Unit 1 Flashcards
North-South divide
The increasing inequality in levels of development between North and the South or between HIC’s and LIC’s
Development gap
The difference is wealth between the developed world (North) and the developing world (South)
OPEC
The Organization of Petroleum Exploring countries, representing the interest in oil explorers. Its position is undermined by some oil-producing countries such as the UK, which does not agree with OPEC controlled oil prices.
The G7/G8
A group of the world’s wealthiest and most powerful countries.
The G10 or Paris club
A group representing the wealthiest members of International Monetary Fund.
Population distribution
Refers to where people live
Population density
the number of people living in a particular area – usually 1 square kilometer – and can be written as total population/land area.
Most favored locations include:
⎫ Fertile valleys
⎫ Places with regular supply of water, temperate climates
⎫ A climate that is not too extreme
⎫ Places with good communications
Disadvantaged climates:
o Deserts (too dry) o Mountains (too steep) o High latitudes (too cold) o Rainforests (too fertile)
Factors affecting population distribution:
- 75% of population live within 1000km of the sea.
- 85% live in areas less than 500m high
- 85% live between the latitudes of 68oN and 20oN
- Less than 10% live in the southern hemisphere
Physical factors affecting location
¬ CLIMATE
- People prefer temperate climates as there is more rainfall and no extreme temperatures.
- High humidity can be uncomfortable and can be affected by diseases such as malaria.
- Cold climates prohibit crop growth, transport links, home building as the group will be frozen.
- Frostbite decreases work and increases clothing need.
¬ WATER
- Lack of water = no drinking or irrigation
- Lack of water makes farming difficult
- Causes dehydration and heatstroke
¬ RELIEF
- Steep slopes restrict machinery use, house building/ transport building
- High areas are too cold = crop prevention
- High areas = remote = difficult access
- Flat, low lying area has deeper soil thus its easier to grow crops
¬ NATURAL RESOURCES
- Lack of resources = lack of industry = lack of job opportunities
- Scenery can attract tourists
¬ SOILS
- Fertile soil areas are good for crop growth
- Poor solid = few nutrients = low agriculture output
Human factors affecting location
¬ JOB OPPORTUNITIES
• Service industries encourage people to move to find work.
• Tourism can also attract visitors to an area. Proving customers.
¬ TRANSPORTATION
• Attract people and industry’s.
¬ URBANISATION ¬ CONGESTION ¬ ECONOMIC PROSPERITY ¬ ACCESS TO SERVICES ¬ INFASTRUCTURE ¬ TECHNOLOGY ¬ RELIGION ¬ CONGESTION
Urbanization
increasing number of people that live in urban areas
Economic prosperity
flourishing, thriving, good fortune and successful social status
Congestion
occurs when the amount of traffic exceeds the design capacity
Millionaire city
A city with one million residents
GNI per capita + calculation
Money earned by the nations people/ businesses. It is used to measure nations wealth
[Gross national income divided by Mid-year population]
.
GDP (gross domestic product) – and calculation
Country’s economic output per year
[GDP divided by total population]
Core periphery theory
The countries of the world can be divided into two major world regions: the “core” and the “periphery.”
Thecoreincludes major world powers and the countries that contain much of the wealth of the planet. Theperipheryhas those countries that are not reaping the benefits of global wealth and globalization.
The general demographic transition model (DTM)
1) STAGE 1 – HIGH AND VARIABLE
- BR and DR are high and variable
- Population growth fluctuates
- On countries only indigenous tribes at this stage
- UK at this stage until 1750
High birth and death rates Parents want children: • For labor • As care takers when they are older • To continue the family name • Prestige • Replace other children
People die from • Lack of clean water • Lack of food • Poor hygiene and sanitation • Overcrowding • Contagious diseases • Poverty 2) STAGE 2 – EARLY EXPANDING
- Births remain high
- Death rates fall rapidly
- Population growth is rapid
- UK passed through in 1850
- Afghanistan is here
3) STAGE 3 – LATE EXPANDING
- Birth rate drops
- Death rate remains low
- Population growth continues but at a smaller rate
- UK passed in 1950
- Brazil and Argentina are here
4) STAGE 4 – LOW AND VARIABLE
- Birth and death rates are low
- Population growth fluctuates
- UK and most developed countries are at this stage
5) STAGE 5 – LOW DECLINING
• Birth rate is lower than death rate
• Population declines
• Japan is at this stage
Low birth and death rates Birth rates decline because: • Children are very costly • Government looks after people through health care and pension services • More women want their own career • More widespread use of family planning • As infant mortality comes down there is less need to replace children • Late marriage • Older population
Death rates decline because; • Clean water • Reliable food supply • - good hygiene and sanitation • Low population densities • Better healthcare and vaccines Rising standards of living
Natural increase / decrease calculation:
Birth rate – Death rate = Natural increase (%)
Natural decrease occurs when the death rate is larger than the birth rate
*Does not take into account migration
Doubling time + calculation
Is the number of years for a population to double in size
70 / Growth rate = Doubling time (years)
