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Biology 105 > Unit 3 Test > Flashcards

Unit 3 Test Flashcards

Ch 8, 9, and 10

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1
Q

Neurons and Neural tissue

A

2 kinds of cells that make up the nervous system p 194

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2
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord p 193

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3
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

all nerves and ganglia (all nervous tissue) outside the CNS p 193

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4
Q

sensory (afferent) division

A

conducts action potentials from sensory receptors to the CNS p 193

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5
Q

motor (efferent) nervous system

A

conducts action potential away from the CNS to effector organs such as muscles and glands p 193

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6
Q

somatic nervous system

A

transmits action potentials from the CNS to skeletal muscles p 193

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7
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

transmits action potentials from the CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands p 194

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8
Q

enteric nervous system

A

unique subdivision of the peripheral nervous system which has both sensory and motor neurons contained wholly within the digestive tract. It can function without input from the CNS or PNS, but is normally integrated. p 194

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9
Q

cell body

A

contains nucleus, extensive rough ER, golgi apparatus, mitochondria. large numbers of neurofilaments (intermediate) and microtubules organize the cytoplasm into distinct areas. p 194

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10
Q

dendrites

A

short, highly branching cytoplasmic extensions tapered from their base at the neuron cell body to their tips. usually receive information from other neurons or sensory receptors and transmit the information toward the cell body p 194

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11
Q

axons

A

single long cell process extending from the cell body, has a uniform diameter and can be a few mm to more than a meter long
Axons of sensory neurons conduct action potentials towards the CNS, and axons of motor neurons conduct action potentials away from the CNS
May be unbranched or branch to form collateral axons p 194

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12
Q

axon hillock

A

where the axon leaves the cell body p 194

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13
Q

multipolar neurons

A

many dendrites and an axon p 195

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14
Q

bipolar neurons

A

one dendrite and an axon, in sensory organs like retina and nasal cavity. p 195

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15
Q

pseudo-unipolar neurons

A

appears to have an axon and no dendrites, located in most sensory organs p 195

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16
Q

neurolgia

A

non neural cells, more numerous than neurons, retain ability to divide p 195

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17
Q

astrocytes

A 
major supporting cells in CNS, 
provide structure
regulate neural signaling
contribute to blood brain barrier
help repair neural tissue p 195
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18
Q

microglia

A

small mobile cells that protect CNS from infection, phagocytic in response to inflammation p 195

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19
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

form myelin sheaths around axons or enclose unmyelinated axons in CNS p 195

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20
Q

Schwann cells

A

form myelin sheaths around axons or enclose unmyelinated axons in PNS p 195

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21
Q

satellite cells

A

?? look at PPT

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22
Q

myelined axons

A

have sheaths of oligodendrocytes or Schwann cells wrapped around them increases speed and efficiency of the action potentials along the axon p 197

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23
Q

unmyelined axons

A

rest in indentations of oligodendrocytes or Schwann cells p 197

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24
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

gaps the the myelin sheath between oligodendrocytes or Swann cells p 197

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25
Q

gray matter

A

groups of cell bodies and dendrites where there is little myelin p 197

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26
Q

white matter.

A

bundles of parallel axon with their myelin sheaths p 197

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27
Q

nerve tracts

A

conduction pathways formed by white matter of the CNS which propagate action potentials from one area of the CNS to another p 197

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28
Q

ganglion

A

in the PNS a cluster of neuron cell bodies p 197

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29
Q

nerves

A

bundles of axons and their connective tissue in the PNS p 197

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30
Q

resting membrane potential

A

the uneven charge distribution in a restin/unstimulated cell p 197

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31
Q

polarized

A

uneven distribution of charge across the cell membrane p 197

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32
Q

leakage channels

A

always open for ions to leak across the membrane down their concentration gradient p 197

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33
Q

gated channels

A

closed until opened by specific signals p 197

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34
Q

chemically gated channels

A

opened by neurotransmitters or other chemicals p 198

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35
Q

voltage gated channels

A

opened by a change in membrane potential p 198

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36
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

astrocytes participate with blood vessel endothelium to form a barrier between blood and the CNS p 195

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37
Q

ependymal cells

A

line fluid filled cavities in the CNS, some produce cerebrospinal fluid and others have cilia that move cerebrospinal fluid through the CNS p 195

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38
Q

sodium potassium pump

A

compensates for the constant leakage of ions across the membrane–maintains greater concentration of Na+ outside the cell and K+ inside, consumes 70% of the ATP in a neuron p 198

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39
Q

excitable cells

A

resting membrane potential changes in response to a stimulus that activates gated ion channels, muscle and nerve cells p 198

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40
Q

local current

A

movement of Na+ through chemically gated channels p 199

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41
Q

depolarization

A

local current causes the inside of the cell membrane to become positive p 199

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42
Q

local potential

A

depolarization results in local potential p 199

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43
Q

threshhold

A

large enough local potential to cause voltage gated channels to open, most often at the axon hillock p 200

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44
Q

action potential

A

depolarization and repolarization p 200

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45
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

at the end of repolarization the charge briefly becomes more negative than the resting potential p 200

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46
Q

All-of-none

A

if the threshold is reached, and action potential occurs, if not then no action potential occurs p 200

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47
Q

Continuous conduction

A

in unmyelinated axons the action potential in one part of a cell membrane stimulates local currents in adjacent parts of the cell membrane. Those local currents in the adjacent membrane produce an action potential. The action potential is conducted along the entire axon p 200

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48
Q

Salutatory conduction

A

in myelinated axons the action potential at one node of Ranvier causes local current to flow through the extracellular fluid and through the cytoplasm of the axon to the next node, stimulating an action potential at the next node. Action potentials jump from one node to the next. It increases conduction velocity p 200

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49
Q

Synapse

A

a junction where the axon of one neuron interacts with another neuron or with the cells of an effector neuron p 200

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50
Q

Presynaptic terminal

A

end of axon

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51
Q

Postsynaptic membrane

A

membrane of the dendrite or the effector cell

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52
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical

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53
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

space separating presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes

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54
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

stores neurotransmitters in presynaptic terminal

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55
Q

Acetylcholine (Ach)

A

neurotransmitter

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56
Q

Norepinephrine

A

neurotransmitter

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57
Q

Acetylcholinesterace

A

enzyme breaks down neurotransmitter

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58
Q

Describe the continuous conduction of an action potential in an unmyelinated axon.

A

.

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59
Q

Describe the saltatory conduction of an action potential in a myelinated axon.

A

.

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60
Q

Describe the factors that contribute to the generation of the resting membrane potential.

A

.

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61
Q

Describe the action of the sodium-potassium pump.

A

.

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62
Q

Describe how a voltage gated channel works.

A

.

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63
Q

Describe how a voltage gated channel produces an action potential.

A

.

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64
Q

Describe what happens if a local potential doesn’t meet the threshold value.

A

.

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65
Q

Describe what happens if a local potential meets the threshold value.

A

.

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66
Q

Describe several characteristics of neuroglia cells.

A

.

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67
Q

Compare and contrast astrocytes and satellite cells.

A

.

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68
Q

Compare and contrast oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells.

A

.

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69
Q

Name the categories of the spinal nerves (regional terms).

A

???cervical nerves C1 to C4
thoracic nerves C5 to T1
lumbar nerves L1 to S4
p

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70
Q

reflex

A

involuntary reaction in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the CNS p 203

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71
Q

reflex arc

A

the neuronal pathway by which a reflex occurs. it is the basic functional unit of the nervous system because it is the smallest, simplest pathway capable of receiving a stimulus and yielding a response p 202

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72
Q

sensory receptor

A

basic component of a reflex arc 1 p 202

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73
Q

sensory neuron

A

basic component of a reflex arc 2 p 202

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74
Q

interneuron

A

basic component of a reflex arc 3, but not in all p 202

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75
Q

motor neuron

A

basic component of a reflex arc 4

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76
Q

effector neuron

A

basic component of a reflex arc 5

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77
Q

converging pathway

A

2 or more neurons synapse with the same neuron p 204

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78
Q

diverging pathway

A

the axon from one neuron divides and synapses with more than one other neuron p 204

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79
Q

summation

A

allows integration of multiple subthreshold signals to bring the membrane potential to threshold and trigger an action potential. p 204

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80
Q

spatial summation

A

occurs when the local potentials originate from different locations on the postsynaptic neuron p 204

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81
Q

temporal summation

A

occurs when local potentials overlap in time, can occur from a single input that fires rapidly p 204

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82
Q

spinal cord

A

extends from foramen magnum at the base of the skull to the second lumbar vertebra. p 205

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83
Q

cauda equine

A

nerves exiting the inferior end of the spinal cord resemble a horse’s tail p 205

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84
Q

dorsal column

A

myelinated axons posterior

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85
Q

ventral column

A

myelinated axons anterior

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86
Q

lateral column

A

myelinated axons sides

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87
Q

ascending tracts

A

conduct action potentials toward the brain

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88
Q

descending tracts

A

conduct action potentials away from brain

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89
Q

anterior horn

A

gray matter

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90
Q

laternal horns

A

gray matter

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91
Q

posterior horn

A

gray matter

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92
Q

ventral root

A

ventral rootlets combine to form

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93
Q

dorsal root

A

dorsal rootlets combine to form

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94
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

call bodies of pseudo-unipolar sensory neurons p 205

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95
Q

stretch reflex

A

muscles contract in response to a stretching force p 207

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96
Q

knee-jerk reflex

A

classic example of stretch reflex

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97
Q

withdrawal reflex

A

remove a limb or another body part from a painful stimulus p 207

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98
Q

spinal nerves

A

arise along the spinal cord from the union of dorsal and ventral roots.

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99
Q

mixed nerves

A

spinal nerves contain axons of both sensory and somatic motor neurons

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100
Q

plexuses

A

spinal nerves are organized into 3 major plexuses where nerves come together then separate

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101
Q

cervical plexus

A

c1 to c4, innervate the hyoid bone, skin of the neck and posterior portion of the head

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102
Q

phrenic nerve

A

most important nerve of the cervical plexus, innervates the diaphragm p 207

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103
Q

brachial plexus

A

c5 to t1, 5 major nerves to the upper limbs and shoulders

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104
Q

axillary nerve

A

2 shoulder muscles and skin over shoulder

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105
Q

radial nerve

A

all muscles in the posterior arm and forearm as well as skin over posterior arm, forearm, and hand

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106
Q

musculocutaneous nerve

A

anterior muscles of arm and the skin over the radial surface of the forearm

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107
Q

ulnar nerve

A

2 anterior forearm muscles and most of the intrinsic hand muscles. Also the skin over the ulnar side of the hand. passes behind the elbow–funny bone p 209

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108
Q

median nerve

A

most of the anterior forearm muscles and some intrinsic hand muscles, skin over the radial side of the hand

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109
Q

lumbosacral plexus

A

l1 to s4, 4 major nerves to the lower limbs

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110
Q

obturator nerve

A

muscles of the medial thigh and skin over medial thigh

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111
Q

femoral nerve

A

anterior thigh muscles and skin over anterior thigh and medial side of leg

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112
Q

tibial nerve

A

posterior thigh muscles anterior and posterior leg muscles and most intrinsic foot muscles, and skin over the sole of the foot

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113
Q

common fibular nerve

A

muscles of lateral thigh and leg and some intrinsic foot muscles. skin over the anterior and lateral leg and the dorsal surface (top) of the foot

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114
Q

sciatic nerve

A

tibial and common fibular nerves are bound together with a connective sheath

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115
Q

Brainstem

A

connects spinal cord to the remainder of the brain. Consists of the medulla oblongata, pons, and the midbrain. contains nuclei involved in vital functions like heart rate, blood pressure and breathing. nuclei for all but the first 2 cranial nerves p 210

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116
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

most inferior portion of the brainstem and is contiguous with the spinal cord. contains discrete nuclei that regulate heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, balance and coordination. p 210

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117
Q

Pyramids

A

2 prominent enlargements on the anterior surface that extend the length of the medulla oblongata. nerve tracts which transmit action potentials from the brain to the motor neurons of the spinal cord and are involved in the conscious control of skeletal muscles p 211

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118
Q

Pons

A

immediately above the medulla oblongata contains ascending and descending nerve tracts as well as several nuclei functional bridge between cerebrum and cerebellum. controls chewing and salivation as well as sharing breathing swallowing and balance with the medulla oblongata. p 211

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119
Q

Midbrain

A

over the pons, smallest region of the brainstem

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120
Q

Colliculi

A

4 mound son midbrain, relay centers for auditory pathways and visual reflexes and receive touch and auditory input p 211

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121
Q

Substantia nigra

A

black nuclear mass controls general body movements

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122
Q

Reticular formation

A

scattered throughout the brainstem regulates cyclical motor functions like respiration, walking, chewing p 211

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123
Q

Activating system

A

plays a major role in arousing and maintaining consciousness and regulating sleep p 212

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124
Q

Cerebellum

A

rear brain

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125
Q

Cerebellar peduncles

A

attaches cerebellum to brainstem. provide routes of communication between cerebellum and other parts of CNS p 212

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126
Q

Diencephalon

A

between brainstem and cerebrum, thal, epithal, and hypothal

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127
Q

Thalamus

A

cluster of nuclei, influences mood and registers pain

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128
Q

Epithalamus

A

over and behind thalamus, response to doers

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129
Q

Hypothalamus

A

lowest, maintains homeostasis, body temp, hunger thirst,

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130
Q

Cerebrum

A

largest part of brain

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131
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

divides left and right hemispheres of cerebrum p 213

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132
Q

Gyri

A

folds/ridges

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133
Q

Sulci

A

valleys

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134
Q

Frontal lobal

A

vol motor functions, motivation, aggression, mood, smell p 213

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135
Q

Parietal loba

A

receiving and consciously perceiving senses

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136
Q

Occipital love

A

receiving and perceiving visual input

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137
Q

Central sulcus

A

separates frontal and parietal lobes

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138
Q

Temporal lobe

A

olfactory and auditory, plays important role in memory, abstract thought and judgement p 214

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139
Q

Lateral fissue

A

separates temporal lobe from rest of cerebrum

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140
Q

Insula (5th lobe)

A

deep w/in lateral fissure

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141
Q

Ascending tracts

A

transmits action potentials from periphery to brain p 214

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142
Q

Spinothalamic tract

A

xmits action potentials dealing with pain and temp to the thalamus to the cerebral cortex, example of ascending tract p 214

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143
Q

Dorsal tract

A

xmits action potentials dealing with touch, position, and pressure, ascending tract

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144
Q

Primary sensory areas

A

where sensations are perceived

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145
Q

Primary somatic areas

A

general sensory area

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146
Q

Association areas

A

cortical areas involved in recognition

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147
Q

Voluntary movements

A

consciously activated to achieve a goal

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148
Q

Upper motor neurons

A

result in vol movements and connect to lower motor neurons

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149
Q

Lower motor neurons

A

in anterior horn or cranial nerve nuclei

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150
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

control voluntary movements of skeletal muscles

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151
Q

Premotor area

A

where motor functions are organized before they are actually initiated in the primary motor cortex

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152
Q

Lateral coritcospinal tracts

A

control speed and precision of skilled movements of the hands

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153
Q

Basal nuclei

A

group of functionally related nuclei

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154
Q

Corpus stiatum

A

located deep in the cerebrum

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155
Q

Substantia nigra

A

dark pigmented cells in the midbrain

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156
Q

Comparator

A

sensing device that compares data from 2 sources

157
Q

Proprioceptive neruons

A

innervate joints tendons muscles and provides info about position of body parts

158
Q

Commissures

A

sensory info shared between hemispheres

159
Q

Corpus callosum

A

largest commissure

160
Q

Sensory speech area

A

Wernicke area parietal lobe area of speech

161
Q

Motor speech area

A

Broca area inferior frontal lobe

162
Q

Aphasia

A

absent of defective speech or language comprehension

163
Q

Electroencephalogram

A

brain’s electrical activity

164
Q

Brain waves

A

wavelike patterns

165
Q

Alpha waves

A

quiet resting state

166
Q

Beta waves

A

intense mental activity and beginning of sleep

167
Q

Delta waves

A

deep sleep

168
Q

Theta waves

A

children

169
Q

Working memory

A

task associated memory

170
Q

Short-term memory

A

retained for a few min or a few days

171
Q

Long-term memory

A

stored for a few min or permanent

172
Q

Condolidation

A

gradual process of memory, formation of new and stronger synaptic connections

173
Q

Procedural memory

A

dev of new motor skills

174
Q

Memory engrams

A

long term memory retention

175
Q

Limbic system

A

long-tern declarative memory, emotions, visceral responses to emotions motivations and mood. olfactory nerves.

176
Q

Meninges

A

3 connective tissue membranes

177
Q

Dura mater

A

most superficial and thickest

178
Q

Epidural space

A

between dura mater and vertebrae

179
Q

Anesthesia

A

injection

180
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

second meningeal membrane

181
Q

Dural space

A

potential space containing a very small amount of serous fluid

182
Q

Spinal block

A

anesthetic

183
Q

Spinal tap

A

sample of cerebrospinal fluid

184
Q

Pia mater

A

third meningeal membrane

185
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

between arachnoid major and pia major

186
Q

Ventricles

A

CNS fluid filled cavities

187
Q

Lateral ventrical

A

each cerebral hemisphere has a relatively large cavity

188
Q

Third ventricle

A

smaller midline cavity in center of diencephalon

189
Q

Fourth ventricle

A

base od cerebellum and connected to the 3d ventricle by a narrow canal

190
Q

Cerebral aqueduct

A

narrow canal between 3d and 4th ventricle

191
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

bathes brain and spinal cord, provides protective cushion around CNS

192
Q

Choroid plexuses

A

specialized structures made of ependymal cells, located in ventricles p 223

193
Q

Arachnoid granulations

A

masses of arachnoid tissue penetrate the superior saggital sinus, a dural venous sinus in the longitudinal fissure and CSF passes from the subarachnoid space into the blood through these granulations p 223

194
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

blockage of openings cause CSF to accumulate in ventricles

195
Q

Cranial nerves

A

12 pairs

196
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

controlled unconsciously

197
Q

Preganglionic neurons

A

first

198
Q

Postganglionic neurons

A

second

199
Q

Autonomic ganglia

A

outside the CNS

200
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

rest and Digest

201
Q

Fight-or-flight

A

sympathetic

202
Q

Sympathetic division

A

fight or flight

203
Q

Sympathetic chain ganglia

A

connected to one another and form a chain along both sides of the spinal cord

204
Q

Collateral ganglia

A

located nearer target organs, celiac, superior mesenteric ganglia

205
Q

Splanchnic nerves

A

sympathetic nerves that extend to collateral ganglia in the abdominal and pelvic region

206
Q

Terminal ganglia

A

located in effector organs in the head or embedded in effector organs in thorax abdomen and pelvis

207
Q

Achetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter of sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons p 228

208
Q

Norepinephrine

A

neurotransmitter of post ganglionic neurons

209
Q

Enteric nervous system (ENS)

A

plexuses within the wall of the digestive tract

210
Q

Describe the symptoms of stroke.

A

headache, loss of motor skill, weakness, confusion, difficulty speech and swallowing, vision, confusion, seizures

211
Q

Describe several treatments for stroke.

A

restore blood flow, hypertension meds, physical and speech therapyp 231

212
Q

What are some of the effects of aging on the nervous system?

A

gradually declines, number of sensory neurons, reflexes slow, homeostasis, loss of motor control, short term memory, sleep is more difficult

213
Q

Select one condition from each category on page 232 and describe it.

A

MS, autoimmune condition initiated by viral infection, inflammation of brain and spinal cord, demyelination. exaggerated reflexes, tremors and speech defects

214
Q

Special Senses

A

specialized

215
Q

receptors

A

nerve endings capable of responding to stimuli

216
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

bending or stretching

217
Q

chemoreceptors

A

odor

218
Q

photoreceptors

A

light

219
Q

thermoreceptors

A

temp

220
Q

nociceptors

A

pain

221
Q

Merkel disks

A

small superficial nerve endings involved in detecting light, touch, and superficial nerve endings

222
Q

Meissner corpuscles

A

receptors for fine, dicriminating touch

223
Q

Ruffini corpuscles

A

detecting continuous pressure

224
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

deep pressure, vibration and position p 239

225
Q

pain

A

unpleasant perceptual and emotional experiences, localized sharp, diffuse burning or aching

226
Q

referred pain

A

originate in a region of the body that is not the source of pain

227
Q

olfaction

A

smell

228
Q

odorants

A

airborne molecules

229
Q

olfactory bulb

A

9

230
Q

olfactory tracts

A

9

231
Q

adaptation

A

decreased sensitivity after time

232
Q

taste buds

A

oval structures that detect taste

233
Q

papillae

A

enlargements on the surface of the tongue

234
Q

taste cells

A

40

235
Q

taste hairs

A

hairlike processes that extend into a tiny opening

236
Q

taste pore

A

tiny opening in the surrounding epithelium

237
Q

conjunctiva

A

thin transparent mucous membrane covering the inner surface of the eyelid

238
Q

lacrimal apparatus

A

lacrimal gland in the superior lateral corner of the orbit

239
Q

lacrimal gland

A

produces tears

240
Q

lacrimal canaluculi

A

small ducts

241
Q

lacrimal sac

A

enlargement of the nasolacrimal duct

242
Q

nasolacrimal duct

A

opens into the nasal cavity

243
Q

extrinsic eye muscles

A

6, movement of eye

244
Q

rectus muscles

A

attach to 4 quadrants of eye

245
Q

oblique muscles

A

angle to long axis of eye

246
Q

fibrous tunic

A

outer tunic, sclera and cornea

247
Q

vascular tunic

A

middle tunic, choroid, ciliary body, iris

248
Q

nervous tunic

A

innermost tunic, retina

249
Q

sclera

A

firm white outer connective tissue layer, maintains shape protects internal structures and provides attachment sites for muscles

250
Q

cornea

A

transparent permits light to enter

251
Q

Ciliary body

A

contains smooth muscles

252
Q

lens

A

flexible biconvex transparent disk

253
Q

pupil

A

opening

254
Q

iris

A

colored part of eye

255
Q

retina

A

posterior 5/6 of eye

256
Q

rods

A

photo receptor cells, low light

257
Q

cones

A

photo receptor cells, color vision

258
Q

rhodopsin

A

photosensitive pigment

259
Q

opsin

A

colorless protein

260
Q

retinal

A

yellow pigment

261
Q

optic nerve

A

axons converge at the posterior of the eye

262
Q

macula

A

small spot near the center of the posterior retina

263
Q

fovea centralis

A

part of the retina where light is most focused

264
Q

blind spot

A

optic disk contains no photoreceptor cells

265
Q

anterior chamer

A

between cornea and lens front of iris

266
Q

posterior chamber

A

between cornea and lens back of iris

267
Q

vitreous humor

A

transparent jelly substance in vitreous chamber

268
Q

aqueous humor

A

watery fluid in anterior and posterior chamber

269
Q

focal point

A

crossing point of light rays

270
Q

focusing

A

light converges

271
Q

accommodation

A

muscles reshape lens and focus

272
Q

optic chiasm

A

where 2 optic nerves connect to each other

273
Q

visual field (of eye)

A

image seen by each eye

274
Q

color blindness

A

absence of perception of one or more colors

275
Q

auricle

A

external ear

276
Q

external auditory meatus

A

9

277
Q

external auditory canal

A

passageway that leads to eardrum

278
Q

ceruminous glands

A

produce cerumen

279
Q

cerumen

A

modified sebum/earwax

280
Q

tympanic membrane

A

thin membrane that separates ext ear from middle ear

281
Q

oval window

A

opening in medial side of middle ear

282
Q

round window

A

opening in medial side of middle ear

283
Q

auditory ossicles

A

3 bones in inner ear

284
Q

malleus

A

hammer

285
Q

incus

A

anvil

286
Q

stapes

A

stirrup

287
Q

auditory tube

A

opens into pharynx and enables air pressure equalized between outside air and middle ear

288
Q

bony labyrinth

A

tunnels and chambers in temporal bone

289
Q

membraneous labyrinth

A

membranous tunnels and chambers

290
Q

endolymph

A

clear liquid in membranous labyrinth

291
Q

perilymph

A

liquid in space between membranous and and bony labyrinth

292
Q

cochlea

A

snail shell with bony core p 252

293
Q

spiral organ (organ of Corti)

A

contains specialized sensory cells

294
Q

static equilibrium

A

position of head relative to gravity

295
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

change of direction and head movements

296
Q

vestibule

A

inner ear, 2 chambers

297
Q

utricle

A

chamber in vestibule

298
Q

saccule

A

chamber in vestibule

299
Q

maculae

A

specialized patches of epithelium

300
Q

otoliths

A

particles composed of protein and calcium carbonate, bends hair cell microvili and initiating action potentials

301
Q

semicircular canals

A

dynamic equillibrium, right angles

302
Q

ampulla

A

base of each semicircular canal

303
Q

crista ampullaris

A

ridge of epithelium with a curved gelatinous mass

304
Q

cupula

A

gelatinous mass

305
Q

motion sickness

A

continuous stimulation of the semicircular canal

306
Q

Describe how visual stimuli is converted into sight

A

9

307
Q

Describe how sound waves are converted into hearing

A

9

308
Q

Describe how odorants are converted into a sense of smell

A

9

309
Q

Describe how food molecules are converted into a sense of taste

A

9

310
Q

autocrine

A

stimulates cell that secretes it, white blood cells

311
Q

paracrine

A

act locally, histamine

312
Q

endocrine

A

in blood–act on distand cell

313
Q

neurotransmitters

A

activate an adjacent cell, neuron on neuron, muscle, or gland cell

314
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers

315
Q

humoral stimuli

A

blood borne molecules can stimulate release of some hormones

316
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

10

317
Q

antidiuretic hormone

A

10

318
Q

neural stimuli

A

10

319
Q

epinephrine/norepinephrine

A

10

320
Q

releasing hormones

A

10

321
Q

hormonal stimuli

A

10

322
Q

tropic hormones

A

10

323
Q

inhibition

A

10

324
Q

inhibiting hormones

A

10

325
Q

negative feedback

A

10

326
Q

positive feedback

A

10

327
Q

receptors

A

10

328
Q

nuclear receptors

A

10

329
Q

hormone response elements

A

10

330
Q

transcription factors

A

10

331
Q

G-protein

A

10

332
Q

adenylate cyclase

A

10

333
Q

protein kinases

A

10

334
Q

amplification

A

10

335
Q

cAMP

A

10

336
Q

pituitary gland

A

10

337
Q

hypothalamus

A

10

338
Q

infundibulum

A

10

339
Q

anterior pituitary

A

10

340
Q

posterior pituitary

A

10

341
Q

growth hormone

A

10

342
Q

insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)

A

10

343
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone

A

10

344
Q

adrenocortiocottropic hormone

A

10

345
Q

cortisol

A

10

346
Q

gonadotropins

A

10

347
Q

lutenizing hormone

A

10

348
Q

interstitial cell-stimulating hormone

A

10

349
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone

A

10

350
Q

prolactin

A

10

351
Q

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

A

10

352
Q

oxytocin

A

10

353
Q

thyroid gland

A

10

354
Q

hypterthyroidism

A

10

355
Q

Graves disease

A

10

356
Q

thyroxine

A

10

357
Q

triiodothyronine

A

10

358
Q

calcitonin

A

10

359
Q

parathyroid glands

A

10

360
Q

parathyroid hormones

A

10

361
Q

hyperparathyroidism

A

10

362
Q

hypoparathyroidism

A

10

363
Q

adrenal glands

A

10

364
Q

adrenal medulla

A

10

365
Q

adrenal cortex

A

10

366
Q

fight-or-flight response

A

10

367
Q

aldosterone

A

10

368
Q

renin

A

10

369
Q

androgens

A

10

370
Q

Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)

A

10

371
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

10

372
Q

hyperglycemia

A

10

373
Q

testes/ovaries

A

10

374
Q

estrogen

A

10

375
Q

progesterone

A

10

376
Q

testosterone

A

10

377
Q

thymus

A

10

378
Q

pineal gland

A

10

379
Q

melatonin

A

10

380
Q

What are the functions of the endocrine system?

A

10 functions–metabolism, food and digestion, tissue dev, ion regulation, water balance, heart rate and BP, blood glucose and nutrients, reproduction, uterine contraction and milk, immune syst

381
Q

How are lipid-soluble hormones transported?

A

small size, not soluble, attach to binding proteins, long life span

382
Q

How are water-soluble hormones transported?

A

dissolve in blood and circulate freely, diffuse into tissue–not capillaries, large, short life

383
Q

To what kind of receptors do lipid-soluble hormones bind?

A

nuclear receptors and interacts with DNA

384
Q

To what kind of receptors do water-soluble hormones bind?

A

membrane bound receptors to initiate response within cell

385
Q

Describe how a G-protein receptor system works.

A
  1. hormone binds to receptor
  2. receptor changes shape and g protein binds to it, GTP replaces GDP on alpha subunit
  3. g protein separates and alpha unit separates from protein. GTP linked subunit activates cell response
  4. hormone separates from receptor phosphate is removes and GTP becomes GDP
386
Q

In what way do hormones control the anterior pituitary?

A

releasing or inhibiting hormones

387
Q

What is the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system?

A

capillary beds and veins that transport releasing and inhibiting hormones p 272

388
Q

How does the hypothalamus control the posterior pituitary?

A

??? pass through hypothal-pituitary gland p 275

Biology 105 (7 decks)

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