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CHEM > UNIT 3: The Chemistry of Engineering Materials > Flashcards

UNIT 3: The Chemistry of Engineering Materials Flashcards

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1
Q

A solid whose atoms are arranged in a “highly ordered” repeating pattern.

A

Crystal

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2
Q

Defined to be repeating, regular array of atoms

A

Crystals

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3
Q

position of atoms

A

Lattice Point

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4
Q

fundamental repeating unit of a crystal

A

Basis (atoms)

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5
Q

Two parts treated separately for crystals

A

Basis and Lattice point (Lattice point + basis)

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6
Q

refer to the repeating pattern of crystals

A

crystal systems

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7
Q

simplest repeating arrangement of group of atoms in a crystal

A

unit cell

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8
Q

properties between those of a conventional liquid and those of a solid crystal

A

Liquid Crystals (Soft Crystals)

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9
Q

Characteristics of liquid crystals

A
  • lack of long range order of atoms
  • intermediate state between solid and liquid state (semi-solid)
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10
Q

liquid crystals phase changes

A

Smectic
Nematic
Cholesteric

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11
Q

liquid crystals phase changes where molecules are parallel and in layers

A

Smectic

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12
Q

liquid crystals phase changes where molecules are parallel but NOT properly layered

A

Nematic

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13
Q

liquid crystals phase changes where molecules are in helical layers

A

Cholesteric

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14
Q

A theory that accounts for bond strength, color, magnetic properties, and electrostatic interactions

A

Crystal Field Theory

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15
Q

4 factors involved in the Crystal Field Theory

A

Bond strength
Color
Magnetic properties
Electrostatic interactions

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16
Q

Branch of science that deals with the geometric description of crystals & their internal arrangements

A

Crystallography

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17
Q

He is known for the conception of Bravais lattices and formed the foundation of the field of crystallography

A

Auguste Bravais

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18
Q

He proposed to explain sharp angles and flat planes (facets) of naturally occurring crystals

A

Auguste Bravais

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19
Q

Auguste Bravais proposed that there are only _ types of crystals, embodying __ distinct symmetries?

A

7, 14

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20
Q

pertains to the directionality of properties associated with the variance of atomic or ionic spacing with crystallographic direction

A

Anisotropy

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21
Q

involves the different arrangement of crystal particles among different directions

A

Anisotropy

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22
Q

smallest unit of volume that permits identical cells to be stacked together to fill all space

A

unit cell

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23
Q

Two types of crystalline structure

A

Single and Polycrystalline

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24
Q

it is how atoms, ion, or molecules are arranged spatially

A

Crystalline Structure

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25
Q

Properties of crystalline structures

A
  • highly defined and repeatable arrangements of molecular chains
  • sharp melting points
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26
Q

Example of Crystallines

A

Diamond
Table Salt
ice
Sugar

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27
Q

Types of solid structures

A

Crystalline
Amorphous (Non-crystalline)

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28
Q

type of crystalline where the periodic arrangement of atoms is perfect or extends throughout

A

Single Crystals

29
Q

type of crystalline where all unit cells interlock in the same way and have the same orientation

A

Single Crystals

30
Q

Example of natural single crystals

A

quartz
gemstones

31
Q

Example of synthetic single crystals

A

Silicon
Gallium arsenide

32
Q

type of crystalline composed of a collection of small crystals or grains, which have random orientations

A

Polycrystals

33
Q

Materials that have no periodic arrangement

A

Non-Crystallines (Amorphous)

34
Q

It can result from rapidly cooling of a liquid material to a solid state

A

Non-Crystallines (Amorphous)

35
Q

Non-crystalline ceramics tend to be optically ____ while crystalline materials tend to be ___

A

transparent, opaque/translucent

36
Q

They don’t have any long range order, but have varying degrees of short range order of atoms

A

Non-Crystalline (Amorphous)

37
Q

Example of amorphous solids

A

Amorphous silicon
Plastics
Glasses

38
Q

Basic Building block of the crystal structure

A

Unit Cell

39
Q

crystal structure with only one lattice at each corner of the unit cell

A

Simple Cubic Crystal

40
Q

Crystal structure where atoms are arranged at the corners and cube centers and cube face of the cell.

A

Face-Centered Cubic Crystals

41
Q

Crystal strucutre of a Diamond

A

Face-Centered Cubic

42
Q

Metals with FCC Structure

A

Aluminum
Copper
Nickel
Gamma iron
Gold
Silver

43
Q

Materials that have atoms with no periodic arrangement, and can result if it has complex structures

A

Non-Crystalline Materials

44
Q

has atoms at each corner of the cube plus one atom in the center of the cube, where atoms touch each other along tube diagonals

A

Body-Centered Cubic Crystal

45
Q

Types of Crystalline Solids in terms of bonding

A

Ionic Crystals
Molecular Crystals
Network Crystals (Covalent)
Metallic Crystals

46
Q

Consists of alternating positively-charged cations and negatively-charged anions

A

Ionic Crystals

47
Q

Characteristics of Ionic Crystals

A

Hard and Brittle
High Melting Points

48
Q

consist of metal cations surrounded by a sea of mobile valence electrons (delocalized electrons), which are capable of moving around the crystals

A

Metallic Crystals

49
Q

consists of atoms which are covalently bonded to its nearest neighbor atoms

A

Covalent Network Crystals

50
Q

crystals consist of molecules at the lattice points of the crystal, held by weak intermolecular forces

A

Molecular Crystals

51
Q

Characteristics of Molecular Crystals

A

Weak IMF
Low Melting and Boiling Points
Poor Electrical Conductors

52
Q

What is the number of lattice in a cubic crystal system?

A

3

53
Q

What is the number of lattice in a tetragonal crystal system?

A

2

54
Q

What is the number of lattice in a orthorhombic crystal system?

A

4

55
Q

What is the number of lattice in a monoclinic crystal system?

A

2

56
Q

Number of lattices in a Triclinic system

A

1

57
Q

Number of Lattice in a Trigonal system

A

1

58
Q

Number of lattices in a Hexagonal system

A

1

59
Q

In this structure, atoms are in repeating or periodic array over large atomic distances

A

crystalline

60
Q

They exist in nature, but they can also be produced artificially.

A

Single Crystals

61
Q

most inorganic solids are ___, including all common metals, many ceramics, rocks, and ice.

A

Polycrystallines

62
Q

Type of Unit Cells

A
  • Simple-Cubic
  • Body-Centered
  • Face-Centered
63
Q

Example of Metals with Body-Centered Crystal Structure

A
  • alpha iron
  • tungsten
  • chromium
  • beta titanium
64
Q

Ionic crystals form from a combination of:

A
  • Group 1/2 metals
  • Group 16/17 nonmetals
65
Q

Examples of ionic Crystals

A

Alkali Halides

66
Q

In a metal, these atoms do not belong to any one atom, but are capable of moving through the entire crystal.

A

Delocalized Electrons

67
Q

Characteristics of Covalent network crystals

A
  • Hard and Brittle
  • High Melting and Boiling Point
  • not conductors of electricity
68
Q

Examples of Molecular Crystals

A
  • ice
  • solid forms of noble gases

CHEM (6 decks)

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