Fuels

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Any solid, liquid, or gaseous substance that may be combusted (burned) to produce heat or work.

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Fuel

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Sources of fuel in prehistoric times

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Grass and Straw

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Primary Sources of fuel

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Coal
Petroleum Products
Natural Gas

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Desirable traits of fuels

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• Ignites easily at low temperature and produces a large quantity of heat.
• Inexpensively isolated and have properties for safe and efficient storage
• Leave little residue after burned, and by-products are not harmful to health or environment

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a measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms and/or molecules present in a substance.

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Temperature

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the kinetic energy that flows from a hotter object to a colder one.

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Heat

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Defined as the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius.

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Calorie

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The great majority of fuels are ________

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hydrocarbons

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3 requirements to generate a fire

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Source of Heat
Fuel
Oxidizer

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as in a nutritional Calorie (capitalized C), what is it equivalent to on the metric scale?

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1 kilocalorie (kcal)

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a device used to experimentally measure the quantity of heat energy released in a combustion reaction.

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Calorimeter

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What is the relation between temperature (°C) and energy evolved from a reaction

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Directly Proportional

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categories of biomolecules that provide our bodies with energy.

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carbohydrates (sugar) and fats

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Units for heat of combustion

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kJ/mol
kJ/g
kcal/mol

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When were fossil fuels formed

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Carboniferous Period

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Type of reaction involved in Photosynthesis

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Endothermic

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Type of reaction involved in the combustion of methane

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Exothermic

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Heat added to reactants > heat evolved by formation of products:

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Endothermic Reaction

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Heat added to reactants > heat evolved with products

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Exothermic Reaction

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Baking bread: what type of reaction?

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Endothermic Reaction

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a measure of the energy content or heat-producing potential of a substance, typically a fuel.

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Calorific Value

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How is calorific value expressed?

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Joules per gram (J/g)
kilocalories per gram (kcal/g)

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also known as heating value or energy value

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Calorific Value

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An important parameter when evaluating or comparing different fuels

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Calorific Value

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Relationship between energy potential and calorific value?

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Directly Proportional

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This value includes the heat released when the water vapor produced during combustion is condensed and the latent heat is recovered

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Gross Calorific Value (GCV) or Higher Heating Value (HHV)

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It represents the maximum amount of energy that can be obtained from the complete combustion of a fuel.

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Gross Calorific Value (GCV) or Higher Heating Value (HHV)

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It considers only the heat released after subtracting the energy required to vaporize the water produced during combustion.

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Net Calorific Value (GCV) or Lower Heating Value (HHV)

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It also represents the energy available for useful work.

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Net Calorific Value (GCV) or Lower Heating Value (HHV)

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Involves determining the energy content of different fuels

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Energy Production

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Choosing the most efficient and cost-effective fuel for specific applications.

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Fuel Selection

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Calculating the emissions and environmental impact of burning different fuels.

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Environmental Impact Assessment

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These fuels are derived from the remains of ancient plants and animals that have undergone geological processes.

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Fossil Fuels

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Classification of Fuel Based on Physical State

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Solid Fuels
Liquid Fuels
Gaseous Fuels

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Evaluating the economic viability of using specific fuels for energy generation or industrial processes.

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Economic Analysis

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These are in a solid state at room temperature and include materials like coal, wood, peat, and biomass.

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Solid Fuels

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These are in a liquid state at room temperature and include fuels like gasoline, diesel, kerosene, and various oils.

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Liquid Fuels

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These are in a gaseous state at room temperature and include natural gas, propane, butane, and hydrogen.

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Gaseous Fuels

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Classification of Fuel Based on Origin or Source

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Fossil Fuels
Renewable Fuels

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These fuels primarily consist of hydrogen and carbon atoms.

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Hydrocarbon Fuels

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Classification of Fuel Based on Chemical Composition

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Hydrocarbon Fuels and Non-Hydrocarbon Fuels

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These fuels are derived from sustainable sources and can be naturally replenished.

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Renewable Fuels

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Example of Non-hydrocarbon fuels

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Hydrogen Gas and Specialty Fuels

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These fuels contain elements other than hydrogen and carbon, like those used in rockets and high-performance engines.

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Non-Hydrocarbon Fuels

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Example of Hydrocarbon Fuels

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Gasoline, Diesel, and Natural gas

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Example of High-energy fuels

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Hydrogen and Natural Gas

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Classification of Fuel Based on Calorific Value

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High-Energy Fuels
Low-Energy Fuels

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Fuels with a high calorific value, providing a lot of energy per unit mass or volume.

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High-Energy Fuels

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Examples of Low-Energy Fuels

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peat and some types of biomass

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Fuels with a lower calorific value, providing less energy per unit mass or volume

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Low-Energy Fuels

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Calorific Value Formula

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Calorific Value = Heat (kJ)/fuel (kg)

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Classification of Fuel Based on Environmental Impact

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Clean Fuels
Dirty Fuels

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Example of Clean Fuels

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Natural Gas and biofuels

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Fuels that produce more pollutants and contribute to environmental problems

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Dirty Fuels

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Example of Dirty Fuels

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Coal and Heavy oils

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Characteristics of Good Fuels

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High Calorific Value
High Energy Density
Readily Available
Low Impurities
Stable and Safe
Environmental Impact
Efficient Combustion
Cost-Effective

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Good fuels should have it, where they contain a significant amount of energy per unit mass or volume.

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High Calorific Value

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It is a measure of how much energy is stored in a given volume or mass of fuel.

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Energy Density

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These are desirable because they can store a lot of energy in a relatively small space or weight.

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High Energy Density

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Accessibility and availability are crucial for ensuring a stable energy supply.

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Readily Available

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High-purity fuels are preferred because impurities can lead to incomplete combustion, increased emissions, and engine or equipment fouling.

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Low impurities

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should be stable under normal storage conditions and safe to handle.

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Stable and Safe

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Good fuels should burn efficiently, with a high combustion efficiency and minimal waste products, such as unburned hydrocarbons or soot.

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Efficient Combustion

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Good fuels should be economically viable, with a reasonable cost compared to the energy they provide.

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Cost-effective

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Relationship between amount of energy released and fuel quality

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Directly Proportional