Unit 3 Topic 9 Lesson 2 Diet & the Heart

Question 1

Horace Fletcher

Answer 1

the great masticator - chew food to pulp

Question 2

Kellog

Answer 2

founded kellog company - against meat

Question 3

Salisbury

Answer 3

humans eat meat, animals eat grain

Question 4

longevity

Answer 4

calorie restriction proves longevity

Question 5

Ansel Keys 1904-2004

Question 6

Gofman

Answer 6

saw that chlesterol carried in bloodstream by lipoprotein, which was linked with heart disease

Question 7

lipid hypothesis

Answer 7

The notion that heart disease is linked to cholesterol levels in the blood which is linked to the amount of saturated fat in the diet

Question 8

calories and heart disease

Answer 8

% calories from fat correlated with blood colesterol however calories consumed of fat and heart disease - correlation does not equal causation

Question 9

Crete & Mediterranean diet

Answer 9

ate high fat, and low heart disease, Keys recommended this diet
-Mediterranean diet

Question 10

Criticism to Keys

Answer 10

populations that dont fit curve:

• Kenyan eat a lot of meat and drink milk, high cholesterol and have low heart disease
• Inuit
• Australian high rate of heart disease, low cholesterol, low animal fat intake- low HDL and their LDL is of the ‘small particle type’

Question 11

outliers to curve

Answer 11

he used 6 of 22 countries used and curve wouldve been scatterplot

Question 12

John Yudkin

Answer 12

percent calories from fat only? looked at sugar intake, which also paralleled heart disease, Keys said this was just because sugar means high fat diet

Question 13

St Helena & yudkin studies

Answer 13

low fat diet, high sugar intake

-heart attack patients ate twice as much sugar than controls

Question 14

Robert Lustig

Answer 14

idea says that today we consume lot of sugar and monumental factor which leads to heart disease. but we are also eating a lot of fat

Question 15

coronary heart disease is leading cause of death

Answer 15

build up of plaque in arteries and blood clot can form leading to heart attacks

Question 16

risk factors of heart disease

Answer 16

low birth weight, hypertension in males, inactivity, obesity, smoking, diabetes, stress (diff to define), microbes (some affect heart and some enter thru mouth)

Question 17

homocysteine

Answer 17

formed in body with methionine (amino acid)

• break down by B vitamins to various metabolites
• risk factor for heart disease (triggered heart disease in rabbits)

Question 18

Heart Outcomes Project Evaluation (HOPE)

Answer 18

homocysteine reduced by 25% in study but showed no benefit for heart attack prevention, aka no causation

Question 19

high triglycerides

Answer 19

“fat in the blood”

Question 20

cholesterol

Answer 20

white powder, steroid, made up of 4 rings of carbon atoms

• essential biochemical, could not live without it
• part of all cell membranes but not a vitamin
• liver can produce 800 mg / day and thats all we need
• found only in foods of animal origin

Question 21

why are we concerned about cholesterol?

Answer 21

because high levels in blood have shown to be a risk factor for heart disease, not proven causation, but also found in plaque that builds up in the artery

Question 22

epidemiological studies

Answer 22

keys study, familial hypercholesterolemia and strongly associated with heart disease
-today more than half of all heart attack victims don’t have high colesterol

Question 23

Framingham, MA

Answer 23

study in 1948

• risk of heart attack increased as blood cholesterol increased for white males btw ages in 30-39
• in men & women over 50 total cholesterol is not risk factor for coronary heart disease at all
• no sig info btw dietary fat and heart disease

Question 24

anatomy of heart

Answer 24

coronary heart looks like heart and needs oxygen

Question 25

Korean war deaths where soldiers had blockage

Answer 25

young men evaluated 77% had signs of atheroscerosis - cholesterol details

Question 26

cholesterol details

Answer 26

needed by every cell in body but not soluble by water, packaged and carried by lipoproteins

Question 27

lipoproteins

Answer 27

defined by density
LDL
HDL

Question 28

HDL vs LDL

Answer 28

high density lipoprotein (big) is good and low density lipoprotein is bad
-size matters, same total count of LDL but it is distribution of small vs large particles that make a diff, smaller ones are more problematic

Question 29

LDL receptors

Answer 29

molecules on surface of cell where cholesterol can attach (like a loading dock) HDL pick it up and transfer back to liver

Question 30

NMR profile test

Answer 30

advanced cardiovascular diagnostic blood test that uses nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to uniquely provide rapid, simultaneous and direct measurement of LDL particle number and size of LDL particles
-atherosclerotic culprit is lDL particle numbers, not LDL cholesterol

Question 31

determination of bursting plaque

Answer 31

bursting causes extra blood which causes clot - inflammation bodies response to injury or irritation,

Question 32

high sensitivity C-reactive protein

Answer 32

when level is higher than 2mg/L, risk of heart attack