Unit 3: Respiratory System & Blood Typing Flashcards
how much blood do humans have on average?
4-6L
what are antigens?
proteins that stick out of the surface of blood cells
what are antibodies?
proteins produced in response to foreign antigens that bind to the antigens
what is the process of clumping red blood cells together called?
agglutination
what is the universal donor and the universal reveiver
universal donor —> type O-
universal receiver —> type AB+
individuals with the Rh antigen have _______ blood
individuals without the Rh antigen have ____ blood
individuals with the Rh antigen have Rh+ blood
individuals without the Rh antigen have Rh- blood
explain how hemolytic disease of the newborn may occur
if a mother is Rh- and she has a child who is Rh+, she may become sensitized to the Rh+ blood and develop antibodies for Rh+ blood after she gives birth and during her second pregnancy, if she has another Rh+ child, her immune system will attack the blood cells of the baby
how can doctors prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn?
they can test a woman’s blood type and then give her a competitive inhibitor that prevents the mother’s antibodies from attacking the child’s blood
what is the respiratory system?
the group of organs that ensure that oxygen is brought in and carbon dioxide is removed from each cell in the body
state and explain the 4 stages of respiration
- breathing: inspiration and expiration
- external respiration: exchange of gases between the alveoli and the blood
- internal respiration: exchange of gases between blood cells and tissue cells
- cellular respiration: energy releasing reactions in the cells
what are the 4 types of respiratory surfaces and give an example of an organism that use each surface
- outer skin: worms
- gills: fish
- tracheal system: insects
- lungs: humans
what is the function of the nasal cavity?
2 cavities that are separated by a bone and cartilage wall and as air moves in, it is filtered, warmed and moistened
what is the function of the pharynx?
the pathway of air taken from the mouth or nose and is also the common passageway for food
what is the function of the epiglottis?
a flap that covers the glottis and trachea while swallowing
what is the function of the larynx?
also known as the voice box, is the triangular box that projects in front of the neck
what is the function of the vocal cords?
they vibrate as air is expelled past them through the glottis
pitch is due to the length, elasticity and tension of vocal cords while intensity is due to amplitude of vibrations
(men have longer vocal cords and they vibrate about 100 times/second more than women)
what is the function of the trachea or windpipe?
the tube held open by C-shaped cartilage rings that contain cilia projecting from the epithelium of the trachea to keep the lungs clean by sweeping debris towards the throat and it also contains mucous which is secreted too embed and transport debris out of the lungs
what is the function of the diaphragm?
a large muscle found at the base of the rib cage that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and creates a pressure gradient within the lungs which allows for breathing
how many lobes do the right and left lungs have?
left —-> 2 lobes
right —> 3 lobes
what is the function of the rib cage?
encloses the thoracic cavity
what is the function of the pleural membrane?
one layer encloses the lungs wile another layer adheres closely to the chest walls and diaphragm and prevent friction between the rib cage and the lungs
what is the function of the intrapleural fluid
separate the 2 layers of pleural membranes
what is tidal volume
the volume of air moved in and out with each normal breath
define inspiration reserve volume
the air taken in through forced inspiration
