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Environmental Science > Unit 3 Soil > Flashcards

Unit 3 Soil Flashcards

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0
Q

What does it mean for soil to be anoxic?

A

to not have oxygen in it

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1
Q

What are the three characteristics a wetland must have?

A
  1. must be inundated 7.5% of the growing season
  2. soil is wet enough to be classified as anoxic
  3. hydrophytes are the dominant vegetation
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2
Q

Whats are two different adaptations of wetland plants?

A
  • knees

- buttressed tree trunks

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3
Q

What is gleyed soil?

A

dark slimy nutrient rich soil with little oxygen

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4
Q

What are the three macronutrients?

A

nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium

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5
Q

What are the three miconutrients?

A

calcium, magnesium, sulfur

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6
Q

What is one soil additive that boosts all of the nutrients?

A

animal manure

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7
Q

Name all of the agricultural BMPs.

A

grassed waterway, grade control structure, terrace, critical area planting, contour farming, crop residue management, crop rotation cover crop, vegetative filter strips, wind break

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8
Q

Why is there acid rain over large cities?

A

lots of fossil fuels are burned

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9
Q

What is dolomite?

A

a form of limestone used to neutralize the pH of acid rain

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10
Q

What are the two steps for BMPs of construction sites?

A

perimeter control and temporary stabilization

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11
Q

Name the layers of a landfill from bottom to top.

A

Clay, Plastic liner, gravel, sand, dirt, old cells, new cells

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12
Q

What does a leachate collection system do?

A

a collection system that collects water that has travelled through the landfill

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14
Q

Name the layers of soil from top to bottom.

A

AOEBCR

Humus, Topsoil, Eluviation, Subsoil, Regolith, Bedrock

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15
Q

what are the bmp’s for erosion

A

crop rotation: changing crops grown yearly
cover crop: small grain crops that reduce leaching of unused crop nutrients
contour farming: farming w/ row patterns around the hill
grassed waterways: shaping grass in a national drainage around crops, guides runoff on grass rather then tearing off soil
wind break: trees slow wind and water flow
grade control structure: wooden concrete/rock structure built across drainage way
terrace: an earthen embankment around a hillside that stops water flows and stores in or guides it safely

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16
Q

anaerobic

A

without oxygen

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17
Q

what is the scientific term for wetland soils

A

hydric soils

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18
Q

list the three characteristics that make a wetland

A
  • soil is flooded
  • soil is anoxic
  • hydrophytes are dominant
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19
Q

what is the dominant factor of wetlands

A

the dominant factor is saturation with water

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20
Q

what is groundwater recharge

A

wetlands slowly release water from runoff into streams to refill streams

21
Q

what is eutrophication

A

excessive richness and nutrients in water

22
Q

what is anoxic

A

anoxic means the water is so dense with minerals that there is no oxygen

23
Q

mineral and organic topsoil

A

mineral topsoil: made of sand, silt, clay, iron, and mangese

organic topsoil: deep layer of decaying matter

24
Q

what is a tree knee

A

part of the root that rises above the water to bring oxygen to the roots

25
Q

what are rhizomes

A

rhizomes are underground shoots for the parent to reproduce under stress

26
Q

what is buttressed

A

buttressed means the base of the tree is widened for support because of wet soil

27
Q

what is erosion

A

when sediment/soil is moved from its original place to a new one

28
Q

4 agents of erosion

A

water, wind, ice, and gravity

29
Q

9 signs of erosion

A
  • bare spots on lawn
  • tree roots showing above ground
  • gully’s begin to show
  • fallen trees in stream channels
  • silt build up
  • muddy water and or stream in your driveway
  • small rocks or stones become evident
  • soil splashed on outside windows or walls
  • stream channels getting deeper and wider
30
Q

natural factors of acid precipitation

A
  • the combo of natural CO2 levels in earths atmosphere

- eruption of volcanoes

31
Q

man made contributions to acid precipitation

A

the boring of fossil fuels.

32
Q

the faster the percolation rate the_____

A

easier to clean

33
Q

why is clay so hard to clean

A

it holds in water and hardens making it difficult to clean

34
Q

soils tend to be sand clay or silt or a mix of these ingredients

A

you should know this dummy

35
Q

what is the tool used to find the names of soils

A

soil texture triangle

36
Q

humus

A

decayed plant and animal remains, O the top layer

37
Q

subsoil

A

E the third layer, a layer made mostly of clay and other particles but little humus, not good for growing things

38
Q

decomposer

A

organisms that break down animal and plant remains

39
Q

bedrock

A

the solid layer of rock beneath soil, R the bottom layer

40
Q

topsoil

A

crumbly dark brown soil that is a mixture of humus, clay and other minerals, best soil for growing crops, A the 2nd layer

41
Q

loam

A

soil made of equal parts clay sand and silt,

42
Q

soil

A

loose weathered materials on Earth’s surface where plants can grow

43
Q

chemical weathering

A

carbonation or oxidation

44
Q

physical weathering

A

thermal changes

45
Q

the soil horizons make up the soil____

A

profile

46
Q

_____ is another name for translocation

A

leaching

47
Q

the two factors that are very active in mechanical weathering

A

wind and water

48
Q

the six components of soil are

A
  • soil air in porous spaces
  • rocks, rock particles
  • decaying plant and animal matter
  • dissolved minerals and elements
  • soil water
  • fungus, bacteria and bugs

Environmental Science (9 decks)

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