Unit 3 Topic 9 Lesson 1 Diet & Cancer

Question 1

causes of cancer

Answer 1

diet & obesity - 35%

-most frequent among human race where carnivorous diet prevails

Question 2

other causes

Answer 2

tobacco - 30%
infections 15-20%
radiation 5-10%
pollution 3-5%
alcohol/sex 3-5%
genetics 5-10%

Question 3

genetics and cancer

Answer 3

correlation in breast cancer, but genetic component is not as easy to pease out

Question 4

twin studies

Answer 4

environmental and heritable factors - 45000 pairs 10000 cancers occurred some showed heritable factors
stomach cancer - environmental was shared 10% and non-shared 62%, heritable was 28%
cervical cancer - environmental was high and heritable was low.
absolute risk was higher in identical

Question 5

cancer trends in US

Answer 5

overall general cancer rate is same, except cancer in children is increasing a little bit

Question 6

trends globally

Answer 6

environmental situations, combination of genetics

Question 7

how many cases can be prevented

Answer 7

30-40% can be prevented per year

Question 8

how?

Answer 8

• five or more servings of fruit a day lowered the risk of prostate cancer by 50% and another study shows no significant correlation
• overall: eating fruits and vegetables is beneficial

Question 9

how?

Answer 9

• five or more servings of fruit a day lowered the risk of prostate cancer by 50% and another study shows no significant correlation
• overall: eating fruits and vegetables is beneficial

Question 10

betel nuts

Answer 10

chew and contain compounds that initiate cancer of the mouth

Question 11

obesity and cancer

Answer 11

esophogus, colon, rectum, breast, etc linked to being overweight

Question 12

alcohol and cancer

Answer 12

mouth, larynx, esophagus, liver, and breast (even small amount of alcohol leads to small increase in breast cancer)

Question 13

associations and data

Answer 13

never prove cause and effect

ex. japan meat intake goes up in parallel with colorectal cancer- go further into depth not necessarily a causation

Question 14

meat and cancer

Answer 14

cooked at high temp can cause (heterocylicamines and benzopyrene known to be carcinogenic)
-harvard study shows 9% death s in men and 7.6% deaths in women could be prevented with less reed meat in diet

Question 15

studies in literature

Answer 15

cohort studies, case-control studies, ‘in vitro’ studies, ‘in vivo’ studies, intervention trials

Question 16

4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal

Answer 16

forms when polyunsaturated fats are heated

Question 17

4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal

Answer 17

forms when polyunsaturated fats are heated

-linked with heart disease, stroke, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, liver problems, cancer

Question 18

4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal

Answer 18

forms when polyunsaturated fats are heated

-linked with heart disease, stroke, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, liver problems, cancer

Question 19

carcinogens

Answer 19

substance that causes some sort of cancer in some animal at some dose (not necessarily humans)
percival pot surgeon
-chimney sweeps carcinoma soot accumulation linked to cancer of the scrotum

Question 20

acrylamide

Answer 20

small molecule - present in food - forms naturally when heated to high temperature
dark tunnel in sweden, workers used this so water wouldn’t seep in, got into water table and cows got sick

Question 21

acrylamide

Answer 21

small molecule - present in food - forms naturally when heated to high temperature -chemical reaction btw glucose and asparagine
dark tunnel in sweden, workers used this so water wouldn’t seep in, got into water table and cows got sick

Question 22

prop 65 in CA

Answer 22

any substance known to cause any cancer in animals must be told

Question 23

4-methyllimidazole

Answer 23

carcinogen, increase in some cancers, decrease in mammary gland cancer

Question 24

risk

Answer 24

hazard x exposure x sensitivity

-dose is important in prevention as well

Question 25

free radical

Answer 25

any species capable of independent existence that contains one or more unpaired electrons, try to steal electrons from other molecules and the other will start to fall apart

Question 26

antioxidants

Answer 26

can donate electrons and neutralize free radicals and become stable free radicals

Question 27

EGCG

Answer 27

antioxidant shown to counter effect of carcinogens in animals, found in tea

Question 28

Reserveratrol

Answer 28

found in grapes, polyphenol with anti-cancerous properties

Question 29

purple tomato

Answer 29

gene from snapdragon flower inserted into tomato to produce more anthocyanins
-also found in berries, plums, etc.

Question 30

isoflavone

Answer 30

genistein-an in soybeans, linked with reduction in breastcancer when consumed early in life

Question 31

breast cancers

Answer 31

estrogen driven, sustained and driven by estrogen, cell ready to be tumor by estrogen by estrogen receptors - isoflavones can prevent because prevent estrogen from entering cell

Question 32

flaxseeds

Answer 32

antioxidant and anticancer properties , lignans

Question 33

prostate cancer

Answer 33

also hormone driven

• lycopene red pigment from tomato consumption
• human intervention study showed that tumors became smaller
• cohort study showed those eating tomatoes had 35% reduction in prostate cancer risk

Question 34

prostate cancer

Answer 34

also hormone driven

• lycopene red pigment from tomato consumption
• human intervention study showed that tumors became smaller
• cohort study showed those eating tomatoes had 35% reduction in prostate cancer risk

Question 35

allicin

Answer 35

brought out when garlic is chopped or cooked, studies shown reduced stomach cancer

Question 36

curcumin

Answer 36

lower incidence of alziemers or cancer because less cases in India where it exists in curry

Question 37

broccoli

Answer 37

compound called glucoraphanin which produces sulforaphane when chewed or cooked
-induces formation of phase-2 enzymes which tie up potential toxic materials and flushing from body

Question 38

broccosprouts

Answer 38

broccosprouts has 50x sulforaphane than adult broccoli

Question 39

cabbage

Answer 39

has indole-3-carbinol also anti carcinogen

Question 40

brassica chemoprevention

Answer 40

-in vitro study where sulforaphane was added to culturd human cancer cells and demonstrated protection against cancer