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Geography > Unit 3 - Resource consumption > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Resource consumption Flashcards

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1
Q

Biocapacity

A

The land and water to provide resources for humanity

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2
Q

Ecological footprint

A

The hypothetical area of land required by a society or an individual to fulfill their resource needs and take care of their waste.

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3
Q

What is the ecological footprint measured in?

A

Global hectors

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4
Q

Energy security

A

Access to reliable, affordable energy resources to productive uses

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5
Q

Food security

A

The availability and access to sufficient, safe food to meet the dietary needs for a healthy active life

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6
Q

Water security

A

Continuing access to safe drinking water and sanitation

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7
Q

Virtual water / embedded water

A

The way in which water is transferred from one country to another through it’s exports

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8
Q

Nexus

A

The interrelationship, independence and interactions between food water and electricity

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9
Q

Extreme poverty

A

Living on less than $1.25

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10
Q

What is the poorest area ?

A

Sub Saharan Africa

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11
Q

What is the global poverty trend and its problems

A

GPT - the word is getting richer

Problems:

  • More land needed
  • Increased requirements for meat so it becomes scare
  • More pollution
  • Increased consumption of resources
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12
Q

Why are some countries richer than the other ?

A
  1. Physical factors - some areas have difficult landscape, making development difficult. (Eg. no water / hot climate)
  2. Economic factors - some countries have very high levels of debt so theres little left over for development projects.
  3. Environmental factors - flooding / desertification
  4. Social factors - issues caused by people; low education levels, lack of doctors…
  5. Political factor - Dome have corrupt governments (war) therefore all the money diverts to that
  6. Natural resources - some have many some have none. Resources can be used to develop a country or they can be taken advantage of.
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13
Q

The cycle of poverty

A

Factors have continuing effects…

Economic decline -> low personal income -> less access to supplies

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14
Q

Middle class definition

What is happening to it and why ?

A
  • the social group between the upper and working classes

Position: the middle class is shrinking

  1. Technology and global consumption is destroying many middle class careers
  2. Middle class are being affected by rising cost (education and housing)

= the lower and upper class are expanding

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15
Q

Effects of a growing middle class

A
  • increase food demand
  • decrease availability of meat and increased availability of processed foods
  • increased water demand
  • increased energy demand
  • house prices will increase
  • more land taken for agriculture
  • increased pollution
  • Shortage of resources
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16
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of measuring the ecological footprint

A

Advantages:

  • a universal measurement
  • Growing credibility as a policy tool
  • Gives basic idea of the resource needed

Disadvantages:

  • not an exact measurement of ecological sustainability
  • underestimates human action impacts on the biosphere
  • does not account for all human impacts on the environment
  • only takes in account universal bio productive area
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17
Q

Why an ecological footprint increases:

A
  • increasing reliance on fossil fuels
  • increase use in technology (energy)
  • High levels of imported resources
  • having a meat rich diet
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18
Q

Ways to reduce an ecological footprint:

A
  • Switch to renewable energy
  • reduce the use of single plastics
  • Eat less meat
  • Recycle and reduce waste
  • Use public transport
  • reduce water use
  • Purchase carbon offsets
  • Reduce population
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19
Q

How to calculate the ecological footprint:

A
  • crop land
  • fishing grounds
  • carbon demand on land
  • built up land
  • grazing land
  • non productive land to subtract from total land
20
Q

How ecological footprints vary in HIC’s and LIC’s

A

HIC:

  • more disposable income meaning consumption of resources and energy is high
  • Resource use is often wasteful
  • A lot of meat in diet

LIC:

  • more recycling and reuse to disposable income
  • less meat
  • fertilizers increase greenhouse gases as well as methane from cows
21
Q

Physical water scarcity

A

Occurs when there is no enough water from natural resources to meet all demand

22
Q

Economic water scarcity

A

Caused due to a lack of investment to capture drinking water to meet demands

23
Q

What increases pressure on water

A
  • Population growth
  • Growth of middle class
  • Growth of tourism and recreation
  • Urbanization
24
Q

Virtual water

A

Water used to produce consumer goods that isn’t seen in the final product. (Food, clothes)

Or

The way in which water is transported from country to country through exports

25
Q

Renewable water supplies

A

The total amount of a country’s water resources. Which is generated through the hydrological cycle

26
Q

Why has crop yields been falling

A
  • Natural hazards
  • Global climate change
  • land use taken for biofuels
27
Q

Non renewable energy resources

Examples

A

These supplies cannot be renewed at the same rate they are depleted.

Examples:

  • Fossil fuels
  • Nuclear power

They are very cheap but very bad for the environment

28
Q

Renewable energy

Examples

A

They will not run out

Example:

  • solar
  • geothermal
  • tidal
  • wave
  • wind
  • hydropower
  • biomass

Large investment but don’t run out

29
Q

Domestic waste

A

Any material that doesn’t compose easily, any waste generated on every day use

Example

  • paper
  • bottles
30
Q

Consumer waste

A

Any object left over waste after consumption

Examples:

  • sawdust
  • nutshells
31
Q

Types of disposal waste

A
  • recycling
  • rubbish dumps
  • reduce and reuse
  • composting
  • landfill
  • energy from waste ( generating electricity from waste)
  • incineration
32
Q

What are the international flows of trade

A

Products are produced in the North and disposed in the South

North (HIC) —> South (LIC)

33
Q

Why do HICs export waste ?

A
  • lack of capacity to hold waste
  • Not ascetically pleasing
  • HIC’s lack of investment in waste disposal
  • More demand for waste in Lics as they reuse it
  • Waste disposal creates jobs that are easily fulfilled in LIC’s
34
Q

Why is electronic waste (E waste) illegal but LICs still recycle it

A

It is illegal because :

  • contain heavy metals and toxic chemicals
  • causes pollution from burning rubber wires releasing toxic chemicals
  • it can disrupt natural habitats
  • Absorbed by plants which harms them
  • water is contaminated
  • can lead to cancer

LIC’s salvage the metal as they are valuable

35
Q

Malthusians theory

A

Theory states that food production will not be able to keep up with growth in the human population = disease,famine and war

Agriculture determines population

36
Q

Paul Ehrlich

A

Agrees with Malthus…

The idea that earth has a carrying capacity as the earth can only support a certain population.

37
Q

Bosereups theory

A

Disagrees with Malthus…

Population drives the intensity of agriculture production. Human power would always outweigh demand.

38
Q

Stewardship

A

Is an ethic that embodies the responsible planning and management of resources

39
Q

Carrying capacity

A

Maximum population that can be maintained in a given environment due to the amount of resources available

40
Q

Maximum sustainable yield

A

The highest possible catch that can be sustained over time

41
Q

Sustainable development

A

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

42
Q

Global commons

A

The earths natural resources that don’t fall under jurisdictions so all nations have access to it

  • space
  • Atmosphere
  • Arctic
  • High seas
43
Q

The tragedy of the commons

A

When individuals has an incentive to consume a resource but when they do it’s at the expense of another and there is no way of stopping consumption

44
Q

Linear economy

A

Take- make - dispose tactic

Raw materials are collected and transformed into products which are eventually thrown away.

45
Q

Circular economy

A

Once raw materials enter the system they do not leave as they are reused and recycled so therefore there is no waste.

Contains the 3 Rs

  • reduce
  • reuse
  • recycle

Mobile phones are collected and turned into medals in Japan (80,000)

46
Q

Sustainable development goals

A

Are the blue print to achieve better and more sustainable future for all. There are 17

Geography (10 decks)

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