Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geography > Option A > Flashcards

Option A Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
U.S. Geography flashcards World Geography flashcards
1
Q

Drainage basin

A

The area of land drained by a river and its tributaries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Freshwater

A

Freshwater includes rivers, lakes, wetlands, groundwater, glaciers and ice caps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Watershed

A

Also known as the drainage divide, this is the imaginary line defining the boundary of a river or stream drainage basin separating it from the adjustment basin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Discharge

A

The volume of water passing a given point at a set time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Physical water scarcity

A

Lack of available water where water resource development is approaching or has exceeded unstainable levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Storm hydrograph

A

A graph showing how a river changes over a short period, such as a day or a couple of days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Flood –

A

A discharge great enough to cause a body of water to overflow its channel and submerge surrounding land.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What type of system is the drain basin

A

An open one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Precipitation

A

An input where water is introduced to the drainage basin system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Interception

A

precipitation that does not reach the soil but instead is stopped by vegetation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Evapotranspiration

A

water vapor is evaporated from the trunk and leaves of trees and other vegetation, back to the atmosphere.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Infiltration

A

Water soaks or filters into the soil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Percolation

A

Water moving from the soil into spaces (pores) in the rock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Surface runoff / overland flow

A

Water moves across the surface of the earth becoming a stream, tributary or stream.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Through flow

A

Water moves downhill through the soil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Groundwater flow

A

Water moving slowly through the soil and porous rocks to move back towards the sea.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Evaporation

A

When the water (liquid) is turned to water vapor (gas)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Infiltration capacity

A

the maximum rate at which rain can be absorbed by the soil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Through fall

A

Water which falls through the gap of vegetation or falls from leaves and twigs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Stem flow

A

Water that trickles along leaves and sticks and loves slowly down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Field capacity

A

refers to the amount of water help in the soil after the excess drains away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Wilting point

A

The amount of water that causes a plant to wilt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Phreatic zone

A

Permanently saturated zone within solid rocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Recharge

A

refers to the refilling of water in pores where the water has dried up or been exaggerated by human activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Aquifers

A

Layer of underground water bearing permeable rock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Drainage density calculation

A

Length of the streams / Area of drainage basin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Endorheic / closed drainage basins

A

These drain inland or evaporate. There is no outflow to external bodies of water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Exoreic / open drainage basin

A

These drain into the ocean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Hydrological cycle

A

A conceptual model that describes the storage and movement of water between the biosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere and the hydrosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Cryosphere

A

is the frozen part of the earths system (snow and ice environment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Discharge calculation

A

cross sectional area x mean velocity of water

32
Q

hydraulic radius

A

The efficiency of the streams shape is measured

33
Q

Distributary

A

A branch of a river that does not return to the main stream after leaving it (as in a delta)

34
Q

Catchment area

A

The area within the drainage basin

35
Q

Watershed

A

The edge of highland surrounding a drainage basin

36
Q

Source

A

The beginning or start of the river

37
Q

Confluence

A

The point at which two rivers / streams join

38
Q

Tributary

A

stream or smaller river which joins a large stream /river

39
Q

Mouth

A

The point where the river comes to an end (usually at the sea)

40
Q

Solution

A

Minerals are dissolved in the water and carried along in solution.

41
Q

Suspension

A

Fine light material is carried along the water

42
Q

Saltation

A

Small pebbles and stones are bounced along the river bed

43
Q

Traction

A

Large boulders and rocks are rolled along the river bed.

44
Q

Solution / corrosion

A

When the water dissolves certain types of rocks (e.g. limestone)

45
Q

Attrition

A

When rocks that the river is carrying knock against each other, they break apart to become smaller /smoother.

46
Q

Abrasion / corrosion

A

When pebbles grind along the river bank and bed in a sand papering effect

47
Q

Hydraulic action

A

This is the sheer power of water as it smashes against the river banks. Air becomes trapped in the cracks of the river bank and

48
Q

Carrying capacity

A

The amount of load the river can carry before depositing it.

49
Q

Entrainment velocity

A

The velocity needed to pick up the rivers load.

50
Q

Types of weathering

A
  1. Physical weathering
  2. Chemical weathering
  3. Biological weathering
51
Q

Bradshaw Model

A

geographicalmodelwhich describes how a river’s characteristics vary between the upper course and lower course of a river.

52
Q

Hjulström curve

A

a graph used to determine when a river will erode, transport or deposit sediment.

53
Q

Upper course features

A
  • Rapids
  • Pot holes
  • Waterfalls
  • V shaped valleys
54
Q

Middle course features

A
  • Meanders

- Oxbow lakes

55
Q

Lower course features

A
  • deltas
  • floodplains
  • levees
56
Q

Hydrographs:

A

how a river channel responds to the key processes of the hydrological cycle. It measures the speed at which at which rain falling on a drainage basin reaches the river channel. It is a graph on which river discharge during a storm or run off event is plotted against time.

57
Q

Hard engineering

A

involves building artificial structures which try to control rivers. They tend to be more expensive.

58
Q

Hard engineering examples

A
  • Dams reservoirs
  • Flood relief channels
  • River straightening
  • Embankments
59
Q

Soft engineering

A

does not involve building artificial structures, but takes a more sustainable and natural approach to managing the potential for river flooding

60
Q

Soft engineering examples

A
  • Flood warnings and preparation
  • Floodplain zoning
  • Afforestation
  • Wash lands
61
Q

Economic scarcity -

A

Economic water scarcity is caused by a lack of investment in water infrastructure or insufficient human capacity to satisfy the demand of water in areas where the population cannot afford to use an adequate source of water

62
Q

Physical scarcity

A

Physical water scarcity occurs when and where there is not enough water to meet both human demands and those of ecosystems to function effectively.

63
Q

Drought

A

a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall, leading to a shortage of water.

64
Q

Water quality

A

Water qualitydescribes the condition of thewater, including chemical, physical, and biological characteristics, usually with respect to its suitability for a particular purpose such as drinking or swimming.

65
Q

Water stress

A

a situation in which the water resources in a region or country are insufficient for its needs

66
Q

Salinization

A

refers to a buildup of salts in soil, eventually to toxic levels for plants.

67
Q

Eutrophication

A

excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water, frequently due to run-off from the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life.

68
Q

Anoxia

A

oxygen starvation for plants

69
Q

fait accompli

A

a thing that has already happened or been decided before those affected hear about it, leaving them with no option but to accept it.

70
Q

Aswan Dam

A

Aswan Dam, a megadam of the River Nile

Was constructed in the 1960s and is the largest in the world based in Egypt

71
Q

Wetland

A

saturated land, land consisting of marshes or swamps.

72
Q

Reasons wetlands are important:

A
  • Habitat for multiple animal species (play key roles in life cycles)
  • Pollution filter
  • Fertile farm land
  • Recreation and Tourism
  • Flood control and impacts from storms
  • Provide food, transport services and recreation
  • Provide resilience against drought
73
Q

What is happening to Wetlands / what can we do?

A

Due to increasing population they are being lost / destroyed. Over exploitation is threatening their capacity

We must restore and create new wetlands to regain essential services. Also ensure the wise use of remaining ones.

74
Q

The Ramsar Conservation

A

The Ramsar Convention is an intergovernmental treaty that helps to conserve wetlands by providing a framework for countries. The treaty began in 1971 and was in force by 1975.

75
Q

What did the Ramsar convention do:

A

What does the Ramsar Convention do?

Their mission is to “The conservation and wise use of all wetlands through local and national and international corporations to achieve sustainable development throughout the world”
Their three pillars of convection contracting parties commit to:

1) Work towards the wise use of all their Wetlands through planning, management, laws and public education.
2) Pick suitable wetlands to be included in the “Ramsar List” to ensure effective management.
3) Work together internationally on transboundary wetlands

How Is it funded?

  • Every three years the conference of the parties provide a core budget and each involving party must pay a percentage related to its contribution.
  • Many countries and donors support the Ramsar convention by funding projects around the world.
  • Since 1998 the convention has benefited from strong partnerships with the Danone Group including the Evian Brand.
  • Since 2007 the convention has benefited from the partnership with Star Alliance airline network

How does the convention work?

  • The (COP) parties meet every 3 years to promote and guidelines to advance the convention objectives.
  • The standing committee made up by the contracting parties representing 6 Ramsar regions in the world meet each year to guide the convention between COP meeting that happen every 3 years.
  • Scientific and technical review panel provide guidance on key issues of the convention
  • The secretariat in Switzerland manages day to day activates on the convention
  • Countries establish a National Wetland Committee
  • Private and public are encouraged to contribute to the mission
76
Q

Community level responses to water management

A

Water saving

  • Shorter showers
  • No baths
  • Fixing inefficient taps
  • Don’t leave water running

Customer pricing
-People pay for the amount of water they use thus they will use less to pay less

New technologies

  • Desalination
  • Purification and filtration of water
  • Removal of microbes

Water purification
The removal of impurities from water so that it can fir for its purpose.

Rainfall harvesting
Making use of available water before it drains away

Zoning
Areas that are protected from development in order to safe guard water quality

Geography (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions