forestry Flashcards
What is the forest conservation act?
1991
Act to reduce the number of forested areas cleared for different types of development in Maryland.
What is the roadside tree act?
1914
developed to ensure the compatability of roadside trees with an efficient and dependable public utility system
Wha is the reforestation act?
1988
For every one or more acres of forest destroyed they must replant within one year
What is the critical area act?
1984
Requires the first one hundred feet of land around banks to be left alone ad managed
Name the succession stages in order.
meadow shrub young forest mature forest climax forest
What plants, insects and animals are present in the meadow stage?
grasses sedges forbs
crickets beetles grasshoppers
songbirds rabbits groundhogs mice and voles
What plants, insects and animals are present in the shrub stage?
sweet gum pine cherry sassafras
rodents fox deer raccoon weasel
What plants, insects and animals are present in the young forest stage?
oak maple sweet gum some pines
squirrels opossum chipmunks owls woodpeckers
What plants, insects and animals are present in the mature forest stage?
deciduous trees
shrubs and herbaceous plants
What plants, insects and animals are present in the climax forest stage?
Fox, bobcat, and wolves
termites and carpenter ants
What natural factors affect forest sucession?
volcanoes hurricanes flood wildfire climate change windstorms
What human factors affect forest sucession?
farming tree harvesting soil erosion road building introduced species fire
What is primary sucession?
succession where no soil exists
What is secondary sucession?
succession where soil is already present
What are lichens and other early arriving organisms known as?
pioneer species
What are lichens?
a combination of algae and fungi that lives on and breaks down rock
What is the age range of a meadow?
0-5
What is the age range of a shrub?
6-25
What is the age range of a young forest?
26-50
What is the age range of a mature forest?
51-150
What is the age range of a climax forest?
150-300
What is an example of mast?
acorns
What are snags?
dead trees
What is the removal of all trees from an area; the most common but controversial type of logging?
clear cutting
What is it called when mature trees are cut individually or in small clusters while the rest of the forest remains intact?
selective tree cutting
What is it called when almost all trees are harvested except a scattering of desirable trees left behind spread seeds?
seed tree method
What is it called when one crop or species covers a particular area?
monoculture
What is performed on even aged stands to redistribute the growth potential of the crop trees?
thinning
What are protected zones that connect isolated unlogged areas?
wildlife corridors
What is it called when a small number of trees are left behind to provide shelter for seedlings?
Shelterwood Method
Name 3 regeneration methods.
Natural
Direct Seeding
Planting Saplings
What is the science of managing and harvesting forests to meet the needs of land owners and society ob a sustainable basis?
silviculture
What are the two different main silviculture methods?
Regeneration and intermediate
What are the five principles of silviculture?
height diameter growth stand uneven aged stand even aged stand
What is a stand?
a grouping of trees of sufficiently uniform species, composition, age, and condition
Name two intermediate silviculture treatments.
thinning
crop tree release
Name four regeneration silviculture methods.
clearcut
selective tree
seed tree
shelterwood
What five things does deforestation cause?
problems with soil increased erosion desertification increased number of endangered or extinct species global warming
What is desertification?
the degradation of fertile land into a nonproductive desert
What is the base of the stem of a leaf called?
petiole
What are two types of leaves?
needle and broad
What are three types of veining?
pinnate
palmate
and parallel
What are two different types of broad leaf?
unlobed, compound and lobed
What are the parts if a compound leaf called?
leaflets
Where is the margin of the leaf located?
the edge
Name three different types of margins.
toothed
serated
smooth/entire
What are the three types of stem orientation?
opposite
alternate
whirl
Where is the apex of the leaf located?
the tip
What was the purpose of the national fire plan?
to make fires less harmful
What are the three causes of fires?
natural
prescribed
human
What are the six positives of fire?
removes dead trees kills sick animals clears undergrowth helps some new organisms move in allows fire dependent seeds to germinate enriches soil
What are six negatives of fires?
expensive to control destructive of habitats kills animals danger to humans air pollution allows invasive plants
What are the three negatives of using pesticides?
expensive
animals develop resistance
negative environmental effects
What are the five IMP control methods?
biological changing the host organism genetically mechanical and physical cultural control pheromes
Describe the cultural IMP control method.
creating more diverse plantings to promote biological control and rotating crops to remove soil dwelling pests
Describe the pheromones IMP control method.
This is a trap that emits the mating chemicals of a bug so that it enters and gets trapped
