Unit 3: Respiratory System & Blood Typing

Question 1

how much blood do humans have on average?

Answer 1

4-6L

Question 2

what are antigens?

Answer 2

proteins that stick out of the surface of blood cells

Question 3

what are antibodies?

Answer 3

proteins produced in response to foreign antigens that bind to the antigens

Question 4

what is the process of clumping red blood cells together called?

Answer 4

agglutination

Question 5

what is the universal donor and the universal reveiver

Answer 5

universal donor —> type O-
universal receiver —> type AB+

Question 6

individuals with the Rh antigen have _______ blood
individuals without the Rh antigen have ____ blood

Answer 6

individuals with the Rh antigen have Rh+ blood
individuals without the Rh antigen have Rh- blood

Question 7

explain how hemolytic disease of the newborn may occur

Answer 7

if a mother is Rh- and she has a child who is Rh+, she may become sensitized to the Rh+ blood and develop antibodies for Rh+ blood after she gives birth and during her second pregnancy, if she has another Rh+ child, her immune system will attack the blood cells of the baby

Question 8

how can doctors prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn?

Answer 8

they can test a woman’s blood type and then give her a competitive inhibitor that prevents the mother’s antibodies from attacking the child’s blood

Question 9

what is the respiratory system?

Answer 9

the group of organs that ensure that oxygen is brought in and carbon dioxide is removed from each cell in the body

Question 10

state and explain the 4 stages of respiration

Answer 10

1. breathing: inspiration and expiration
2. external respiration: exchange of gases between the alveoli and the blood
3. internal respiration: exchange of gases between blood cells and tissue cells
4. cellular respiration: energy releasing reactions in the cells

Question 11

what are the 4 types of respiratory surfaces and give an example of an organism that use each surface

Answer 11

1. outer skin: worms
2. gills: fish
3. tracheal system: insects
4. lungs: humans

Question 12

what is the function of the nasal cavity?

Answer 12

2 cavities that are separated by a bone and cartilage wall and as air moves in, it is filtered, warmed and moistened

Question 13

what is the function of the pharynx?

Answer 13

the pathway of air taken from the mouth or nose and is also the common passageway for food

Question 14

what is the function of the epiglottis?

Answer 14

a flap that covers the glottis and trachea while swallowing

Question 15

what is the function of the larynx?

Answer 15

also known as the voice box, is the triangular box that projects in front of the neck

Question 16

what is the function of the vocal cords?

Answer 16

they vibrate as air is expelled past them through the glottis
pitch is due to the length, elasticity and tension of vocal cords while intensity is due to amplitude of vibrations
(men have longer vocal cords and they vibrate about 100 times/second more than women)

Question 17

what is the function of the trachea or windpipe?

Answer 17

the tube held open by C-shaped cartilage rings that contain cilia projecting from the epithelium of the trachea to keep the lungs clean by sweeping debris towards the throat and it also contains mucous which is secreted too embed and transport debris out of the lungs

Question 18

what is the function of the diaphragm?

Answer 18

a large muscle found at the base of the rib cage that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and creates a pressure gradient within the lungs which allows for breathing

Question 19

how many lobes do the right and left lungs have?

Answer 19

left —-> 2 lobes
right —> 3 lobes

Question 20

what is the function of the rib cage?

Answer 20

encloses the thoracic cavity

Question 21

what is the function of the pleural membrane?

Answer 21

one layer encloses the lungs wile another layer adheres closely to the chest walls and diaphragm and prevent friction between the rib cage and the lungs

Question 22

what is the function of the intrapleural fluid

Answer 22

separate the 2 layers of pleural membranes

Question 23

what is tidal volume

Answer 23

the volume of air moved in and out with each normal breath

Question 24

define inspiration reserve volume

Answer 24

the air taken in through forced inspiration

Question 25

define expiratory reserve volume

Answer 25

air expelled through forced expiration

Question 26

define vital capacity

Answer 26

tidal volume + expiratory reserve + inspiration reserve

Question 27

define residual volume

Answer 27

the air remaining in the lungs so that they do not collapse

Question 28

define dead space

Answer 28

areas where air is not used up for gas exchange

Question 29

what factors determine the rate and force at which you inhale and exhale

Answer 29

1. the pressure gradient between the external environment and lungs
2. your body’s blood pH

Question 30

what is the percentage of the gases found in the air

Answer 30

O2 = 21%
N2 = 78%
CO2 = 0.04%

Question 31

what 2 molecules help make diffusion efficient?

Answer 31

1. a soap like macromolecule
2. hemoglobin

Question 32

what is the function of the soap like macromolecule?

Answer 32

coats the inner surface of each alveolus to allow O2 to diffuse into the blood

Question 33

what is the function of hemoglobin?

Answer 33

a special O2 carrying molecules found in red blood cells, increasing the blood’s O2-carrying capacity

Question 34

what if the formula for cellular respiration in the mitochondria?

Answer 34

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —–> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Question 35

read the negative feedback loops for inhalation and exhalation