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Biology > 40S Unit 2 - Molecular Genetics II Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

40S Unit 2 - Molecular Genetics II Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the central dogma/belief of molecular biology

A

genetic information flows from DNA → RNA → Protein

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2
Q

what are amino acids

A

the building blocks of protein that are linked together

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3
Q

what is the same and different about amino acids

A

they have the same general structure but each type has it’s unique ‘R’ group

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4
Q

how many animo acids are there

A

20

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5
Q

what makes up an amino acid

A

an R group
a carbon atom
a carboxyl group
a hydrogen atom
an amine group

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6
Q

what is a polypeptide chain

A

amino acids linked together in long chains that are held together by peptide bonds

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7
Q

how are proteins produced?

A

a polypeptide chain must assume a precise structure comprising of several folds

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8
Q

DNA codes for the assembly of __________

A

amino acids

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9
Q

the code of DNA is always read in groups of ________ called a __________

A

three
codon

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10
Q

start and stop codons will begin or end the formation of the ______________________

A

polypeptide chain

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11
Q

what are 3 bases of DNA called

A

triplet

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12
Q

what are 3 bases of mRNA called

A

codon

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13
Q

what are 3 bases of tRNA called

A

anticodon

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14
Q

what is the start codon or triplet

A

codon - AUG
triplet - TAC

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15
Q

what are the 4 major differences between RNA and DNA

A
  1. RNA contains ribose sugar (OH) at 2’ while DNA contains deoxyribose sugar (H)
  2. RNA contains the nitrogenous base Uracil while DNA contains Thymine
  3. RNA molecules are short as they contain only the information for the gene being synthesized and they are single stranded while DNA molecules are longer as they contain information for all genes and are double stranded
  4. there are 3 different types of RNA and they all have different tasks, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
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16
Q

what is the function of mRNA

A

messenger RNA is the complementary copy of the DNA in the form of mRNA

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17
Q

what is the function of tRNA

A

transfer RNA brings the amino acid to the ribosome based on the 3 letter codon on the mRNA

18
Q

what is the function if rRNA

A

ribosome RNA reads the mRNA one codon at a time and signals to the tRNA to bring an amino acid

19
Q

what are the 2 major stages of protein synthesis

A

transcription and translation
(remember c comes before l)

20
Q

what is protein synthesis

A

the making of proteins in the cell using the flow of genetic information from DNA → RNA → protein

21
Q

what occurs during transcription

A

information in a portion of the DNA molecule is copied into a mRNA molecule

22
Q

what is an intron

A

stretches of DNA that don’t appear in the final mRNA

23
Q

what is an exon

A

the stretches of DNA that appear in the mRNA and are expressed in the form of protein

24
Q

explain the 3 steps that occur in transcription

A
  1. enzymes unwind and separate the DNA strands
  2. RNA nucleotides pair with complementary nucleotides on one DNA strand
  3. RNA polymerase joins the RNA nucleotides together, forming a mRNA molecule
25
Q

where dies transcription occur in the cell

A

in the nucleus of the cell

26
Q

how does an mRNA molecule take genetic information to the ribosome in the cytoplasm

A

it travels through the pores of the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm

27
Q

what happens in translation

A

the mRNA acts as a template and guides the synthesis of a chain of amino acids that form a protein

28
Q

where does translation occur

A

in the cytoplasm where the ribosomes are

29
Q

what are the 3 steps of translation

A
  1. initiation
  2. elongation
  3. termination
30
Q

what happens in the initiation process of translation

A

mRNA moves into a rRNA and a tRNA molecule carrying Methionine binds to the start codon on the mRNA

31
Q

what happens in the elongation process of translation

A

the polypeptide chain grows as more tRNA brings more amino acids together as dictated by the codons on the mRNA

32
Q

what happens in the termination process of translation

A

a stop codon is reached on the mRNA and translation stops

33
Q

what was the function of the beta lactamase gene in the pGLO lab

A

made E.coli resistant to ampicillin

34
Q

what was the function of the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) in the pGLO lab

A

allowed E.coli to produce the green fluorescent protein that glowed in UV light

35
Q

what was the function of the araC regulator protein in the pGLO lab

A

turned on the GFP gene when the E.coli was the the presence of arabinose sugar
also called an operon

36
Q

what is an operon and what is its function

A

a group of closely related genes that act together and code for the enzymes or proteins and they control when transcription will happen

37
Q

what 2 processes control operon activity

A

induction - transcription is switched on when an inducer is present
repression - transcription is switched off when requirements are met

38
Q

what was the function of CaCl2 (transformation solution) in the pGLO lab

A

neutralizes the cell membrane

39
Q

what was the function of the crushed ice in the pGLO lab

A

slowed down cell membrane movement

40
Q

what was the function of the heat shock in the pGLO lab

A

opened pores of the cell membrane

41
Q

what was the function of the LB broth

A

food source for the E.coli

Biology (6 decks)

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