique sites into which geneticists can easily insert pieces of chromosomal DNA.
What is derived from viruses, which can infect living cells and propagate themselves by taking control of the host cell’s metabolic machinery?
When a chromosomal gene is inserted into a ______ _______, the gene is replicated whenever the ______ DNA is replicated. Therefore, viruses can be used as vectors to carry other pieces of DNA.
Viral Vectors; viral
What are some separation techniques used in gene cloning?
Chromatography and centrifugation.
In the second step of gene cloning, what must you do next in the experiment?
Insertion of the gene of interest into the vector.
This step creates the recombinant vector.
What is a restriction enzyme?
An enzyme that recognizes a particular DNA sequence and cleaves the DNA backbone at two sites.
Who discovered the restriction enzymes which were found to be made naturally by many different species of bacteria as protection mechanism against invading viruses by degrading the viral DNA into small fragments?
Werner Arber, Hamilton Smith, and Daniel Nathans in the 1960s and 1970s.
Several hundred different restriction enzymes from various bacterial species have been identified and are commercially available to molecular biologists.
What, in gene cloning experiments, can bind to a specific base sequence and then cleave the DNA backbone at two defined locations, one in each strand?
Restriction enzymes
How does restriction enzymes digest DNA?
Into fragments with single-stranded ends (termed “sticky” ends) that hydrogen-bond to other DNA fragments that are cut with the same enzyme and thus have complimentary sequences.
What is the process called when vector DNA and chromosomal DNA pieces are hydrogen-bonded together at complimentary bases to form a recombinant vector?
Annealing
What must be completed after annealing to stabilize the vector and create a permanent connection?
The sugar-phosphate backbones of DNA strands must be covalently linked, or LIGATED.
This linkage is catalyzed by DNA ligase which fills the gaps in the backbone.