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CHEM > UNIT 3: The Chemistry of Engineering Materials > Flashcards

UNIT 3: The Chemistry of Engineering Materials Flashcards

1
Q

A solid whose atoms are arranged in a “highly ordered” repeating pattern.

A

Crystal

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2
Q

Defined to be repeating, regular array of atoms

A

Crystals

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3
Q

position of atoms

A

Lattice Point

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4
Q

fundamental repeating unit of a crystal

A

Basis (atoms)

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5
Q

Two parts treated separately for crystals

A

Basis and Lattice point (Lattice point + basis)

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6
Q

refer to the repeating pattern of crystals

A

crystal systems

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7
Q

simplest repeating arrangement of group of atoms in a crystal

A

unit cell

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8
Q

properties between those of a conventional liquid and those of a solid crystal

A

Liquid Crystals (Soft Crystals)

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9
Q

Characteristics of liquid crystals

A
  • lack of long range order of atoms
  • intermediate state between solid and liquid state (semi-solid)
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10
Q

liquid crystals phase changes

A

Smectic
Nematic
Cholesteric

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11
Q

liquid crystals phase changes where molecules are parallel and in layers

A

Smectic

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12
Q

liquid crystals phase changes where molecules are parallel but NOT properly layered

A

Nematic

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13
Q

liquid crystals phase changes where molecules are in helical layers

A

Cholesteric

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14
Q

A theory that accounts for bond strength, color, magnetic properties, and electrostatic interactions

A

Crystal Field Theory

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15
Q

4 factors involved in the Crystal Field Theory

A

Bond strength
Color
Magnetic properties
Electrostatic interactions

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16
Q

Branch of science that deals with the geometric description of crystals & their internal arrangements

A

Crystallography

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17
Q

He is known for the conception of Bravais lattices and formed the foundation of the field of crystallography

A

Auguste Bravais

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18
Q

He proposed to explain sharp angles and flat planes (facets) of naturally occurring crystals

A

Auguste Bravais

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19
Q

Auguste Bravais proposed that there are only _ types of crystals, embodying __ distinct symmetries?

A

7, 14

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20
Q

pertains to the directionality of properties associated with the variance of atomic or ionic spacing with crystallographic direction

A

Anisotropy

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21
Q

involves the different arrangement of crystal particles among different directions

A

Anisotropy

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22
Q

smallest unit of volume that permits identical cells to be stacked together to fill all space

A

unit cell

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23
Q

Two types of crystalline structure

A

Single and Polycrystalline

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24
Q

it is how atoms, ion, or molecules are arranged spatially

A

Crystalline Structure

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25
Properties of crystalline structures
- highly defined and repeatable arrangements of molecular chains - sharp melting points
26
Example of Crystallines
Diamond Table Salt ice Sugar
27
Types of solid structures
Crystalline Amorphous (Non-crystalline)
28
type of crystalline where the periodic arrangement of atoms is perfect or extends throughout
Single Crystals
29
type of crystalline where all unit cells interlock in the same way and have the same orientation
Single Crystals
30
Example of natural single crystals
quartz gemstones
31
Example of synthetic single crystals
Silicon Gallium arsenide
32
type of crystalline composed of a collection of small crystals or grains, which have random orientations
Polycrystals
33
Materials that have no periodic arrangement
Non-Crystallines (Amorphous)
34
It can result from rapidly cooling of a liquid material to a solid state
Non-Crystallines (Amorphous)
35
Non-crystalline ceramics tend to be optically ____ while crystalline materials tend to be ___
transparent, opaque/translucent
36
They don't have any long range order, but have varying degrees of short range order of atoms
Non-Crystalline (Amorphous)
37
Example of amorphous solids
Amorphous silicon Plastics Glasses
38
Basic Building block of the crystal structure
Unit Cell
39
crystal structure with only one lattice at each corner of the unit cell
Simple Cubic Crystal
40
Crystal structure where atoms are arranged at the corners and cube centers and cube face of the cell.
Face-Centered Cubic Crystals
41
Crystal strucutre of a Diamond
Face-Centered Cubic
42
Metals with FCC Structure
Aluminum Copper Nickel Gamma iron Gold Silver
43
Materials that have atoms with no periodic arrangement, and can result if it has complex structures
Non-Crystalline Materials
44
has atoms at each corner of the cube plus one atom in the center of the cube, where atoms touch each other along tube diagonals
Body-Centered Cubic Crystal
45
Types of Crystalline Solids in terms of bonding
Ionic Crystals Molecular Crystals Network Crystals (Covalent) Metallic Crystals
46
Consists of alternating positively-charged cations and negatively-charged anions
Ionic Crystals
47
Characteristics of Ionic Crystals
Hard and Brittle High Melting Points
48
consist of metal cations surrounded by a sea of mobile valence electrons (delocalized electrons), which are capable of moving around the crystals
Metallic Crystals
49
consists of atoms which are covalently bonded to its nearest neighbor atoms
Covalent Network Crystals
50
crystals consist of molecules at the lattice points of the crystal, held by weak intermolecular forces
Molecular Crystals
51
Characteristics of Molecular Crystals
Weak IMF Low Melting and Boiling Points Poor Electrical Conductors
52
What is the number of lattice in a cubic crystal system?
3
53
What is the number of lattice in a tetragonal crystal system?
2
54
What is the number of lattice in a orthorhombic crystal system?
4
55
What is the number of lattice in a monoclinic crystal system?
2
56
Number of lattices in a Triclinic system
1
57
Number of Lattice in a Trigonal system
1
58
Number of lattices in a Hexagonal system
1
59
In this structure, atoms are in repeating or periodic array over large atomic distances
crystalline
60
They exist in nature, but they can also be produced artificially.
Single Crystals
61
most inorganic solids are ___, including all common metals, many ceramics, rocks, and ice.
Polycrystallines
62
Type of Unit Cells
- Simple-Cubic - Body-Centered - Face-Centered
63
Example of Metals with Body-Centered Crystal Structure
- alpha iron - tungsten - chromium - beta titanium
64
Ionic crystals form from a combination of:
- Group 1/2 metals - Group 16/17 nonmetals
65
Examples of ionic Crystals
Alkali Halides
66
In a metal, these atoms do not belong to any one atom, but are capable of moving through the entire crystal.
Delocalized Electrons
67
Characteristics of Covalent network crystals
- Hard and Brittle - High Melting and Boiling Point - not conductors of electricity
68
Examples of Molecular Crystals
- ice - solid forms of noble gases

CHEM (6 decks)

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