Unit 2 Test Flashcards
Anatomical position
-Upright standing position
-Head, eyes, toes pointing forward
-feet together, arms slightly out
-forearms are fully supinated (palms of the hand faces forward)
Anterior/Posterior
-Anterior- Front surface of the body
-Posterior-Back surface of the body
Superior/Inferior
-Superior - Top surface of the body
-Posterior - Bottom surface of the body
Proximal/Distal
-Proximal- Towards the point of attachment
-Distal- Farther away from the point of attachment
Medial/Lateral
-Medial- towards to the midline
-Lateral- away from the midline
Superficial/Deep
-Superficial- on or close to the body
-Deep- away from the surface of the body
Frontal plane
-Front and back
-abduction and adduction
Sagittal plane
-Left and right
-Flexion and extension
Transverse plane
-Around
-Rotation
Longitudinal axis
-rotate left and right
Antero-Posterior axis
-front and back
Horizontal axis
-Bend up and down
Flexion and extension
abduction and adduction
Supination and pronation
Plantar flexion and dorsiflexion
Protraction and retraction
Inversion and eversion
External rotation and internal rotation
Circumduction
Elevation and depresion
opposition and reposition
what does skeleton provide
-support, movement, and protection from vital organs
(ex: skull protects the brain, rib cage protects the lung and heart, vertebral column protects the spine)
What are the 5 main function of the skeleton
-Structural support-soft tissue (muscle and internal organs)
-Protection- delicate parts of the body
-Cell growth center- red blood cells platelets
-Mineral reservoir- regulation of phosphate and calcium
-Movement- Muscle contract move bone
what the are 5 types of bones
-long bones- arms and legs, femur
-flat bones- flat ad thin, parietal bone
-irregular bones- odd-looking, vertebrae
-sesamoid bones- unusual, small, flat wrapped within tendons, move over bony surface, and patella
-Short bones- wrists, ankles, and carpal bones
-
axial skeleton
-80 bones
-vertebral column, skull, ribcage
-Vertebrae of the spine protects the spinal chord, cranium protects the brain, ribcage protects the lungs and the heart
-face, tongue, neck, muscles, for mastication and drinking, muscles around vertebrae of the spine
-core muscle provides stability and support
-Respect to appendicular skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
-126 bones
-moveable limbs and gridles
-upper limbs- attach to the shoulder girdle
-lower limbs- attach to the pelvic girdle
-pectoral girdle- two scapulae and two clavicle
-humerus- attach at glenoid cavity
-Pelvic girdle- has two hip bones (hip bones and sacrum makes ring of the pelvis)
-acetabulum cavity- fused bones meets
-six major regions:
.pectoral girdle(4 bones)- left and right clavicles and scapula
.arms and forearms(6 bones)- left and right humerus, ulna, and radius
.hands(54 bones)- left and right carpals, metacarpals, proximal phalanges, intermediate phalanges, and distal phalanges
.Pelvis(2bones)- left and right hip bones
.thighs and legs(8 bones)- left and right femur, fibula, patella, tibia and fibula
.feet and phalanges(52 bones)- left and right tarsals, metatarsals, proximal phalanges, intermediate phalanges, and distal phalanges
-Bone landmarks:
.passage of blood vessels and nerves
.attachment of ligaments, tendons, and muscles
Different types of Fractures
-Simple fractures:
No separation of the bone
Break/crack
Hairline fracture
Greenstick fracture
-Compound fracture:
Separation to pieces
Transverse fracture
Major blow
-Comminuted fracture
Broken ends shattered to pieces
Major automobile accident
Stress fracture and shin splints
-Stress fracture:
Fragile muscles transfer impact to bone
Rapid increase in activity
-Shin splints:
Overuse
Medial/lateral side of tibia
Untreated leads to shin splints
Aging on the skeletal system (osteoporosis)
-Low bone mass
-Deterioration of bone tissue
-Fragile bone
-Vertebrae collapses
-Defenses:
Build strong bones at early age
balanced diet
weight bearing exercise
healthy lifestyle
bone density and medication
Types of human joint
-Fibrous- no movement, connected by connective tissue
-Cartilaginous- cartilage(flexible tissue), slight movement, intervertebral discs of spinal column
-Synovial- most movement between 2 or more bones, common, distinguished by movement, ball and socket, gliding/plane, hinge, pivot, saddle, ellipsoid
Types of synovial joint
-Ball and socket- most moveable, ball at one ball fits into the socket of another, multi axial
-Gliding- flat/curved bone surface
-hinge- uni-axial, bones fit together
-Pivot- round point of a bone fits into the groove of another, uni-axial rotation
-Sattle- bi-axial, bones fit together
-Ellipsoid-bi-axial
Osteoarthritis
-Loss of cartilage at bone
-Joint disease
-Old people, athletes, and women
-hips, knees, and fingers
bursitis
-Inflammation of bursae
-Friction between tendons, ligaments, and bones
Wear and tear
Cartilage
-torn in cartilage(common in knees)
-sports with lateral movement/contact
athroscopy
-Surgical procedure
Ligaments
-attach bones together
-less rigid than bones
sprain
-Ligaments is overstretched
-First degree- stretch
-Second degree- tear
-Third degree- severe
-Treatment:
pressure, ice, elevate, rest
Dislocation
-Bone is displaced from the joint
-collision/fall
-finger/shoulder
-medical help/surgery
Separation
-Connecting tissue instead of bone being displaces
-Collision/fall
-Shoulder separation
Articular cartilage-synovial Joint
-smooth surface contact
-Reduce friction
-Ends of the two bones meet
blood vessel-synovial joint
-Gives nutrients
-Removes waste
Bone-synovial joint
Bursae-synovial joint
-fluid at friction points between tendons, ligaments, and bones
Joint capsule-synovial joint
-protected by strong fibers
-outer structure
-passage of the nutrients throughout the joint
Joint cavity-synovial joint
-space between the joint
-synovial fluid provides nutrients and reduce friction
Nerve-synovial joint
-sends and receives message to the brain
Synovial membrane-synovial joint
Tendons-synovial joint
-Muscle attach to the bone
Periosteum-synovial joint
-Outside lining
-Connects to the tendons
Ligaments-synovial joint
-Prevent bone dislocation
-two bones are connected
-thickens and reinforce joint capsule
-fibrous tissue
Cartilage-long bone
-articulating cartilage
-smooth movements and provides nutrients
-no blood supply/nerve ending
Cancellous bone-long bone
-Filled with marrow
-strengthen with strength exercise
Compact bone-long bone
-Dense
-Structural integrity
diaphysis-long bone
-thickest part
Epiphyseal line-long bone
Epiphyseal plate-long bone
-located everywhere
Epiphysis-long bone
-made of compact bone
-articulates with bone is filled with cartilage
Medullary cavity-long bone
-Red bone marrow: formation of red-blood cells
-Yellow bone marrow: Filled with fat
-Inside shaft
-No connective tissue
Periosteum-long bone
-connective tissue covering the bone
-Connect bone to muscle and vice versa
Cortex-long bone
-Outside: Fibers
-Inside: Bone marrow
