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forestry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the forest conservation act?

A

1991

Act to reduce the number of forested areas cleared for different types of development in Maryland.

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2
Q

What is the roadside tree act?

A

1914

developed to ensure the compatability of roadside trees with an efficient and dependable public utility system

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3
Q

Wha is the reforestation act?

A

1988

For every one or more acres of forest destroyed they must replant within one year

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4
Q

What is the critical area act?

A

1984

Requires the first one hundred feet of land around banks to be left alone ad managed

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5
Q

Name the succession stages in order.

A 
meadow
shrub
young forest
mature forest
climax forest
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6
Q

What plants, insects and animals are present in the meadow stage?

A

grasses sedges forbs
crickets beetles grasshoppers
songbirds rabbits groundhogs mice and voles

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7
Q

What plants, insects and animals are present in the shrub stage?

A

sweet gum pine cherry sassafras

rodents fox deer raccoon weasel

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8
Q

What plants, insects and animals are present in the young forest stage?

A

oak maple sweet gum some pines

squirrels opossum chipmunks owls woodpeckers

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9
Q

What plants, insects and animals are present in the mature forest stage?

A

deciduous trees

shrubs and herbaceous plants

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10
Q

What plants, insects and animals are present in the climax forest stage?

A

Fox, bobcat, and wolves

termites and carpenter ants

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11
Q

What natural factors affect forest sucession?

A

volcanoes hurricanes flood wildfire climate change windstorms

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12
Q

What human factors affect forest sucession?

A 
farming 
tree harvesting 
soil erosion 
road building 
introduced species 
fire
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13
Q

What is primary sucession?

A

succession where no soil exists

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14
Q

What is secondary sucession?

A

succession where soil is already present

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15
Q

What are lichens and other early arriving organisms known as?

A

pioneer species

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16
Q

What are lichens?

A

a combination of algae and fungi that lives on and breaks down rock

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17
Q

What is the age range of a meadow?

A

0-5

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18
Q

What is the age range of a shrub?

A

6-25

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19
Q

What is the age range of a young forest?

A

26-50

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20
Q

What is the age range of a mature forest?

A

51-150

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21
Q

What is the age range of a climax forest?

A

150-300

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22
Q

What is an example of mast?

A

acorns

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23
Q

What are snags?

A

dead trees

24
Q

What is the removal of all trees from an area; the most common but controversial type of logging?

A

clear cutting

25
Q

What is it called when mature trees are cut individually or in small clusters while the rest of the forest remains intact?

A

selective tree cutting

26
Q

What is it called when almost all trees are harvested except a scattering of desirable trees left behind spread seeds?

A

seed tree method

27
Q

What is it called when one crop or species covers a particular area?

A

monoculture

28
Q

What is performed on even aged stands to redistribute the growth potential of the crop trees?

A

thinning

29
Q

What are protected zones that connect isolated unlogged areas?

A

wildlife corridors

30
Q

What is it called when a small number of trees are left behind to provide shelter for seedlings?

A

Shelterwood Method

31
Q

Name 3 regeneration methods.

A

Natural
Direct Seeding
Planting Saplings

32
Q

What is the science of managing and harvesting forests to meet the needs of land owners and society ob a sustainable basis?

A

silviculture

33
Q

What are the two different main silviculture methods?

A

Regeneration and intermediate

34
Q

What are the five principles of silviculture?

A 
height
diameter growth
stand
uneven aged stand
even aged stand
35
Q

What is a stand?

A

a grouping of trees of sufficiently uniform species, composition, age, and condition

36
Q

Name two intermediate silviculture treatments.

A

thinning

crop tree release

37
Q

Name four regeneration silviculture methods.

A

clearcut
selective tree
seed tree
shelterwood

38
Q

What five things does deforestation cause?

A 
problems with soil
increased erosion
desertification
increased number of endangered or extinct species 
global warming
39
Q

What is desertification?

A

the degradation of fertile land into a nonproductive desert

40
Q

What is the base of the stem of a leaf called?

A

petiole

41
Q

What are two types of leaves?

A

needle and broad

42
Q

What are three types of veining?

A

pinnate
palmate
and parallel

43
Q

What are two different types of broad leaf?

A

unlobed, compound and lobed

44
Q

What are the parts if a compound leaf called?

A

leaflets

45
Q

Where is the margin of the leaf located?

A

the edge

46
Q

Name three different types of margins.

A

toothed
serated
smooth/entire

47
Q

What are the three types of stem orientation?

A

opposite
alternate
whirl

48
Q

Where is the apex of the leaf located?

A

the tip

49
Q

What was the purpose of the national fire plan?

A

to make fires less harmful

50
Q

What are the three causes of fires?

A

natural
prescribed
human

51
Q

What are the six positives of fire?

A 
removes dead trees
kills sick animals
clears undergrowth
helps some new organisms move in
allows fire dependent seeds to germinate
enriches soil
52
Q

What are six negatives of fires?

A 
expensive to control
destructive of habitats
kills animals
danger to humans
air pollution
allows invasive plants
53
Q

What are the three negatives of using pesticides?

A

expensive
animals develop resistance
negative environmental effects

54
Q

What are the five IMP control methods?

A 
biological
changing the host organism genetically
mechanical and physical
cultural control
pheromes
55
Q

Describe the cultural IMP control method.

A

creating more diverse plantings to promote biological control and rotating crops to remove soil dwelling pests

56
Q

Describe the pheromones IMP control method.

A

This is a trap that emits the mating chemicals of a bug so that it enters and gets trapped

Environmental Science (9 decks)

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