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Biology > 40S Unit 4 - Evolution > Flashcards

40S Unit 4 - Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

what is evolution

A

the permanent genetic change in a population that occurs over successive generations

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2
Q

define microevolution

A

the small-scale changes within gene pools over generations

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3
Q

define macroevolution

A

the large-scale changes in form as viewed in the fossil record, involving whole groups of species and genera

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4
Q

do populations evolve or do individuals evolve

A

populations evolve, not individuals

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5
Q

what are the 7 evidences for evolution

A
  1. paleontology
  2. comparative anatomy
  3. biogeography
  4. embryology
  5. artificial selection
  6. biochemistry
  7. molecular genetics
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6
Q

define paleontology

A

the dating of fossils which gives us some of the most direct evidence of evolution

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7
Q

define comparative anatomy

A

the study of the morphology of different species which shows trends in bone structure and function

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8
Q

define biogeography

A

the study of geographic distributions which can indicate where species may have originally arisen

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9
Q

define embryology

A

the study of embryonic development in different organisms which shows many trends in development of different species

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10
Q

define artificial selection

A

selective breeding of plants and animals has shows that the phenotypic characteristics of species can change over generations as particular traits are selected in offspring

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11
Q

define biochemistry

A

similarities and differences in the biochemical make-up of organisms can closely parallel similarities and differences in appearance

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12
Q

define molecular genetics

A

sequencing of DNA and proteins indicates the degree if relatedness between organisms

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13
Q

what is the central idea of biological evolution

A

all life on earth shares a common ancestor

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14
Q

define divergent evolution

A

the process in which an ancestral species gives rise to new species that are adapted to different environmental conditions

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15
Q

define an unopened ecological niche

A

the parts of the environment that have no species

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16
Q

define homologous structures

A

similar structures that have changed overtime to be suited to the species current environment

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17
Q

define adaptive radiation

A

common ancestor giving rise to several species suited to unique ecological niches

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18
Q

define convergent evolution

A

unrelated species occupy the same environment and are subjected to similar environmental pressures. as they encounter similar environmental pressures, the organisms often develop analogous structures

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19
Q

define analogous structures

A

structures that have the same function but come from different ancestors

20
Q

define vestigial structures

A

structures that once served a function in the species

21
Q

give examples of some vestigial structures

A
  1. tailbone
  2. wisdom teeth
  3. inside corner of human eye
  4. goose bumps
  5. palmar grasp reflex
22
Q

state the 4 points of Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection

A
  1. organisms produce more offspring than can survive, leading to competition
  2. variation is evident in populations and this is passed down to offspring
  3. individuals suited to the environment survive to produce more offspring
  4. change is slow and gradual
23
Q

define overproduction

A

more offspring are produced by an organism than can possibly survive

24
Q

define competition

A

high birth rates cause a shortage of life’s necessities leading to competition between organisms

25
Q

define variation

A

each individual differs from all other members of its species, some differ more than others

26
Q

define adaptation

A

allows organisms to become better suited to their environment

27
Q

define natural selection

A

the most fit (best adapted) organisms survive and reproduce

28
Q

define speciation

A

the formation of new species from ancestral species by means of natural selection

29
Q

what does it mean for an organism to be fit

A

organisms that are better adapted to their environment

30
Q

what are the types of adaptations

A

behavioral adaptations
physiological adaptations
structural adaptations

31
Q

define behavioural adaptations

A

the behavioral response a species has to their environment

32
Q

define physiological adaptations

A

when a species has a unique metabolic or physiological process that has adapted to suit the environment

33
Q

define structural adaptations

A

these affect the shape or arrangement of physical features of an organism

34
Q

define mimicry

A

allows one species to resemble another

35
Q

define camouflage

A

allows an organism blend into the environment to allow for survival

36
Q

what are the factors that may increase or decrease allele frequencies in a population leading to evolutionary change

A
  1. mutations
  2. gene flow
  3. genetic drift (founder effect/bottleneck)
  4. non random mating and & sexual selection
37
Q

define mutations

A

they introduce new alleles and variations into a population. the more the genetic variation, the greater the chance of a selective advantage in a changing environment

38
Q

define gene flow

A

the movement of alleles from one population to another through migation

39
Q

define genetic drift

A

a random increase or decrease in alleles often resulting from a small population

40
Q

define founder effect

A

when allele frequencies in a group of migrating individuals are not the same as that of their population of origin

41
Q

define the bottleneck effect

A

when populations undergo a dramatic decrease in size often due to a weather event, human impact, disease or predation

42
Q

define sexual selection

A

competition between males and mates

43
Q

what are the 3 types of natural selection

A
  1. directional selection
  2. stabilizing selection
  3. disruptive/diversifying selection
44
Q

define stabilizing selection

A

individuals with common phenotypes ad favored and selected against those with extreme phenotypes

45
Q

define directional selection

A

individuals with rare phenotypes are favoured against common phenotypes

46
Q

define disruptive/diversifying selection

A

individuals with extreme phenotypes are favoured against the average

Biology (7 decks)

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