Nutrition Flashcards
Humans and animals store excess energy from starches in the form of _________________. It is stored predominately in the liver and muscles and then broken down when glucose is needed in the bloodstream.
glycogen
If a person has a diet that does not include many fruits or vegetables, what else will the diet plan lack that is not widely found in other food groups?
Fiber
The sweetness of milk and dairy products comes from the presence of _______
Lactose
Which of the following best describes the role of insulin in the body?
It is a hormone that signals the body to move glucose from the blood and into certain organs.
What are the health benefits of whole grains?
They have fiber, vitamins, and minerals other low-quality carb foods do not have.
The mechanical and chemical digestion of carbohydrates begins in the ______________.
Mouth
The most common disaccharides are…
Sucrose, Lactose and Maltose
According to the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), what are the risk factors we can (typically) control to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease?
High blood pressure, high cholesterol, cigarette smoking, diabetes (Type 2), poor diet, physical inactivity, overweight and obesity.
Nonessential fatty acids are considered “nonessential” because…
These are fats the body is capable of making from the foods we eat.
Lipids can be categorized into main types called…
Triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols
Triglycerides control the body’s internal climate, maintaining constant ______________.
Temperature
Phospholipids are ideal ______________ that can keep oil and water mixed.
Emulsifiers
Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are classified as ________________ and are ___________ to human health.
essential fatty acids; beneficial
Which of the following lists foods which contain the healthiest form of fats:
Nuts (walnuts, pecans, almonds), plant-based oils (canola, corn, flaxseed), and fish (trout, salmon)
Generally people are advised to obtain most fats from ______________ fats.
polyunsaturated and monounsaturated
Simple carbohydrates stimulate the most sensitive of all taste sensations, the taste of _____________
Sweet
A diet that is too high in simple sugars can lead to…
Obesity, tooth decay, diabetes, being overweight, high blood sugar
Which type of carbohydrate is most likely to promote digestion and a healthy movement of foods through the gastrointestinal track?
Fiber
There is enough scientific evidence to support that diets high in __________ reduce the risk of obesity and diabetes, which are primary risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
Fiber
Why are polysaccharides known as “slow-releasing” sugars?
They are stored energy that must be converted to usable energy when needed
Humans do not produce the enzymes needed to break down dietary fiber, however, _________ in the large intestine (colon) do.
Bacteria
If a person has a diet too low in healthy fats it can increase cholesterol and inflammation of the joints, tissues, and bloodstream. That person would be encouraged to include more of which foods in the diet?
Salmon and nuts for omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids
Polyunsaturated fats are beneficial because they both lower ____ and raise____.
LDL;HDL
Which of the following should you include in your diet to reduce the absorption of cholesterol from food into the bloodstream during digestion?
Soluble fiber
The primary biological functions of lipids within the body include everything EXCEPT:
Building body fat to excessive levels
Which of the following lists foods which contain the healthiest form of fats:
Nuts (walnuts, pecans, almonds), plant-based oils (canola, corn, flaxseed), and fish (trout, salmon)
Lipids are a family of __________ compounds that are mostly ___________ in water.
organic; insoluble
According to the textbook, the largest influence on blood cholesterol levels is …
The mix of saturated and trans fats in the diet.
The textbook states that eating tomatoes with olive oil or salad dressing will facilitate lycopene absorption. Why is this?
Certain micronutrients are better absorbed when fat is present.
Nutritional scientists research the types of molecules found in food items. If one is trying to determine the types of carbohydrates present in a food item, what should he/she research?
The chemical structure of the molecules present
Which of the following best summarizes what research has shown about the safety of artificial sweeteners?
Generally, they are regarded as safe by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration).
Which of the following statements can we firmly conclude regarding disease and sugar intake?
Obtaining carbs from whole grains instead of refined grains promotes weight loss and reduces disease risk.
The two subgroups of simple carbohydrates are …
monosaccharides and disaccharides
____________ carbohydrates include fruits, juices, candies, desserts, and diary products while ____________ carbohydrates include starchy vegetables, beans and whole grains.
Fast-releasing; slow-releasing
Some starches are not digested and remain intact throughout digestion. These are called ___________starches.
Resistant
Triglycerides control the body’s internal climate, maintaining constant ______________.
Temperature
Which of the following most accurately describes the role of cholesterol in the human body and diet?
It is naturally produced in the body and is found in all cells. It is crucial to health but excess of it in the diet can lead to heart disease.
Fat contributes to satiety, or the sensation of ____________.
Fullness
Most of the energy required by the human body is provided by…
Carbohydrates and lipids
Which of the following should you include in your diet to reduce the absorption of cholesterol from food into the bloodstream during digestion?
Soluble fiber
The enzyme that is primarily responsible for the chemical digestion of lipids is ____________.
Lipase
Sugar alcohols are ___________ derivatives of monosaccharides.
Glycosides
What are the concerns associated with consuming products produced through hydrogenation?
Hydrogenation destroys omega 3’s and 6’s, can cause inflammation and doesn’t give much nutritional value
is intake of phospholipids through diet a health concern?
Yes, phospholipids in food can have implications, for instance in liver disease, cholesterol control, cognition and brain development, or exercise capacity
Why are low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) known as the “bad cholesterol”?
Can clog artery walls-Also already naturally occurring in the body
When considering food choices, which fatty food item(s) would be considered the healthiest?
Vegetable and animal fats
The most abundant structural protein in the body is collagen. Collagen makes bones…
Strong but flexible
What is the general consensus on whether athletes need more protein compared to the average person?
It is debatable, but worth noting that this affects very few and even the higher recommendation is still within AMDR (Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range).
Diets ________________have been linked to an increase in risk for kidney stones, kidney disease, liver malfunction, colorectal cancer, and osteoporosis.
High in red meat
One of the primary roles of the protein hemoglobin is to…
bind to oxygen and transport it throughout the body
Athletes are often advised to eat something with protein and carbs within 1 hour after exercise. Why is this?
This enhances muscle tissue repair during the recovery phase.
Which of the following places the phases of wound healing in the correct order from start to finish?
Inflammatory; proliferative; remodeling
If a person takes in too much water in a short period of time, the result could be that the cells ____________.
Swell
If a person consumes more protein in the diet than needed by the body, the excess protein…
is broken down and transformed into body fat.
If we compare a hamburger patty made from 80% lean meat versus 95% lean meat, which of the following is true?
The amount of protein is the same, but the 95% lean meat is lower in saturated fat and cholesterol.
Alcohol metabolism activates an enzyme that transforms this substance,____________, into a toxic metabolite that causes liver inflammation and damage, which might not be reversible. Which over-the-counter medication is this? (hint: you should never take this with alcohol!)
Tylenol/acetaminophen
Which of the following is the primary reason a person would feel ill (“hangover”) after excessive intake of alcohol?
Dehydration
Which of the following best describes what occurs during cirrhosis?
Liver cells die and form scar tissue, which blocks blood flow and leads to a buildup of toxins
The breakdown of ethanol begins in the _____________.
Liver
Why does an over consumption of alcohol often lead to weight gain?
Alcohol has a lot of calories
The legal limit for intoxication is a BAC of 0.08. If a person is legally intoxicated and stops consuming alcohol, how long does it take for that person to achieve sobriety?
At least 5 hours
According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, “binge drinking” is when a man consumes _______ or more drinks and a woman consumes ______ or more drinks in two hours or less.
5;4
90% of ingested alcohol is metabolized (broken down) in the ______.
Liver
When a protein is exposed to a different environment, such a much higher temperature, the protein loses its shape also known as __________
Denaturation
Why must the blood pH be closely regulated in the body?
If the pH is too high or too low proteins denature.
Some of the amino acids are considered “nonessential” because these amino acids are…
made by the body and therefore not needed in the diet
The healing process begins when proteins such as bradykinin which …
dilate blood vessels at the site of injury
During a blood test, it is discovered a person has a higher than usual composition of antibodies. What might this mean?
He/she is having an immune reaction to something
_______________ are chemical messengers made by proteins and produced by endocrine glands.
Horomones
If an enzyme needs to be turned on or off, which of the following groups of macromolecules is most likely involved?
Horomones
Which of the following best explains how Breathalyzers work?
They detect the amount of alcohol excreted through the breath
Which of the following best describes what occurs during cirrhosis?
Liver cells die and form scar tissue, which blocks blood flow and leads to a buildup of toxins
Alcohol is considered a psychoactive drug because…
it is a substance that crosses the blood-brain barrier and affects the function of the brain
Are any of the forms of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) reversible?
Yes, fatty liver is reversible but cirrhosis is not
Which of the following is the most common nutrient deficiency among alcoholics?
Water
