Unit 1 (Chapter 4, Part 2) Flashcards
What types of interactions create intricate cell structures and also facilitate processes in which proteins interact in a consistent series of steps?
Protein-protein interactions
What are the four factors of cell structure and cell function?
Matter, energy, organization, and information
What are the two categories of all forms of life that they can be placed in?
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
What refers to a cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and cell compartmentalization; includes the cells from all members of the domains Bacteria and Archaea?
Prokaryotic cells
Termed from Greek pro and karyon, meaning before a kernel.
A reference to the kernel-like appearance of what would later be named the cell nucleus.
What is the biological membrane that separates the internal contents of a cell from its external environment?
Plasma membrane (some bacterial structures are located outside of this membrane
This is a double layer of phospholipids and embedded proteins.
What is the region of the cell contained by the plasma membrane?
Cytoplasm
Where is genetic material contained in a prokaryotic cell?
The nucleoid (not to be confused with eukaryotic nucleus) and this is not membrane-bound.
What is the structure composed of proteins and rRNA that is the site where translation of mRNAs and synthesis of polypeptides occurs?
Ribosome
What is a relatively rigid, porous structure located outside the plasma membrane of prokaryotic, plant, fungal, and certain protist cells; provides support and protection.
Cell wall (commonly proteins and carbohydrates)
This cell wall is important in plant structure.
What is an outer viscous covering surrounding a bacterium that traps water and helps protect the bacterium from drying out? ALSO another definition: What is a carbohydrate-rich zone on the surface of animal cells; also called a cell coat?
Glycocalyx (outer gelatinous covering)
How do certain strains of bacterium, when invading animals’ bodies, avoid being destroyed by an animal’s immune system or may aid in the attachment of cell surfaces?
A capsule.
This is a very thick, gelatinous glycocalyx.
How do prokaryotic cells attach to surfaces and to each other (conjugation)?
Pili (these are long strands attached to the glycocalyx)
What are the relatively long cell appendages that facilitate cellular movement or the movement of extracellular fluids?
Flagella or singular, flagellum.
This is also called MOTILITY.
(End of prokaryotic cells) What is a member of the domain Eukarya?
Eukaryotes. (From Greek, meaning true nucleus)
The distinguishing feature of eukaryotes is cell compartmentalization, including a cell nucleus; eukaryotes include protists, fungi, plants, and animals.
What are types of protists?
Paramecia and algae
What are types of fungi? (2)
Yeasts and molds.
What is a subcellular structure or membrane-bound compartment with its own unique structure and function?
Organelles
What is a characteristic of eukaryotic cells, in which many membrane-bound organelles separate the cell into different regions?
Compartmentalization
Cellular compartmentalization allows a cell to carry out specialized chemical reactions in different places.
What varies considerably between different species, and different cell types of the same species?
Their shape, size, and organization known as morphology.
Much like the structure of skin cells and neurons… same genome and same types of organelles, their morphologies are quite different.
[Looking Ahead] How does alternative splicing affect protein structure and function?
Alternative splicing produces proteins with slightly different structures, because they have certain regions that have different amino acid sequences. The functions of such proteins are often similar, but specialized for the cell type in which they are expressed.
