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Biology 105 > Unit 2 Test > Flashcards

Unit 2 Test Flashcards

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1
Q

skin

A

protects, senses, vitamin D production, temperature regulation, excretion

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2
Q

epidermis

A

superficial layer of skin, prevents water loss and resists abrasion

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3
Q

dermis

A

dense connective tissue that gives skin structural strength

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4
Q

subcutaneous tissue

A

connective tissue on which skin rests, connects skin to bone

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5
Q

keratin

A

protein which makes cells hard and creates permeability layer

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6
Q

strata

A

distinct layers of epidermis

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7
Q

stratum basale

A

base layer, cuboidal or columnar cells that are very mitotic, fresh cells are pushed to surface through intermediate stratum

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8
Q

stratum corneum

A

most superficial layer of epidermis, dead squamous cells with keratin, coated by lipids of prevent fluid loss

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9
Q

callus

A

thickened area of increased layers of stratum corneum due to friction

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10
Q

corn

A

cone shaped callus over a bony prominence

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11
Q

cleavage lines

A

collagen fibers oriented in the same direction, skin resistant to stretching along these lines, important for incisions

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12
Q

stretch marks

A

skin overstretched, dermis damaged

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13
Q

dermal papillae

A

projections on upper part of the dermis that extend into the epidermis and provide nutrients, remove waste, and regulate temp. Create fingerprints and improve grip

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14
Q

melanin

A

pigment resp for hair, skin, and eye color. Provides protection against UV rays

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15
Q

melanocytes

A

irregular shaped cells that produce melanin

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16
Q

melenosomes

A

vesicles of melaninwhich leave malanocytes and are phagocyized into epithelial cells

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17
Q

hair

A

accessory skin structure, composed of dead, keratinized, epithelial cells

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18
Q

hair follicle

A

extension of epidermis that originates in the dermis. Hair arises from follicle

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19
Q

hair shaft

A

protruded above skin surface

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20
Q

hair root

A

below skin surface

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21
Q

hair bulb

A

hair is produced in the bulb, below skin surface

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22
Q

medulla

A

soft center of hair

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23
Q

cuticle

A

single layer of overlapping cells that hold the hair in the follicle

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24
Q

sebaceous glands

A

simple branched acinar glands connected by duct to hair follicle

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25
Q

sweat glands

A

eccrine and apocrine, simple coiled tubular glands that secrete water and salts. Apocrine secretions are rich in organic substances

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26
Q

sebum

A

oily white lipid-rich that lubricates hair and skin

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27
Q

nail

A

thin plate of dead stratum corneum cells

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28
Q

nail body

A

visible part of nail

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29
Q

cuticle

A

strat corn that extends onto nail body

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30
Q

nail root

A

part covered by skin

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31
Q

nail matrix

A

where nail root extends from

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32
Q

nail bed

A

nail attaches to bed

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33
Q

lunula

A

part of nail matrix can be seen, cell production causes nail growth

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34
Q

jaundice

A

yellow skin color, bile pigments which are not broken down by liver

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35
Q

excretion

A

removal of waste from the body

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36
Q 
partial thickness burns
first degree
second degree
full thickness
third degree
A

part of basale remains viable,
only epidermis, red painful edema
both epidermis and dermis, recovery from edge of wound and his and sweat glands
epidermis and dermis destroyed, recovery from edges of wound, painless, appear white tan, ben, blk, cherry red

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37
Q

skin cancer
basal cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
malignant melanoma

A

most common cancer, chemicals, radiation UV light, face neck hands, fair and over 50
most frequent, begins with basal and extends into dermis to produce an open ulcer, not likely to metastasize
squamous cell, nodular keratinized tumor confined to epidermis, if untreated, can invade dermis and metastasize
cancer from melanocytes usually in a mole which is a nest of melanocytes, flat spreading lesion or dark nodule, metastasis is common

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38
Q

debridement

A

removal of dead tissue from a burn, prevents infection

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39
Q

venous thrombosis

A

dev of clot in vein, complication of burns, loss of fluid and liver increases clotting factor, blocks blood flow and kills tissue

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40
Q

age spots vs freckles

A

increased melanocytes vs increased melanin production

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41
Q

collagen

A

tough ropelike protein

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42
Q

proteoglycan

A

large molecules of polysaccades attached to core proteins, think pine tree, attracts and retains large amounts of water

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43
Q

tendons

ligaments

A

both have large amounts of collagen fibers, connects muscle to bone, connects bone to bone

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44
Q

cartilage

A

contains collagen for toughness and protoglycans to make it smooth and resilient, it is rigid but absorbs shock well

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45
Q

extracellular matrix

A

different compositions give characteristics of bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments

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46
Q

long bones
flat bones
irregular bones
short bones

A

longer than wide i.e. limbs
relatively thin and flat i.e. skull
don’t fit into other categories i.e. face and vertebrae
as broad as long i.e. wrist and ankle

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47
Q

diaphysis

epiphysis

A

central shaft of bone

end of bone

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48
Q

articular cartilage

A

covers the end of epiphysis where bone articulates with other bone

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49
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

growth plate of cartilage between epiphysis and diaphysis

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50
Q

medullary cavity
yellow marrow
red marrow

A

bone cavity
adipose tissue
blood forming cells

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51
Q

periosteum

endosteum

A

outer surface of bone

lines medullary cavity

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52
Q

osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts

A

forms bone, found in periosteum and endosteum
osteoblasts surrounded by matrix
bone eating cells

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53
Q

lamellae
lacunae
canaliculi

A

thin sheets of matrix in bone
spaces between matrix where osteocytes are
tiny canals in matrix for diffusion

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54
Q

compact bone

spongy bone

A

forms diaphysis on long bones and thinner surfaces on other bones
epiphysis of long bones and interior of other bones

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55
Q

central canal

A

where blood vessels run parallel to the long axis of bone

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56
Q

osteon

A

central canal with lamellae and osteocytes surrounding it, bullseye

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57
Q

trabeculae

A

interconnecting rods or plates in spongy bone

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58
Q

ossification

A

formation of bones by osteoblasts

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59
Q

intramembranous bone

A

bone produced in connective tissue membranes, primarily in the skull

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60
Q

edochondral bone

A

bone produced from cartilage

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61
Q

chondrocytes

A

cartilage cells

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62
Q

bone remodeling

A

removal of bone by osteoclasts and deposits of new bone by osteoblasts

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63
Q

bone repair

A
  1. clot formation
  2. callus formation
  3. osteoblasts form spongy bone
  4. bone remodeling to form compact bone
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64
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

secreted by parathyroid gland when calcium levels are low, stimulates osteoclasts

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65
Q

Calcitonin

A

thyroid gland produced when calcium levels are high, inhibits osteoclasts

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66
Q

forman

A

hole

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67
Q

meatus

A

a canal or tunnel

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68
Q

fossa

A

depression

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69
Q

tubercle/tuberosity

A

knob or enlargement

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70
Q

process

A

prominent projection

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71
Q

condyle

A

smooth rounded articular surface

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72
Q

axial skeleton

A

skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage

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73
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

bones of the limbs and girdles which attach them to the axial skeleton

74
Q

joints

A

also articulation, where 2 bones come together

75
Q

synarthrosis
amphiarthrosis
diarthrosis

A

non moveable joint
slightly moveable joint
freely moveable joint

76
Q

fibrous joints

A

2 bones united by fibrous tissue that have little or no movement

77
Q

sutures

A

fibrous joints in the skull

78
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

2 bones joined by cartilage with slight movement i.e. ribs

79
Q

syndesmoses

A

fibrous joints where the bones are separated by some distance and held together by ligaments i.e. radius and ulna

80
Q

gomphoses

A

pegs fitted into sockets and held in place by ligaments i.e. tooth and socket

81
Q

synovial joints

A

freely moving joints that contain fluid in a cavity surrounding the ends of articulating bones

82
Q

synovial membrane

A

lines synovial cavity except over articular cartilage

83
Q

synovial fluid

A

synovial membrane produces fluid forms a thin lubricating layer covering surface of a joint , made of polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and cells

84
Q

bursae

A

a pocket or sac in the synovial membrane located between structures that rub together like where tendon crosses a bone, reduces friction

85
Q

tendon sheath

A

synovial membrane my extend along some tendons associated with joints

86
Q

bursitis

A

inflammation of bursa, resulting from abrasion

87
Q 
plane joints
saddle joints
hinge joints
pivot joints
ball-and-socket joints
A

gliding joints ie vertebrae
saddle shaped, perpendicular ie thumb
movement in one plane only i.e. elbow and knee
rotation around an axis i.e. axis and atlas vertebrae
as described i.e. shoulder and hip

88
Q

menisci

A

shock absorbing fibro cartilage pads

89
Q

flexion

extension

A

bend and straighten

90
Q

abduction

adduction

A

movement away from median and movement toward

91
Q

pronation

supination

A

rotate palm down and up

92
Q

eversion

inversion

A

turning foot out and in

93
Q

rotation

circumduction

A

turn around long axis i.e. skating head no and

rotating arm at shoulder

94
Q

protraction

retraction

A

glide anteriorly and posteriorly

95
Q

elevation

depression

A

move superior i.e. close mouth and move inferiorly i.e. open mouth

96
Q

reposition

A

return digits to anatomical position

97
Q

hyperextension

A

abnormal forced extension of a joint beyond normal range of motion

98
Q

Describe the process of bone formation in a fetus.

A
  1. cartilage model produced with chondrocytes
  2. chondrocytes enlarge and cartilage is calcified, perichondrium becomes periosteum
  3. Primary ossification center forms and osteoblasts form matrix, forming trabeculae
  4. Secondary ossification center forms in epiphysis of long bones
99
Q

Describe the anatomy of a long bone.

A

epiphysis with spongy bone, epiphyseal plate or line, diaphysis with compact bone and medullary cavity, periosteum outside and endosteum inside with yellow or red marrow

100
Q

Describe the process of bone remodeling.

A

osteoclasts remove bone and osteoblasts deposits new, responsible for change in bone shape, stress, bone repair and Ca regulation, also in bone growth

101
Q

Describe the negative feedback mechanism by which blood calcium levels are maintained at homeostasis.

A

If Ca is low parathyroid glands release PTH stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone to release Ca. PTH also increases Ca reabsorption from urine. Vitamin D promotes Ca absorption in intestine. When Ca is high thyroid secretes calcitonin which inhibits osteoclasts which increases Ca deposits in bone

102
Q

Describe the anatomy of a synovial joint.

A

joint capsule with synovial membrane and fibrous part of joint capsule, joint cavity synovial fluid in bursa, particular cartilage on the ends of bones, tendon tendon sheath.

103
Q

skeletal muscle

A

responsible for movement, posture, production of heat, communication. 40% of body weight, attached to skeletal system, striated

104
Q

contractility
excitability
extensibility
elasticity

A 
characteristics of skeletal muscle
shorten with force
capacity to respond to a stimulus
ability to stretch
ability to recoil after a stretch
105
Q

epimysium

A

connective tissue sheath surrounding skeletal muscle

106
Q

muscle fascicule

A

visible bundle of muscle fiber

107
Q

perimysium

A

loose connective tissue that surrounds muscle fasciuli

108
Q

endomysium

A

loose connective tissue surrounding muscle fiber

109
Q

sarcolemma

A

cell membrane of muscle fiber

110
Q

transverse tubules or T tubules

A

tubelike invagination along sarcolemma

111
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

ER in muscle cells, high concentration of CA+

112
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm in muscle cells

113
Q

myofibrils

A

threadlike structures made of actin and myosin, extend from one end of the muscle fiber to the other

114
Q

actin myofilaments

A

thin filaments

115
Q

myosin myofilaments

A

thick filaments

116
Q

sacromeres

A

basic structural and functional unit of skeletal muscle, smallest unit capable of contracting

117
Q

troponin

A

molecules attached to actin filaments with binding sites for Ca+

118
Q

tropomyosin

A

filaments located along the groove on twisted strands of actin myofilament, block binding sites in unstimulated muscle (when no Ca+ present)

119
Q

myosin heads

A

part of myosin molecule that resemble golf club heads

  1. bind to attachment sites on actin myofilaments 2. bend and straighten during contraction
  2. break down ATP, releasing energy
120
Q

Z disk

A

protein fibers forming an attachment site for actin myofilaments

121
Q

I band

A

LIGHT band with only actin myofilaments

122
Q

A band

A

DARK band, length of myosin myofilaments

123
Q

H zone

A

Light zone in center of A band with only myosin myofilaments

124
Q

M line

A

Dark line in the center of sarcomere where myosin myofilaments are anchored

125
Q

Polarized/ resting membrane potential

A

uneven distribution of ions across the cell membrane, neg charge inside the cell

  1. K+ concentration is higher inside the membrane
  2. Na+ concentration is higher outside the membrane
  3. cell is more permeable to K+ than Na+ (due to K+ leak channels and Na+ gate channels)
126
Q

depolarization

A

in a stimulated muscle fiber Na+ gate channels open, Na+ quickly diffuses into the cell making the charge inside the cell membrane positive

127
Q

repolarization

A

At the end of depolarization, the Na+ gate channels close and the charge returns to its resting condition, positive outside the cell and negative inside

128
Q

action potential

A

rapid depolarization and repolarization that results in a muscle contraction

129
Q

motor neurons

A

specialized nerve cells that cause muscles to contract

130
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

the branch of a neuron joined with a muscle fiber, a cluster of enlarged axon terminals resting in indentations of the muscle fiber’s membrane

131
Q

synapse

A

cell to cell junction between a nerve cell and another nerve cell or effector cell (muscle or gland)

132
Q

motor unit

A

a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

133
Q

presynaptic terminal

A

enlarged axon terminal

134
Q

synaptic cleft

A

space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle fiber membrane

135
Q

postsynaptic membrane

A

muscle fiber membrane

136
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

small vesicles in presynaptic terminal that contain acetylcholine (Ach)

137
Q

acetylcholine (Ach)

A

a neurotransmitter

138
Q

neurotransmitters

A

molecule released by presynaptic nerve cell that stimulates or inhibits a post synaptic cell

139
Q

acetylcholinesterase

A

enzyme that breaks down Ach in the synaptic cleft to ensure that one action potential in the neuron yields on contraction of the muscle fiber

140
Q

sliding filament model

A

sliding of actin filaments past myosin filaments past on another causing sarcomeres to shorten, fibers do not shorten, H zones and I bands shorten but A bands don’t change

141
Q

cross-bridges

A

exposed sites on actin filaments bind to myosin myfilament heads

142
Q

rigor mortis

A

when a person dies, ATP is not available and the cross bridges are not released, causing the muscles to become rigid

143
Q

muscle twitch

A

contraction of a muscle fiber in response to a stimulus

144
Q

lag phase/latent phase

A

time between application of stimulus and beginning of contraction

  1. action potential produced in motor neuron
  2. action potential travels along axon to neuromuscular junction
  3. Ach is released and diffuses along synaptic cleft
  4. Na+ enters and action potential is initiated on postsynaptic membrane
  5. action potential must result in release of Ca+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum and formation of crossbridges
145
Q

contraction phase

A

time muscle contracts

1. cross bridge formation and cycling

146
Q

relaxation phase

A

time muscle relaxes
Ca+ is transported back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
tropomyosin block attachment sites and cross bridges are prevented and muscle tension decreases

147
Q

summation

A

increasing the force of contraction within a muscle

148
Q

tetanus

A

a sustained contraction that is so frequent that no relaxation occurs

149
Q

recruitment

A

increases the number of muscle fibers contracting

150
Q

Describe the structure of a sarcomere

A
  1. Z disk to Z disk
  2. actin myofilaments (thin) are anchored to Z disk
  3. myosin filaments (thick) are held in place by the M line
  4. I Band is LIGHT band with only actin myofilaments
  5. A Band is DARK band, extends the length of myosin myofilaments
151
Q

Describe the action of the sliding filament model

A
  1. Ca+ binds to troponin molecules on the actin filaments, causing tropomyosin molecules to move 2. This exposes binding sites on actin filaments for myosin myfilament heads forming crossbridges
  2. Energy stored in myosin heads causes them to move, sliding of actin filaments past myosin filaments past on another, causing sarcomeres to shorten
  3. Fibers do not shorten, H zones and I bands shorten but A bands don’t change
152
Q

Describe the passage of an electrical signal through the neuromuscular junction.

A
  1. action potential produced in motor neuron
  2. action potential travels along axon to neuromuscular junction, Ca+ enters presynaptic terminal
  3. Ach is released from presynaptic vesicles and diffuses along synaptic cleft
  4. Na+ enters postsynaptic membrane and action potential is initiated on muscle fiber
  5. action potential results in release of Ca+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum and binds to troponin and allows formation of crossbridges
153
Q

aerobic respiration

A

takes place in mitochondria, requires O2, breaks down glucose to produce ATP, CO2, and, H2O, more efficient than anaerobic resp 18X, can also use amino acids and fatty acids

154
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

no O2, breaks down glucose to form ATP and lactic acid

155
Q

creatine phosphate

A

high energy molecule that can be used to quickly form ATP

156
Q

physiological contracture

A

extreme muscle fatigue when muscles may become incapable of contracting or relaxing because there is too little ATP to bind to myosin myofilaments

157
Q

psychological fatigue

A

muscles are capable of contracting, but individual perceives that muscles cannot

158
Q

isometric contractions

A

length of muscles doesn’t change, but tension increases

159
Q

isotonic contractions

A

tension is constant but muscle length decreases

160
Q

concentric contractions

A

tension increases and muscle shortens

161
Q

eccentric contractions

A

tension is constant, but the muscle lengthens (lowering a heavy weight)

162
Q

muscle tone

A

Constant tension produced by muscles over a long period of time. Keeps back and legs straight, head upright. Small percentage of motor units stimulated at a time, causing muscle fibers to contract tetanically and out of phase with one another

163
Q

myoglobin

A

slow twitch muscle is dark due to increased blood supply and myoglobin which stores oxygen

164
Q

hypertrophy

A

ratio of muscle fiber can be influenced by training. Exercise increases blood flow and number of mitochondria and myofibrils and myofilaments, causing muscles to enlarge. Also type IIb muscles can be replaced by IIa which are more resistant to fatigue

165
Q

smooth muscle

A

small and spindle shaped with one nucleus per cell, less actin and myosin, not organized into sarcomeres, contract slower and under involuntary control

166
Q

cardiac muscle

A

long striated and branching with one nucleus per cell, organized into sarcomeres, but not as distinctly as skeletal

167
Q

satellite cells

A

undifferentiated cells that can become a limited number of new muscle fibers, stimulated by injury or extensive strength training

168
Q

autorhymicity

A

spontaneous contraction of smooth muscle

169
Q

intercalated disks

A

specialized structures that include tight junctions and gap junctions and facilitate conduction between cells causing all cells to contract together

170
Q

muscle origin

A

point of attachment at stationary end of the muscle

171
Q

muscle insertion

A

point of attachment at the end of muscle undergoing the greatest movement

172
Q

tendon

A

connects muscle to bone

173
Q

retinaculum

A

band of connective tissue that holds down tendons at the wrists and ankles

174
Q

aponeurosis

A

broad sheet-like tendons

175
Q

agonist

A

muscle that accomplishes movement, like flexion

176
Q

antagonist

A

muscle that acts in opposition to agonist

177
Q

synergists

A

muscles that work together to produce a movement

178
Q

prime movers

A

in synergists, if one muscle plays a major role in a desired movement it is a prime mover

179
Q

fixator

A

muscle that holds one bone in place relative to the body while a distal bone is moved

180
Q

mastication

A

chewing

Biology 105 (7 decks)

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