Chapter 2 Flashcards
How did the athletic games evolve?(Pre-agricultural, ancient greece, ancient olympics, roman empire, renaissance, and victorian era)
Preagricultural society - Physical activity was needed to survive, especially during the war. They would hunt and gather food and shelter giving them no freetime.
Ancient Greece and Ancient Olympics - saw the benefits of physical activity to the mind and the body. They said that the gods gave power to the athletes and the winners give offerings to the gods. Ancient Olympics was made in Athens in 776 BCE. It was a competition between nations. Foot race was the first game to play and games like wrestling boxing, discus, and long jump came after. It also allowed nations to travel to athens without getting attacked by the enemy.
Roman Empire - Greece and Roman empire united together and continued the games, although it consisted more brutal games. The audience was allowed to decide whether the loser will die or not. The Ancient Olympic discontinued after the roman empire fell.
Renaissance - They revived the Greece and Roman culture and athleticism became a social ideology again. They same the benefits of physical activity to the mind and the body. The study of physical activity and physiology grew and the first study was in 1420 by Vittorino De Feltre
Victorian Era- The population and middle class grew and middle classes wanted to participate in sports in their free time like biking, roller skating, horseback riding, boating, and boating. The games were made to develop manly character and friendship towards the male participants which excluded women from participating. They believed that too much physical activity will harm a women’s frail body. Amateurism excluded the lower class from participating. Rules and time limits were set for sports like cricket, tennis and football for the sake of the workers schedule.
Aboriginals in Canada
Aboriginals in Canada (Actez) consider physical activity and games a part of their religious ceremony. They believe that physical activity strengthens their spiritual fitness, that still exist today. The losers life were offered to the gods.
Olympic Games
The Olympic games were revived in 1896 in Athens by a French educator to promote “A sound mind in a healthy body” which means physical activity leads to mental edge. Although, the games were made for men only. Physical activity led to character development and mental and spiritual growth
First Modern Olympics
it excluded women entirely, and the first winter olympics was made in 1942
Olympic charter and Olympic Movement
Olympics charter states the goals of the Olympic movement which was peace, tolerance, and international understanding, as well as to educate sports without discrimination. The Olympics and Paralympics were supervised by the IOC (international olympics committee)
Nationalism, Olympics, and Political beliefs
Nationalism was the driving force of the olympics. The olympics became a place where people get to express and state their political and social beliefs. Jesse Owens was the first black athlete to express her political belief when she refused to do the Aryan (white) supremacy movement in the 1936 olympics.
Paralympics
The paralympics are sports and recreational programs made for people with physical disabilities and it is held every two years. Sports like archery, cycling, sitting volleyball, wheelchair volleyball, basketball, rugby, and air fencing. The winter paralympics consisted of alpine skiing, cross country ski, ice sledge hockey, and wheelchair dance sport.
Special Olympics
Made Eunice Kennedy shriver created recreational programs for people with intellectual abilities. It consisted of 32+ team and individual style games and more 200 countries participated in the 2019 United Arab Emirates Game
Women in Sports
Women continued to fight the idea being too feminine for sports and as they gain more political views and power, they continue to break more barriers. Many Canadian women paved the way for women to get into sports.
Title IX
Title IX is a part of the U.S legislation education which prohibits gender discrimination in any schools. Financial support for equipments must be equally distributed between men and women. it also allows Canadian women to get more scholarship opportunities for Canadian women studying in US Universities
United nation Millenum
Goal 3 of the United nation Millennium is to promote gender equality and empower women, as well as have more access to sport, build confidence and stronger social integration. Co-ed helps with overcoming prejudice
Evolvement of women in sports
1896, first modern olympics that excluded women, 100 years later Canadian teams have more women than men, 2012 is the first olympic that women allowed women to participate, and today women are no longer considered as too frail to participate in “manly games”
South Africa’s racist apartheid policy
This policy excluded non-white athletes to participate in the games until 1990. The negros leagues was made in 1920-130’s when separation prohibited black people to associate with white people. White teams and athletes were paid more than black teams. Jackie Robinson paved the way for black people in sports when he got in the major leagues and broke the racial barrier between black people and sports. He was promoted in the Brooklyn Dodger in 1947
Japanese baseball players (Ashi)
Canadian-born Japanese immigrants made a baseball leagues of their own and Ashi was considered the best team. They won their first out of five wins in 1937 and was called brain ball by sport reporters. When America declared war against Japan and fomed alliance with other countries after Japan bombed the pearly harbour, more than 22000 Japanese immigrants were put into internment camps in B.C. When the war stopped Japanese immigrants were forced out of B.C and live to other parts of Canada. Their stroy was later made into a movie “The sleeping tigers:The Ashi baseball Story”, and they were put in the Canadian Baseball hall of fame for their amazing record and unjust treatment.
