Unit 3 Test Flashcards
Types of muscle tissue:
Location:
Function:
Voluntary/Involuntary:
Structure
Smooth:
-Organs
-Housekeepers (contraction)
-Involuntary
-Sheets and Spindles
Cardiac:
-Heart
-Pumps blood from heart to lungs->body
-Involuntary
-Stripped
Skeletal: 30-40% of the body
-Attached to bones
-Support+Joint stability, protection of the internal organs, movements, keeps posture, storage system (calcium, phosphate, components of blood)
-Voluntary
What is agonist, antagonist and stabilizers
agonist- the muscle moving
antagonist- the muscle lengthening
stabilizers- provide support by holding joint in place
Shoulder abduction and adduction
Shoulder abduction - deltoid, latissimus dorsi
Shoulder adduction- latissimus dorsi
elbow extension and flexion
Elbow extension- triceps brachii, biceps brachii
Elbow flexion- Biceps brachii, triceps brachii
Hip extension and flexion
Hip extension- Gluteus maximus and iliacus
Hip flexion- Iliacus and Gluteus maximus
Hip abduction and adduction
Hip abduction- Gluteus minimus and medius, adductor magnus
Hip adduction- Adductor magnus, Gluteus minimus and medius
Knee extension and flexion
Knee extension- quadriceps, hamstrings
Knee flexion- hamstrings, quadriceps
Plantarflexion and dorsiflexion
Plantarflexion- Gastrocnemius and soleus, tibialis anterior
Dorsiflexion- Tibialis anterior, Gastrocnemius and soleus
What is origin and insertion
Origin- muscle attach to bone that does not move (top)
Insertion- muscle attach to bone that moves (bottom)
Sarcomere
-Compartment of the myosin and the actin
-where muscle contraction occurs
Sarcplasmic reticulum
-release calcium for myosin head attachment
Neuromuscular system
-linkage between the nervous system and muscular system
Neuromuscular junction steps
-Nerve impulse travels through the nerve pathways and ends at the neuromuscular junction (between nerve and muscle fibre)
-Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter that is released
-Receptors at the en of the muscle fibre detect the Acetylcholine causing the muscle contraction
Motor unit
-Muscle twitch is a Single nerve impulse and the result of a muscle contraction
-One neuron (motor neuron) is responsible for stimulating numerous muscle fibres
-Stimulates axion (pathway) and muscle fibre together
-Fine motor unit stimulates fewer muscle fibre
-Gross motor unit stimulates larger muscle fibres
-All or none rule means that all or no muscle fibres are contracting
Central nervous system
-Brain and Spine
Peripheral Nervous sytem
Somatic and autonomic nervous sytem
Human nervous system
-CNS sends message through PNS and vice versa
Autonomic nervous system
-Involuntary
-Regulates smooth and cardiac muscle of internal organs
-Sympathetic - body changes for emergencies
-Parasympathetic- body returns back to normal
Somatic nervous system
-Voluntary
-Skeletal muscle allowing movements
-Sprinting
Muscle strain and tears
-Pulling or twisting
-1st degree- swelling and bruising, limited pain
-2nd degree- physiotherapy
-3rd degree- surgery and rehabilitation
DOMS (Delayed onset muscle soreness)
-tear of mucle fibres
-exercise related
-RICE
-pain is not the same as acute pain of muscle strain or fatigue
Tendonitis
-Overuse of muscle causing tendon to be irritated
-Golfers elbow, Tennis elbow
-Pain or tenderness, stiffness and pain, strong pulling or sharp pain, swelling, numbness, or tingling sensation
-Rest, protect with splints, slings, or cast, Ice, medication, physical therapy
Sliding filaments theory
-Attach, rotate, deattach, reattach
Two function of the skin
-Sensory information received from the outside world sent to nervous system to create a proper body response
-makes specialized structure
What are muscle made of
lacing filaments
what happens when Nerve switches muscles on
-filaments slide past each other
What happens when nerve switches off
- they relax
muscle on the lower arm moves–
-hands
muscle on the upper are moves–
lower arm
muscle on the shoulder girdle moves–
upper arms
buttocks and upper abdominal cavity moves–
upper legs
upper legs movess–
lower legs
what does the body need transmit force from body to ground
legs need to be fairly large
how are bones held together
ligaments
Cartilage
interface between two bones
smooth movements
reduces friction
Damaged catilage
Osteoarthritis
what is brain made of
10 billion nerve cells
The brain is the organ through which we:
perform function we are aware of
Reflex
Automatic, rapid, and unconscious response to specific stimuli
Cerebral reflex
command center is located in the brain
Spinal reflex
Command center located in the spinal chord
Automatic reflex
-Activate smooth, cardiac muscles, and glands
-Regulate digestion, elimination, blood pressure, salvation, and sweating
Somatic reflex
-Skeletal muscles
Reflex arc
Sensory stimuli and corresponding messages’ pathway
signal transmit of motor neurons creating a response
Five parts of reflex arc
-Sensory receptors-receives initial stimuli
-sensory neuron nerve-carries the impulse to spinal column/brain
-interneuron-interprets the signal and issue and appropriate response
-motor-carries the response from spinal chord to brain
-affecter organ-carries out response
Proprioception
-ability to sense position, orientation, and movement of the body
Proprioceptors
-sensory receptors found in the muscle, tendons, joints, and inner ear that can detect motion or position of the body or limb by responding to stimuli
-muscle spindle (maintain muscle tension and that are sensitive to changes in muscle length, involved in the reflex contraction) and organise
Golgi tendon organs
-found at the end of muscle fibre connected to the tendon
-detect changes in the muscle tension
-protect muscle from excessive tension
-When change in tension is detected an impulse is sent along to CNS where they synapse with motor neuron of the same muscle
-efferent neurons transmit an impulse causing muscle to react, preventing injury
