Unit 1 Test Flashcards
Characteristics of living organisms
Organization Metabolism Responsiveness Growth Development Reproduction
Anatomy and Physiology
.
Homeostasis
.
Pos and Neg feedback mechanisms
control point
receptor control center effector
.
anatomical position
.
prone-supine
.
superior inferior
.
anterior posterior
.
ventral dorsal
.
proximal distal
.
lateral medial
.
superficial deep
.
axial appendicular
.
abdominal body quadrants
.
rt lt hypochondriac region
.
epigastric region
.
umbilical region
.
rt lt lumbar region
.
rt lt iliac region
.
hypogastric region
.
thoracic cavity
.
mediastinum
.
abdominal cavity
.
pelvic cavity
.
visceral and parietal serious membranes
.
pericardial cavity
.
pleural cavity
.
peritoneal cavity
.
mesenteries
.
why homeostasis is important for proper body function
.
example of a negative-feedback mechanism and describe how it operates.
.
example of a positive-feedback mechanism and describe how it operates
.
Describe a person in anatomical position.
.
Describe the relationship between the following using directional terms:
i) The nose and the ears ii) The wrist and elbow iii) The heart and the spine iv) The lips and the eyebrows v) The spinal column and sternum
.
Name and describe the three major planes of the body and the body organs.
.
Describe the major trunk cavities and their divisions.
.
Describe the serous membranes, their locations, and their functions.
.
element atom
a
chemical bonding
a
electron cloud valence shell
a
ion
a
ionic bond
a
covalent bond
single
double
a
polar covalent bond
polar molecules
a
nonpolar covalent bond
nonpolar molecules
a
hydrogen bonds
a
compound
molecule
a
dissociation
a
electrolytes
a
synthesis reaction anabolism decomposition reaction catabolism metabolism
a
exchange reaction
reversible reaction
equillibrium
a
work
reactants
products
catalysts
a
acids
bases
salts
buffers
a
carbohydrates
a
monomers
a
mono di polysaccharides
a
lipids
a
sat and unsat fats
monounsat and polyunsat fats
trans fats
a
phospholipids
hydrophillic
hydrophobic
a
prostglandins
a
steroids
a
proteins
amino acids
denaturation
a
enzyme
activation energy
a
lock and key model
a
nucleic acids
a
dna
rna
a
nucleotides
a
atp
a
Why are hydrogen bonds important
a
Compare and contrast ionic and covalent bonds
a
Indicate the charge and location of subatomic particles
a
Explain how reversible reactions produce chemical equilibrium
a
Distinguish between chemical reactions that release energy and those that take in energy.
a
Describe the factors that can affect the rate of chemical reactions
a
Describe the pH scale and its relationship to acidic and basic solutions
aa
Explain the importance of buffers in organisms
a
Describe the structural organization and major functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
a
Explain how enzymes work.
a
organelles
a
cytoplasm
a
cell membrane/membrane channels
a
selectively permeable
a
concentration gradient
a
leakage channel/gated channel
a
osmosis/osmotic pressure
a
hydrostatic pressure
a
hypotonic isotonic hypertonic lysis
a
carrier mediated transport facilitated diffusion active transport sodium potassium pump secondary active transport co transport counter transport
a
endocytosis/receptor mediated
phagocytosis
pinocytosis
exocytosis
a
nuclear envelope
nuclear pores
a
chromosomes
chromatin
centromere
a
nucleoli
a
ribosomes
a
rough/smooth ER
a
golgi apparatus/vesicle
a
mitochondria/cristae
Describe the structure and function of mitochondria.
a
Describe the structure and function of the cytoskeleton.
microtubules
microfilaments
intermediate filaments
Describe the structure and function of centrioles.
a
Compare the structure and function of cilia, flagella, and microvilli.
a
geneM. Describe the process of gene expression.
a
translation/transcription
a
mRNA tRNA rRNA
a
anticodon
peptide bond
polypeptide chain
a
interphase
cell division
mitosisN. Explain what is accomplished during each phase of mitosis.
a
haploid and diploid
a
X/Y Chromo
a
List the major functions of a cell.
a
Describe the structure of the cell membrane.
a
Explain the role of osmosis and that of osmotic pressure in controlling the movement of water across the cell membrane.
a
Describe the structure and function of the nucleus and the nucleoli.
a
Explain the role of lysosomes and peroxisomes in digesting material taken into cells by phagocytosis
a
Define differentiation and explain how different cell types develop.
a
Describe the general makeup of a tissue.
a
List and explain the general characteristics of epithelial tissue.
a
Classify epithelial tissues based on the number of cell layers and the shape of the cells
a
Describe the classification of connective tissue, and give examples of each major type.
a
Discuss the three types of muscle tissue by describing their general structures, their locations in the body and their functions.
a
Describe the functions of nervous tissue
coordinate and control body activities
List the structural and functional characteristics of mucous, serous, and synovial membranes.
secrete mucus for protection, secretion, absorption
line trunk cavities and cover organs
connective tissue line joint cavities
Describe the process of inflammation in response to tissue damage and explain how inflammation protects the body.
s
Explain the major events involved in tissue repair.
a
Describe the age-related changes that occur in cells and in extracellular matrix.
cells divide more slowly
collagen fibers become more irregular
elastic fibers less elastic
free surface
basal surface
basement membrane
a
alveoli
a
goblet cells
a
tight junctions
desmosomes
hemidesmosomes
gap junction
a
gland
exocrine gland endocrine gland merocrine secretion apocrine secretion holocrine secretion
secretes substance onto surface into cavity or into blood
glands with ducts, onto surface into organ
secrete hormones into blood
exocrine no cells lost
exocrine portion of cells lost
exocrine cells lost
hormones
carried in blood
connective tissue
large extracellular materials/matrix
fibroblasts
fibrocytes
osteoblasts
osteoclasts
a
macrophages
a
mast cells
a
adipose tissue
a
cartilage
a
bone
compact bone
spongy bone
a
muscle tissue
skeletal muscle
cardiac
smooth muscle
contracts makes movement possible
enables movement, long multiple nuclei striated
pumps blood striated inter calculated discs
tapered not striated in hollow organs
intercalculated disks
specialized gap junctions that coord contractions
neuron
cell body
axion
dendrites
nerve cell conducting action potentials
contains nucleous and cell functions
nerve cell processes
receive stimuli
neuralgia
support cells nourish protect insulate neurons
mucus membranes
synovial mem
synovial fluid
various kind of epithelia’s resting on a thick layer of loose connective tissue that line cavities on the inside of the body
connective tissue lines the inside of joint cavities
produce fluid to make joint slippery
inflammation
when tissues are damaged mobilizes body’s defenses, destroys foreign materials and damaged cells
histamine
chemical mediators
prostglandins
chemical mediator
edema
swelling of tissues allows water, protein move from blood into tissues
neutrophil
white blood cell ingest bacteria and fights infection
pus
mix of neutrophils and fluids
tissue repair
substitute viable cells for dead cells
regeneration
new cells are same as destroyed and normal function restored
fibrosis
new tissue causes scar and loss of function
stem cells
self renewing undifferentiated cells
scab
surface of clot seals wound/prevents infection
granulation tissue
delicate connective tissue fibroblasts, collagen and capillaries
