Unit 3 test Flashcards
Concert overture
A programmatic form that grew out of the eighteenth-century tradition of performing opera overtures in the concert hall and that consists of a single movement usually connected in some way with a narrative plot known to the audience.
The imagery and function of the bis pole in the Asmat culture is related to
head hunting and funeral rites.
The figure slumped over a desk in The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters is reported to be
Goya himself
Mana
among the Maori, an invisible spiritual substance that is the manifestation of the gods on earth.
Exposing a chemically prepared metal plate to light through a focused lens produces a type of image known as a
daguerreotype.
The Stonebreakers (1849) A Burial at Ornans (1849 – 1850)
Gustave Courbet
Beethoven (1820 portrait, oil on canvas)
Joseph Carl Stieler
The Declaration of Independence (1776)
Thomas Jefferson
By the term “noble savage,” Jean-Jacques Rousseau meant that
humans are naturally good and are only corrupted by society.
Dialect
an evolutionary process in which the prevailing set of ideas, called the “thesis,” finds itself opposed by a conflicting set of ideas, the “anthithesis.” This conflict resolves itself in a “synthesis,” which inevitably established itself as the new thesis.
The Declaration of Independence, 4 July 1776 (1786 – 97)
John Trumbull
Deist
one who accepts the idea that God created the universe but does not believe that God is actively involved in its day-to-day workings.
Apart from Britain and Sweden, which European country remained free of Napoleon’s domination?
Portugal
In Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s Faust, the title character abandons his love, Gretchen, after which she
loses her mind and murders their illegitimate child.
Old Hetton Colliery, Newcastle (ca. 1840) Oil on canvas.
Anon
Op. 9, 3 Nocturnes (1830 – 1831) Op. 10, 12 Études (1829 – 1832) Op.15, 3 Nocturnes (1830 – 1833) Fantaisie impromptu (1834) Op. 53, Polonaise in Ab major (“Heroic”) (1842)
Frédéric Chopin
The practice of commercial photography arose in the mid-nineteenth century in part to meet
public desire for views of the world’s scenic wonders.
Interior of Tintern Abbey (1794) Watercolor
The Fall of an Avalanche in the Grisons (1810)
The Upper Falls of the Reichenback (ca. 1810 – 1815)
Snow Storm – Steam-Boat off a Harbour’s Mouth (1842)
Rain, Steam and Speed (1844)
J.M.W. Turner
Mephistopheles Appearing to Faust in his Study, illustration to Goethe’s Faust (1828)
Eugène Delacroix
The Beggar’s Opera (1728)
John Gay
Drawing showing the stowage of the British Slave Ship “Brookes” Under the Regulated Slave Trade (Act of 1788) (1788)
To Versailles, To Versailles, October 5, 1789. (engraving; 1789?)
Anon?
The Embarkation from Cythera (1718-1719)
The Signboard of Gersaint (ca. 1721)
Jean-Antoine Watteau
Le Chinois Galant (1742)
The Toilet of Venus (1751)
Madame de Pompadour (1756)
Francoise Boucher
Which condition created the greatest impact upon the social dynamics of working-class families after industrialization?
factory wages allowing families to subsist on one income
Which of the following terms applies to a novel written in the form of letters?
epistolary
In Leviathan, the philosopher Thomas Hobbes argued that people are driven by two things:
fear of death and the desire for power.
The assumption that a free marketplace unimpeded by government regulation promoted economic growth was based upon the ideas of
Adam Smith
The industrialists in Charles Dickens’ Hard Times are referred to as the
Utilitarians
Lord Byron, 6th Baron Byron, in Albanian Costume (1835) (copy of the 1813 original)
Thomas Philips
Courbet’s monumental canvas The Stonebreakers was daring for its time because it
depicted the mundane conditions of the working class on a grand scale.
Bust of Benjamin Franklin (1778)
George Washingto (sculpture in the round, 1788, Fig. 26.16)
Bust of Thomas Jefferson (1789)
Jean-Antoine Houdon
Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations
1776
Oratorio
a lengthy choral work, usually employing religious subject matter, performed by a narrator, soloists, choruses, and orchestra
Who is credited with fashioning the main points of what would become the liberal feminist agenda?
Mary Wollenscraft
Pamela (1740)
Samuel Richardson
Liberalism
a political theory that argues that people are by nature free, equal, and independent and that they consent to government for protection but not by surrendering sovereighty to a ruler.
Goethe’s Faust tragedy (pt. II) (Year)
1832
Madame Bovary (1856)
Gustave Flaubert
Heiligenstadt Testament (1802)
Symphony No. 3 nicknamed the Eroica (1802 – 1804)
Symphony No. 5, known as Beethoven’s Fifth (1804 – 1808)
Piano Sonata No. 30 in E Major, op. 109, nicknamed the Moonlight Sonata (completed 1820)
Ludwig van Beethoven
When Percy Bysshe Shelley called poets “the unacknowledged legislators of the world,” he was
expressing his belief in art as a power for reform and change.
Common Sense (January, 1776)
Thomas Paine
Johann Sebastian Bach, Brandenburg concertos (Year)
1721
Declaration on the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen (1791)
Olympe de Gouges
The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774)
Faust, Part 1 (1808)
Faust, Part II (1832)
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Castrato
a male singer who, in order to retain his high voice, was castrated before puberty
The term bourgeoisie refers to
middle-class merchants and business people.
The first photographs
William Fox Talbot in England & Louis-Jacques-Mande Daguerre in France (Year)
1839
Caspar David Friedrich, The Wanderer above the Mists (Year)
1817-1818
Picturesque
A view defined by “roughness and sudden variation joined to irregularity.”
In his own words, Francisco Goya painted the graphically brutal The Third of May, 1808 in order to
Warn men to never do it again
Nocturne
a character piece evocative of the night.
Plan for Washington, D. C. (engraving; detail) (1791)
Pierre-Charles L’Enfant
The painter Jean-Antoine Watteau is a notable exponent of the Rococo style, best known for his paintings of fêtes galantes, which were
parties enjoyed in a pastoral or garden setting.
The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters, from the Caprichos (1796 - 98)
The Family of Charles IV (1800) (prep PPT)
Great Courage! Against Corpses! #39 from The Disasters of War series (1810 – 1814)
The Third of May, 1808 (1814 – 1815)
Self-Portrait (1815)
Satan Devouring One of His Children (1820 – 1823)
Francisco Goya
Scherzo
An Italian term meaning “joke,” denoting a type of musical composition, especially one that is fast and vibrant and that may present a surprise. In the symphony, the scherzo replaced the minuet.
Polynesia encompasses a triangular section of the Pacific defined by Easter Island to the southeast and New Zealand in the southwest. What is the third point to the north?
Hawaiin Islands
People in the African diaspora were best able to preserve their
Music
polonaise
a stylized version of the Polish dance.
African Diaspora
The forced scattering of millions of Africans as a result of the Atlantic crossing
Chinoiserie
a term used to define the European taste for “all things Chinese.”
Journal of Captain Cook’s Last Voyage in the Pacific (1783)
John Ledyard
Goya’s Third of May, 1808 (Year)
1814-1815
Scenes from the Massacre at Chios (1824)
Liberty Leading the People (1830)
Odalisque (1845 – 1850)
Eugène Delacroix
What was the largest colonial American city at the time a separation from Britain was declared?
Philadelphia
Adam Style
[French: literally “let it happen as it will”] an economic policy that argues that people should be free to do whatever they might to enrich themselves
John Singleton Copley, Watson and the Shark (Year)
1778
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687)
Isaac Newton
Punch bowl with view of Canton (1783 – 86) “Hongs” were trading posts.
Hong Bowl
Moai, ca. 1000 – 1600
Easter Island
Both Charles Dickens and Thomas Carlyle were
critics of living conditions in industrial London.
Portrait of a Maori (1769)
Polynesia
Frankenstein; or the Modern Prometheus (1831)
Mary Shelley
The Wealth of Nations (1776)
Adam Smith
The term guerrillas refers to
the “little wars” perpetrated by the Spanish against Napoleon’s troops.
Portrait of an Insane Man (1822-23)
Frédéric Chopin (1838)
Théodore Géricault
Gargantua (1831) Lithograph.
Rue Transnonain, April 15, 1835 (1834) Lithograph.
The Third-Class Carriage (ca. 1862)
Honoré Daumier
Caricature
a portrait that exaggerates a person’s peculiarities or defects
Republicanism
sympathy for a republican form of government, that is, a government having a chief of state who is not a monarch
Which nation profited most from the slave trade?
England
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Year)
1756-91
The Valpinçon Bather (1808)
The Grand Odalisque (1814)
The Vow of Louis XIII (1824)
The Turkish Bath (1862)
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
Oroonoko, or The Royal Slave (1688)
Aphra Behn
Robinson Crusoe (1719)
Daniel Defoe
Napoleon rules France
1799-1815
The music term scherzo refers to
a fast, vibrant, and surprising movement.
Etude
In music, a composition that addresses particular technical challenges [usually in meant to provide practice material for a particular skill.
In contrast to the practices of both Neoclassicism and Romanticism, Honoré Daumier sought in his art to reveal
the truth of everyday experience.
Kukailimoku, ca. 1790 – 1810
Hawaii
After being kidnapped as a child and enslaved in a household in Boston, Phillis Wheatley
became the first black American to publish a book.
Bourgeoise
Middle-class merchants, shopkeepers, and businessmen.
Plowing in the Nivernais: The Dressing of the Vines (1849)
Rosa Bohneur
The French term rocaille and Italian term barocco combined to create which art term?
Racoco
Isaac Newton, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Year)
1687
Which statement best summarizes Captain James Cook’s reaction to the people his expedition encountered in Alaska?
He admired the surprisingly humane, high-minded, and cultured people there.
Deists believed that
God created the universe but didn’t interfere with its daily workings.
Paradise Lost (first published in 1667)
John Milton
One critical impact of industrialization in London prompted petitions to Parliament and social critics’ warnings in the early decades of the nineteenth century to address
disease caused by polluted river water.
Moai
monumental heads with torsos found on Easter Island that probably represent ancestral figures.
Past and Present (1843)
Thomas Carlyle
What did early Chinese garden scenes represent?
European gardens were embellished with elements inspired by China.
Industrial Revolution
the term used to describe a change in practices of production and consumption that occurred in the nineteenth century
Photogenic Drawing
A process for fixing negative images on paper coated with light-sensitive chemicals, developed by William Henry Fox Talbot in the early 1800s.
Op. 01: multiple Lieder, Etudes, and compositions for orchestra (1830 – 33)
Op. 23, nr. 6: one Lied & multiple compositions for piano (1853 – 1895)
Clara Schumann-Wieck
According to the philosophes, the universe proceeded according to what they termed
Natural law
Arguing for a new republicanism, Thomas Paine published Common Sense in January 1776, advocating
a new government with a chief of state who was not a monarch.
The Oath of the Horatii (1784 – 85)
The Lictors Returning to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons (1789)
The Tennis Court Oath (1789 – 91)
Marie-Antionette conduite au supplice (Queen Marie-Antionette on the way to the guillotine) (1793)
The Death of Marat (1793)
Napoleon Crossing the Saint-Bernard (1800 – 1801)
Jacques-Louis David
Watson and the Sharks (1778)
John Singleton Copley
A leviathan is?
A sea monster
The journalistic essay had its origins in
Addison and Steele’s The Spectator.
Ennui
[French] a term that denotes both listlessness and a profound nelancholy.
Jean-Honoré Fragonard, The Swing (Year)
1767
Ballades
a highly dramatic narrative form.
Napoleon’s final defeat was achieved by
The English and Prussians at Waterloo, Belgium.
The Estates General that King Louis XVI was forced to convene on May 5, 1789, was comprised of representatives of the
clergy, nobility, bourgeoisie, and peasants.
A fundamental principle of Enlightenment thought is that
A fundamental principle of Enlightenment thought is that
What literary term applies to the pattern of rhyme in this pair of lines?
Alike in ignorance, his reason such,
Whether he thinks too little, or too much
Heroic Couplet
Rock art dating from “living memory” to 40,000 BCE; this is “the longest continuously practiced artistic tradition anywhere in the world”
Australian Aboriginal culture,
Mimis and kangaroo
Lassiez affair
[French: literally “let it happen as it will”] an economic policy that argues that people should be free to do whatever they might to enrich themselves
Philosophy of History (1805 – 1806)
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
The term social contract refers to
giving up sovereignty over oneself to a ruler who agrees to keep the peace.
“Rime of the Ancient Mariner” (1798)
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Napoleon on His Imperial Throne (1806)
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage (1812)
“Prometheus” (1816)
George Gordon, Lord Byron
Private letters between which statesman and his wife warned that, “we are determined to foment a rebellion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any laws in which we have no voice or representation”?
John Adams
Olaudah Equiano’s autobiography describes slave living conditions (Year)
1789
Despite her belief that “your sex are naturally tyrannical,” Abigail Adams’ letter to her husband, John Adams, argued that men who “wish to be happy” should alter their relationship towards women by changing the role of “master” to
Friend
Captain Cook encounters Aboriginal cultures in Australia (Year)
1770
William Hogarth’s Marriage à la Mode is the opening scene of a group of paintings that
ridicule the moral bankruptcy of British society.
Rococo music was characterized by
a delicate and light sound written for the harpsichord.
Journalistic Essay
a reportorial set of observations or current events or other issues of interest to the author
Am I Not a Man and a Brother? (black-and-white jasperware, 1787)
William Hackwood, for Josiah Wedgwood
Marie-Antoinette en chemise (1783)
Marie-Louise-Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun
Encyclopédie (1751 – 1772)
Denis Deriot
History of Ancient Art (1764)
Johann Winkelmann
Toward the end of his life, Francisco Goya painted a series of “black paintings,” which
express a sense of insurmountable despair.
A caricature is
an exaggeration of a person’s peculiarities or defects.
The proletariat was the class of
Laborers and workers
Lieder
Franz Schubert (1797 – 1828) & Robert Schuman (1810 – 1856)
Literary realism
The depiction of contemporary life emphasizing fidelity to everyday experience and the facts and conditions of everyday life.
An Enlightenment sensibility is best expressed by which element of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice?
the lessons learned about society and characters’ recognition of their own flaws
The Countess’s Levée, or Morning Party, from Marriage à la Mode (1773-1745) Gin Lane (1751)
William Hogarth
Sketches by Boz (1836)
The Old Curiosity Shop (1840)
Dombey and Sons (1846 – 1848)
Hard Times (1854)
Charles Dickens
A laissez-faire economic policy, by definition, favors
Free trade
Mbira
An instrument made of a small wooden box or ground – to which it attached a row of thin metal strips that vibrate when plucked – that acts as a resonator.
A distinguishing feature of Rococo style is
curvilinear forms.
Negro Hung Alive by the Ribs to a Gallows (engraving after an original drawing by John Gabriel Stedman) (1796)
A Surinam Planter in His Morning Dress (engraved illustration to John Gabriel Stedman’s Narrative of a Five Years’ Expedition against the Revolted Slaves of Surinam.) (1796)
William Blake
James Watt invents the steam engine (Year)
1776
Both Mary Wollstonecraft and Olympe de Gouges broadened the agenda of the Enlightenment by
Demanding equal rights for women
Le Chinois Galant (1742)
Francois Boucher
Sydney Parkinson, Portrait of a Maori (Year)
1769
Napoleon at Eylau (1808)
Antoine-Jean Gros
Heroic Couplet
a rhyming pair of iambic pentameter lines (Note from your tex: in“the meter of Shakespeare,these lines consist of five short-long syllabic units”)
Leviathan (1651)
Thomas Hobbes
Symphony No. 94, popularly known as the Surprise Symphony (1791)
Joseph Hayden
Orange Court – Drury Lane (1869) Illustration for London: A Pilgrimage, 1872, by Gustave Doré and Blanchard Jerrold.
Gustave Doré
The term pianoforte refers to
the advanced version of the keyboard instrument’s ability to produce soft and loud tones.
The Raft of the “Medusa” (1818)
Théodore Géricault
Which theme is examined in Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein; or the Modern Prometheus?
ambition and power can become unmanageable
Rococo
the highly decorative and ornate style employed by the French court that was quickly emulated by royal courts across Europe, especially in Germany.
Thomas Philips, Portrait of Byron (Year)
1835
Rain, Steam, Speed – The Great Western Railway (1844) ]
[ J. M. W. Turner _repeat
Songs that set the poetry of Friedrich Schiller and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe to music are called
lieder
Dictionary of the English Language (1755)
Samuel Johnson
Samuel Johnson’s “Marriage has many pains, but celibacy has no pleasures” is an example of
an aphorism
By 1850, Maxime Du Camp became known for commercial photographs of
architectural and scenic wonders [of the world.]
Monk by the Sea (1809 – 1810)
Wanderer above the Mists, (ca. 1817- 1818)
Casper David Friedrich
The English Factory Act of 1833 somewhat improved conditions for child laborers by
requiring factory owners to provide them 2 hours of education a day.
daguerreotype
A photographic process developed in the early 1800s that yielded a positive image on a polished metal plate; named after one of its two inventors, Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre.
“Tintern Abbey” (1798)
“The Rainbow” (1802)
William Wordsworth
Epistolary Novel
a novel made up of a series of epistles, or letters.
Like many of the novels of the period, both Charles Dickens’s Hard Times and Gustave Flaubert’s Madame Bovary
were first published in serial form in magazines.
Poems on Various Subjects: Religious and Moral (1773)
Phyllis Wheatly
Salon
originally: a room designed especially for social gatherings; later, also referred to the social gathering itself.
The view that history is an evolutionary process in which conflicting ideas [continually] resolve themselves in new syntheses is an example of the
Heglian character
In John Milton’s Paradise Lost, the tensions between absolute rule and the civil liberty of the individual are expressed through dialogues between?
God and Lucifer
Gulliver’s Travels (1726)
A Modest Proposal (1729)
Johnathan Swift
Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe (Year)
1719
Mary Wollstonecraft, Vindication of the Rights of Women
1792
Essay on Human Understanding (1651)
The Second Treatise of Government (1690)
John Locke
North American slaveholders grouped Africans of differing backgrounds together in order to
Reduce the possibility of rebellion
Symphonie fantastique (1830)
Hector Berlioz
The Swing (1767)
Jean- Honoré Fragonard
Discourse on the Origin of Inequality among Men (1755)
Émile (1762)
The Social Contract (1762)
Confession (1780)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Fall of the Bastille [Prison] in Paris
1789
In France, the events leading to revolution were most directly brought about by
The national debt
View of the Wilderness at Kew (1763)
William Marlow
Jacobin
a member of a radical minority of France’s National Assembly who favored the elimination of the monarchy and the institution of egalitarian democracy.
William Hogarth, Gin Lane (Year)
1751
Great man theory
a theory asserting that human history is driven by the achievement of men who lead human kind forward because they have sensed by intuition the “world-spirit.”
Buckler Fern (1839) photogenic drawing negative (calotype process) The Open Door (1843) salted paper print from a calotype negative. published in the first book fully illustrated by photographs, Fox Talbot’s The Pencil of Nature (1844-45)
William Henry Fox Talbot
The Sower (1850)
Jean-François Millet
Who undertook one of the earliest efforts to document war photographically?
British photographer Roger Fenton
What is the significance of Cupid’s gesture on the left-hand side of Fragonard’s The Swing?
It signifies the secret love affair between the girl on the swing and her lover in the bushes.
Caspar David Friedrich’s dramatic image can be said to illustrate the Romantic concept of the
Sublime
The Habeas Corpus Act related to
Arrest and Trials
Le Boulevard du Temple (1839)
Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre
Candide, or Optimism (1758)
Voltaire
Lieder
Songs, generally written for solo voice and piano.
Natural Law
law derived from nature and binding upon human society.
Pride and Prejudice (1813)
Jane Asten
“Ode to a Nightingale” (1819)
“Ode on a Grecian Urn” (1819)
John Keats
For writing that the future government of France should be determined by popular referendum, not by the National Convention, Olympe de Gouges was
Sent to the guillotine
Classical Music
the belief that through logical, careful thought, progress is inevitable.
Aphorism
a concise and clever observation.
The term tabula rasa refers to
the human mind being a “blank slate” at birth.
In his best-selling autobiography, published in England in 1789, Olaudah Equiano described
conditions on board a transatlantic slave ship.
Which element of Pugin’s design for the new Houses of Parliament appears to contradict the architect’s avowed “rule” that “there should be no features about a building which are not necessary for convenience, construction, or propriety”?
its elaborate ornamentation
The social elite of eighteenth-century Prussia were
the officer corps of German nobility.
Placing an object directly upon chemically prepared paper, then exposing it to light produces a type of “negative” image known as a
photogenic drawing.
Ludwig van Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony was highly innovative in its incorporation of
a chorus singing a Friedrich Schiller poem.
Estate
a social rank, namely, the nobility, the clergy, and the common people.
A poem of exaltation, exhibiting deep feeling, is called
An ode
Daguerreotypes such as Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre’s Le Boulevard du Temple caused French artist Paul Delaroche to declare
painting to be dead, because of the potential for photography to usurp painting’s role in representing the world.
The Brioche (1763)
Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin
English Garden
a type of garden design of artificial naturalness that became popular in England beginning in the early 1700s with irregular features and winding walkways.
The longest continuously practiced artistic tradition anywhere in the world is the
Aboriginal rock art of Australia.
Jasperware
a type of stoneware produced by Josiah Wedgwood that was ornamented in Neoclassical style with a white relief on a colored ground.
Great Fire of London (Year)
1666
As evident in this example, the later landscape paintings of the English painter Joseph Mallord William Turner are notable for their
Depiction of the raw experience of nature
Beethoven, Ninth Symphony (Year)
1824
bis poles mid-20th century examples
New Guinea, Asmat people
Narrative of a Five Years’ Expedition against the Revolted Slaves of Surinam (1796)
John Gabriel Stedman
Federal style
the term for the Neoclassical style as it appeared in the United States
Napoleon’s rise to power began with a coup d’état against
The French Directory
The artist associated with large-scaled and realistically detailed representations of animals and working-class labor is
Rosa Bonheur.
Charles Barry’s design for the new Houses of Parliament expressed a balance of powers through
the symmetry of its layout.
Angelica Kauffmann achieved unprecedented success as
A female history painter
Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker (1802 – 1806)
Paolina Borghese as Venus (1808)
Antonio Canova
Fete galante
a gallant and, by extension, amorous celebration or party.
Classical music first developed in
Vienna
Although the French and the American revolutions differed in many ways, both
looked to Classical antiquity for models on which to build a new society.
A linking interest of Romantic poets was the contemplation of
Nature
Style Galant
a Rococo style of music characterized by graceful melodies, many of them dance pieces with charmingly simple harmonies.
The Church of La Madeleine (Paris, 1806 – 1842)
Pierre-Alexandre Vignon
Idee Fixe
A French term meaning “fixed idea,” or an idea that dominates one’s mind for a prolonged period.
The Colors of Mount Taihang (dated 1669) Qing dynasty (1644-1911)
Wang Hui
An eighteenth-century publisher’s claim of “twenty readers to every paper” was indicative of
the sharing of publications among the poorer classes who could not purchase copies.
Scottish Symphony (Symphony No. 3 in A minor) (1829 – 1842) Concert overture The Hebrides (“Fingal’s Cave) (1830) Italian Symphony (Symphony No. 4 in A major) (premiered 1833 )
Felix Mendelssohm
J.M.W. Turner and John Constable shared in a belief that
Nature incites imagination
Lithography
Literally “stone writing,” this printing process depends on the fact that oil and water do not mix.
More than any other philosophe, Voltaire
saw the value of non-Western cultures and traditions.
The Human Comedy (series of 92 novels published between 1829 and 1847), incl. Eugénie Grandet (1833); Father Goriot (Père Goriot) (1835); the trilogy Lost Illusions (Illustions Perdues) (1837 – 43); and Cousin Bette) (La Cousine Bette) (1846).
Honoré de Balzac
Rational Humanism
the belief that through logical, careful thought, progress is inevitable.
The American Declaration of Independence (Year)
1776
Calotype
An early photographic process in which sensitized paper, exposed for a few seconds, holds a latent image that is brought out and developed by dipping the paper in gallic acid.
Messiah (1742)
George Frederick Handel
Don Giovanni (premiered 29 Oct 1787) Symphony No. 40 (summer 1788)
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)
Mary Wollstonecraft
the human mind being a “blank slate” at birth.
humans are “by nature free, equal, and independent.”
Egeria Handing Numa Pompilius His Shield (1794)
Angelica Kauffmann
A Man of Oonalashka (engraving) ca. 1778
Alaska (Northwest North America at this time)
How did the British react to Thomas Jefferson’s attitude toward slavery?
In Britain, Jefferson was considered a hypocrite.
Dramma Giocosco
literally “comic drama,” Mozart’s name for his last four operas, which combine both opera seria and opera buffa styles.
Coup detat
[French] a violent overthrow of government.
Laocoön: or, An Essay upon the Limits of Painting and Poetry (1766)
Gotthold Ephriam Lessing
Odalisque
A female slave or concubine in a Middle Eastern, particularly Turkish, harem.
Pierre-Charles L’Enfant, Plan for Washington, D. C. (Year)
1791
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, The Philosophy of History (Year)
1805-1806
The Valley of the Stour with Dedham in the Distance (ca. 1800)
Landscape with a Double Rainbow (1812)
Willy Lott’s House, East Berghold (ca. 1820)
The Hay Wain (1821)
John Constable
Katsushika Hokusai’s Thirty-Six Views of Mount Fuji series, incl. The Great Wave (Year)
1823-1839
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in the Roman Campana (1787)
J.H.W. Tischbein
Salonierre
the hostess of a French salon
One advantage of lithography over daguerreotype photography was
its reproducibility in multiples.
Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman represented
a criticism of Rousseau’s traditional view of women’s roles.
Opera buffa differs from opera seria in its inclusion of
everyday people for its characters.
De capo Aria
a type of aria in the ABA form in which the singer was expected to embellish the music, especially in the return of the A.
An Essay on Man (1732 – 34)
Alexander Pope
