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Biology > Unit 2: Circulatory System & Blood > Flashcards

Unit 2: Circulatory System & Blood Flashcards

1
Q

what is the cardiovascular system?

A

a system which transports blood around the body via a network of blood vessels

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2
Q

what surrounds the heart and what is its function?

A

the pericardium
it is tough fibrous connective tissue that protects the heart from the lungs as they create friction when they expand and contract from inhalation and exhalation, and lubricates it

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3
Q

what are the 3 branches from the aorta from left to right?

A

brachiocephalic artery (runs down the arms)
left common carotid artery (goes to the brain)
left subclavian artery

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4
Q

where are the tricuspid and bicuspid valves?

A

the tricuspid valve is in-between the right atrium and ventricle
the bicuspid valve is in-between the left atrium and ventricle

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5
Q

what is the function of the chordae tendinae?

A

they hold on to the valve to prevent it from opening backwards

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6
Q

what is a CVD

A

a cardiovascular disease is any disease that affects the heart or any system directly related to the heart

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7
Q

what age group do CVD’s normally affect?

A

people over the age of 60

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8
Q

what are some symptoms of CVDs

A
  • severe chest pains
  • weakness
  • sometimes complete heart failure
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9
Q

what are risk factors for CVDs

A
  • high blood pressure
  • high blood cholesterol
  • smoking
  • obesity
  • lack of exercise
  • diabetes
  • genetics/family history
  • sex age (men over the age of 50 have a higher risk)
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10
Q

what are some examples of CVDs

A
  • murmurs and valves defects
  • hole in the heart defects
  • aortic aneurysm
  • atherosclerosis
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11
Q

what are some ways to treat CVDs

A
  • coronary bypass surgery
  • angioplasty
  • endarterectomy
  • replacement heart valves
  • cardiac pacemaker
  • heart transplants
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12
Q

describe the structure of an artery

A

endothelium
thick smooth muscle
connective tissue
small lumen

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13
Q

describe the structure of a vein

A

endothelium
thin smooth muscle lining
connective tissue
wide lumen
have back-flow valves

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14
Q

describe the structure of a capillary

A

endothelium thats 1 cell thick

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15
Q

what are the main tasks of an artery

A
  1. pump blood away from the heart to the organ systems
  2. carry oxygenated blood (except the pulmonary artery)
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16
Q

whats the function of the smooth muscle lining?

A

the arteries expand when filling with blood so the smooth lining acts like an elastic band thats stretches and snaps to push the blood forward

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17
Q

the movement of blood in the arteries is called a ________

A

pulse

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18
Q

why are blood samples taken from veins?

A

they are closer to the surface of the skin, they are thinner and they carry blood at a lower pressure and speed

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19
Q

what are the functions of veins?

A
  1. pump blood back to the heart
  2. carry deoxygenated blood (except the pulmonary vein)
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20
Q

how do veins account for their thinner smooth muscle lining?

A

they have back flow valves which prevents pooling of blood in the legs

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21
Q

what condition occurs from damaged back flow valves?

A

varicose veins
the valves don’t close properly which cause inflammation

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22
Q

what are the functions of capillaries?

A
  1. delivers oxygen, water, glucose and amino acids to the tissue cells
  2. removes waste, carbon dioxide and water from tissue cells
23
Q

what blood vessel is involved in vasodilation?

A

capillaries
the body releases heat in the capillaries

24
Q

what are the 2 major circulatory pathways?

A

pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation

25
Q

describe pulmonary circulation

A

it begins at the right ventricle and ends at the left atrium
it carries blood between the heart and the lungs
it adds oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the blood

26
Q

describe systemic circulation

A

it starts at the left ventricle and ends at the right atrium
it carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body

27
Q

what are the 3 major branches of systemic circulation

A

coronary circulation
hepatic portal circulation
renal circulation

28
Q

where is the SA node, the AV node, the bundle of His and the purkinje fibres

A

the SA node is in the myocardium at the top of the right atrium
the AV node is in the myocardium towards the bottom of the right atrium
the bundle of His is in the septum
the purkinje fibers are in the myocardium of the left ventricle

29
Q

what does SA node stand for and what does it do?

A

the Sinoatrial node is the pacemaker of the heart
it stimulates the myocardial cells in the atria to contract and relax rhythmically by sending an electrical signal that spreads across the walls of the atria making them contract simultaneously
as they contract the signal continues to the AV node

30
Q

what does AV node stand for and what does it do?

A

it transmits the signal through the bundle of His which branches into 2 bundle branches that splits off into purkinje fibers

31
Q

what do the purkinje fibers do?

A

they are responsible for initiating the contraction of muscle cells in the right and left ventricles

32
Q

what are the 2 main periods involving pumping of the heart

A

diastole and systole

33
Q

describe the diastole period

A

the period of relaxation of the ventricles where the AV valves are open and the blood flows from the atria to the ventricles and by the end of the period, the heart is 70% full

34
Q

describe the systole period

A

the period of contraction of the ventricles where the atria contract, forcing more blood into the ventricles, completely filling them. the ventricles then contract and the pressure against the AV valves forces them to shut and the semi lunar valves open making blood exit the heart through the pulmonary artery and aorta

35
Q

how is the lub-dub sound of the heart created?

A

from the opening and closing of heart valves
lub - AV valves closing
dub - semi lunar valves closing

36
Q

blood moves through vessels of the circulatory system because it is ________

A

under pressure

37
Q

how is blood pressure produced?

A

the contraction of the heart and the muscles that surround the blood vessels

38
Q

how is arterial pressure measured?

A

using a sphygmomanometer

39
Q

where is blood pressure usually measured?

A

the brachial artery in the arm as the pressure is greatest here

40
Q

how is blood pressure regulated?

A
  1. sensory neurons attached to blood vessels which are connected to the autonomic nervous system
  2. kidneys - when a person’s blood pressure becomes too high, the kidneys remove more water from the blood, decreasing the total amount of fluid in the circulatory system which lowers blood pressure
41
Q

how does low blood pressure (hypotension) affect the body?

A

body parts far away from the heart that don’t receive enough blood can become chilled or injured

42
Q

how does high blood pressure (hypertension) affect the body?

A

the heart starts to work too much making it harder to pump blood causing the heart muscle to weaken and may lead to damaged arteries leading to heart attack or stroke

43
Q

what are some causes of hypertension?

A
  • smoking
  • weight
  • lack of physical activity
  • salt
  • alcohol
  • stress
  • age
  • genetics
  • kidney disease
  • thyroid disorders
  • sleep apnea
44
Q

what are the functions of blood?

A
  • transport (nutrients, dissolved gases, hormones, waste products)
  • regulate (body temp, pH, electrolyte balance, water levels)
  • protect (protects body from disease causing organisms, clots cuts)
45
Q

how much blood is in the human body and what is its composition?

A

4 - 6 L
45% living cells, 55% plasma

46
Q

what is the composition of plasma?

A

90% water, 10% dissolved substances including fatty acids, salts, glucose, plasma proteins, amino acids, vitamins, enzymes, hormones, waste products

47
Q

what are the 3 type of plasma proteins?

A

albumin - keeps water from leaving the blood and entering the surrounding cells by osmosis (low levels lead to edema)
globulin - helps transport substances in the blood or act as antibodies fighting off foreign cells
fibrinogen - involved in blood clotting

48
Q

what is the other name for red blood cells and white blood cells?

A

red blood cells - erythrocytes
white blood cells - leukocytes

49
Q

where does hemoglobin get its red color from?

A

from iron

50
Q

what is the ratio of red blood cells to white blood cells?

A

500:1

51
Q

what are the 5 main types of white blood cells?

A
  1. lymphocytes
  2. monocytes
  3. eosinophil
  4. basophil
  5. neutrophil
52
Q

how are blood platelets formed?

A

they are cell fragments formed by pinching off bit of cytoplasm from large cells in bone marrow

53
Q

what is the blood clotting process?

A
  1. platelets stick to the wall of the ruptured blood vessel
  2. the enzyme thromboplastin triggers a series of reactions which converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin
  3. fibrin forms a net of strands that trap red blood cells and platelets to form a clot
  4. the clot stops bleeding, contract and hardens
  5. the wound is repaired by the growth of cells that replace the cells damaged by the injury and when healing is complete, a plasma enzyme is activated that dissolves the fibrin clot

Biology (4 decks)

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