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Biology > Unit 1: Homeostasis > Flashcards

Unit 1: Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Define homeostasis

A

the maintenance of the constant conditions in the internal environment of an organism

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2
Q

What conditions does the body control by homeostasis?

A
  • body temperature
  • osmotic pressure
  • waste levels
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3
Q

What does homeostasis mean?

A

Same state

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4
Q

Which 6 tasks must the body be able to complete to function properly?

A
  • regulate respiratory gases
  • maintain water and salt balance
  • regulate energy and nutrient supply
  • maintain constant body temperature
  • protect against pathogens
  • make repairs when injured
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5
Q

What is a set point?

A

a narrow range in which the body functions properly

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6
Q

State the set point for:
- body temperature
- blood pH
- blood glucose
- blood pressure
- heart rate

A
  • body temperature: 36.5 - 35.7
  • blood pH: 7.35 - 7.4
  • blood glucose: 100mg/mL
  • blood pressure:120/80 mm Hg
  • heart rate: 60 bpm
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7
Q

What is a receptor?

A

a nerve that detects deviations from the set point and signals to the control center along a sensory neuron

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8
Q

What is an effector?

A

a muscle or gland that receives a signal from the control center and causes a change in the body to restore the normal set point

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9
Q

What is the control center?

A

The organ that interprets the signal from the sensory neuron and signals to the effector along a motor neuron to cause a change

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10
Q

What is hypothermia?

A
  • below/low temperature
  • when you’re too cold
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11
Q

Differentiate between vasodilation and vasoconstriction.

A

Vasodilation occurs when the superficial arteries increase in diameter when the body is too hot or experiencing hyperthermia while vasoconstriction occurs when the body is too cold and the superficial arteries reduce in diameter.

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12
Q

Which muscles contract and relax causing us to shiver when we are cold and move blood to our cores?

A

the skeletal muscles.

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13
Q

What and where is the control center for body temperature and water level regulation?

A

the hypothalamus and it is found in the brain

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14
Q

Blood vessels go through all your tissues which means they _______

A

innervate

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15
Q

Why is homeostasis important?

A

Because our cells and enzymes function at optimum conditions. If our body is out of those optimum conditions for too long we could die.

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16
Q

What is ADH?

A
  • antidiuretic hormone
  • a hormone released by the pituitary gland that increases reabsorption of water in the kidneys
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17
Q

What is thermoregulation?

A

the maintenance of constant body temperature at a set point of 36.5 - 37.5

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18
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

the maintenance of a constant water level in the body’s internal environment

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19
Q

What is waste management?

A

removing waste products of digestion from the blood

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20
Q

What are chemoreceptors? Name 2 of them and where they are found.

A
  • chemical receptors
  • carotid bodies found in the carotid arteries in the neck
  • aortic bodies found in the aorta in the heart
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21
Q

Why are chemoreceptors found in the aorta and carotid arteries?

A

The aorta gets almost all of the body’s blood in 1 min so any blood that has a pH out of the set point can be easily detected and the carotid arteries go to the brain so, any blood past its blood pH set point needs to be detected before it gets there

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22
Q

What are osmoreceptors and where are they found?

A
  • water receptors
  • found in the hypothalamus
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23
Q

How does negative feedback work?

A

negative feedback works to return the body to its natural set point when a system is moved away from homeostasis

24
Q

Define systolic and diastolic

A

systolic - pressure during a beat
diastolic - pressure between beats

25
Q

Determine the systolic and diastolic values in this blood pressure number:

120/80 mm Hg

A

systolic - 120
diastolic - 80

26
Q

What do cells need to be able to do to maintain homeostasis?

A
  • obtain food
  • convert energy
  • eliminate waste
  • reproduce
  • grow & repair
  • transport substances
27
Q

What is the model developed by scientists for the cells plasma membrane?

A

The Fluid Mosaic Model

28
Q

Why is plasma membrane said to be ‘fluid’?

A

components of the membrane can move around laterally (side to side)

29
Q

Why is the cell membrane called a mosaic?

A

it is made up of many different parts (proteins, phospholipids, antigens, etc.) arranged in a pattern similar to a mosaic artwork

30
Q

What is the plasma membrane made up of?

A

2 layers of phospholipids/phospholipid bilayer

31
Q

What do phospholipids contain of and what is their function?

A
  • A hydrophilic phospholipid head, and a hydrophobic fatty acid tail
  • they control the movement of water across the plasma membrane and prevent water seeping through by creating a barrier
32
Q

How will substances be transported through the membrane and into the cell?

A

through membrane proteins or small pores

33
Q

What are the 2 ways substances can be transported into the cell?

A

Actively or Passively

34
Q

Define passive transport

A

The movement of materials down a concentration gradient, from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
(this happens until equilibrium is reached)

35
Q

Name the 3 types of passive transport

A
  • diffusion
  • osmosis
  • facilitated diffusion
36
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of materials from an area of high concentration to low concentration across the membrane through specialized pores.

37
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to low concentration

38
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

The movement of materials from an area of high concentration to low concentration requiring the assistance of specialized carrier proteins in the plasma membrane.
(each type of protein is specific to the substance it carries)

39
Q

What is facilitated diffusion used for?

A

it is used for the movement of bigger molecules that can’t move the pores like glucose.

40
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of materials from against a concentration gradient, from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration using energy in the form of ATP

41
Q

What are the 3 ways active transport occurs?

A
  • carrier proteins/membrane pumps
  • endocytosis
  • exocytosis
42
Q

How do carrier proteins/membrane proteins work?

A

The can move materials across the membrane against the concentration gradient using energy in the form of ATP

43
Q

How does endocytosis work?

A

Materials are ‘engulfed’ by the cell and the become enclosed in infoldings of the plasma membrane that eventually form vacuoles

44
Q

What are the 2 type of endocytosis?

A

pinocytosis and phagocytosis

45
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

Small amounts of liquids are brought into the cell

46
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Solid particles are ingested into the cell

47
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

A vacuole of materials will fuse with the plasma membrane forcing contents out of the cell

48
Q

What factors influence the movement of substances across a membrane?

A
  • size of molecule
  • concentration gradient
  • temperature
  • polarity of molecules
  • surface area
49
Q

What is tonicity?

A

The ability of an extracellular solution to make water move in or out of the cell by osmosis

50
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

A solution containing a high [solute] and a low [solvent]

51
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

A solution containing a low [solute] and a high [solvent]

52
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

Equal [ ] of solute and solvent on each side

53
Q

What happens to the molecules in a cell once it is isotonic?

A

The molecules continue to move back and forth

54
Q

What is the function of the thyroid?

A

It stimulates cells to increase or decrease metabolic heat production

55
Q

What is produced and released in the blood when we exercise and when we eat?

A

Exercise - creatinine
Eating - uric acid

Biology (4 decks)

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