Case study - Unit 1 Flashcards
Consequences of megacity growth
Location: Mumbai, India (west costs, key access to trade point)
Population: 18 million
Main slum: Dharavi
Why did it develop into a megacity:
- Changed economic industry –
Before 1970’s fishing villages After textiles / important Technology (aerospace/ engineering)
- Many TNC’s are based here “Tata group” and “ Bombay stock exchange”
- Contains quaternary sectors (Department of atomic energy)
- Increased development = 18 million
Problems:
o 9 / 12 million live in slums
o Uneven gender ratio (Female: 838 / Male:1000)
o Rapid growth = unemployment, underemployment, decrease access to healthcare, poor sanitation and access to electricity.
o 4,000 cases of diphtheria and typhoid a day
o Main slum is home to 1 million people in 2km
Benefits:
⎫ Very lively and provide lots of activities
⎫ 85% of the adult’s work locally
⎫ Major recycling industry’s although they can be dangerous
Migration
Location: Syria, western Asia
Causes of migration:
- Emergence of fundamental Islamic group Isis (known as IS) lead to 10 million people being displaced
- Syrian conflict began a civil war but extended to Iraq when Isis declared them both Islamic “caliphate”
- People feared they’d be killed, captured or forced to live under severe and harsh Islamic rule.
= Refugees to neighboring countries
Where do they go and why?
- A lot easier to be internally displaced than internationally displaced.
- 4 million people are internally displaced and 4.5 million people Syrian refugees in 5 other countries.
- Zaatari refugee camp camp in Jordon just 8km from the Syrian border is the 2nd largest refugee camp.
Effects of migration:
- 1.4 million refugees in Lebanon that ¼ of their population
- Increased poverty
- Severe economic and environmental consequences
- Strain on health, education services, electricity, water and sanitation systems
- Schools forced to provide places for up to 100,00 Syrian children
Aging populations
Location: Japan, An island country in east Asia
Situation:
Since 1945 Japans population structure has greatly changed due to an decrease in both birth and death rates creating an ageing population.
Statistics:
Elderly living along increased from 0.8 million (1975) to over 2.5 million in 2000.
Since 2000 youthful population declined, In 2015 they only account for 13% of population
Causes:
- One child policy (explained in different age study)
- Decreased birth rate
- Increase life expectancy
- People prefer being single, prefer technology
- Harder to find people in an elderly population to date
- Increased contraception
- Family planning
Affects:
- Depletion of labor force
- Depletion of military
- Deteriation of economy
- Increase cost of funding pensions and healthcare
- New leisure facilities needed for elderly
- A trade deficit
- Migration of Japanese industries to other countries
- Falling demand for schools and teachers
- New jobs needed for the elderly
- New leisure facilities needed for elderly
- High cost for funding pensions
- Increase in the burden of working population
- Reduced demand for goods for the working population
- A need for in-migration to fuel any increase in the workforce.
Solutions:
- Government increased retirement age to increase workforce
- Only allowed in hospital for three months to decrease elderly
Anti-natalist policy
Chinas 1 child policy
Why was china’s population so large?
- After ww2 as people were encouraged to have as any kids as possible due to the belief that population growth empowered a country.
- For every square kilometer there are 139.6 people
Why was the one child policy imposed:
Goal – was to reduce china’s population as it was too rapidly growing.
Malthus’s theory is that when a population overtakes resources god will send death and famine. To avoid this the policy was introduced.
WHEN was it introduced:
In 1976 the one child policy was imposed, known as the most severe and controversial methods.
The effect:
Slowed population by 4 years
Birth rate fell from 17 per 1000 from 33 per 1000 (1970)
Reduced population growth in a country of 1.3 billion by as much as
300 million people over 20 years alone
Prevented 400 million births
Disparate ratio of 118 males: to 100 females compared to the global norm of 107 boys: 100 girls
Males are more valued then females = females aborted and orphaned
In 2015 the Chinese government changed the policy to allow couples to have 2 children instead of one.
Rules varied to the location of the family. Some stated that that if the first bay was a girl the family could have another. Farmers were always allowed to have two due to having more space and using them for agriculture.
Policy worked too well = ageing population for the next 20 years.
How was the policy forced:
- Social compensation fee (fine of 4 years wages). Sometimes government took physical items.
- Free contraception
- Family planning network across the country that monitors women
- Propaganda / advertising
- You have to have a permit to be pregnant
- Pre-matal classes
- Free healthcare, free education, housing preference
Advantages:
⎫ Female healthcare has improved = higher life expectancy
⎫ Infant mortality has dropped (during child birth especially)
Problems / side effects:
o Little emperor syndrome – children become brats as parents give them all the attention.
o Policy is unfair, some places allow 2 kids while others don’t.
o Forced abortions / sterilization / cohered – illegal after 20 years
o 70 million men with no chance of marriage – leads to kidnapping and poor lifestyle = crime increases.
Pro-natalist
Russia
A comprehensive set ofpronatalistmeasures came into effect in January 2007.
Russia population position:
- In 2000’s deaths outnumbered births by 958,500
- In 2000’s natural increase was -6.6 per 1000
TFR was 1.1 children per women and falling
Population falling by 700,000 each year
Why do they have a pro-natalist policy:
- High infant mortality rate
- Low fertility rate
- Decreasing population
Why did it occur:
- Poor reproductive healthcare services
- Lack of modern contraceptives
- Widespread and unsafe abortions
- High divorce rates
- Infertility due to unhealthy life styles
- Women wanted high living standards thus chose fewer children
- Increased education = more working women
- Aging population structure
The incentives:
- Women who gave birth to 2/3 kids were offered $9,200
- Good reputation – women with large families are called “Hero Mothers” and given medals and gifts
- Increased child benefits and longer maternity leave
- September 12th –“Day of conception”, if u got pregnant nine months later you would receive cars, Tvs, ect. A day relived of work.
- All expense paid summer camp for young adult
- Gave women 40% of what they previously earned if they left their jobs to have kids
- Government considered tax for no children
Effects:
- Increased birth rate in the following year of 4.5%
- In 2010 fertility rate was 1.55 compared to 1.2 the previous year
- In 2012 birth rates increased by 7.2%
Gender and literacy equality
Location: Kerela, South-West of India
Autonomy- means being able to rule without having to obey some other higher authority
Background:
- Most densely populated area in India
- Even spread of population and no large cities
- Remarkable success in improving health, literacy and education and in decreasing birthrates.
- Its success is more remarkable as it has a lower per capita than the rest of India
Factors related to Kerala’s success:
- Autonomy and stability of the government
- Long standing and continuing social reform
- Status of women in society
Roles of women in Kerala:
- Tradition of female employment with girls educated the same as boys
- Open access to universities where women often study to be doctors or nurses
- Jobs open to women in the health sector since early 2000’s
- Women have autonomy
- No tradition of payment or obstacles to remarry
Other remarkable factors:
- Highest female to male ratio
Theirs - Female: 1,084 : Male: 1000
Average - Female: 940 : Male: 1000
- Increased literacy rate from 90% in 1991 to 94% in 2011
- Female literacy rate increased from 86% to 92%
- Low infant formality rate 13 per 1000 compared to national average of 80
- High life expectancy of 74 for females and 70 for males
- TFR is low, 1.9
Remaining problems:
- Women are marginalized in the economic process and have a lack of control over resources.
- Work participation Is 18% for women compared to 53% for men
- Women are concentrated in low paying jobs such as farming, cotton industry’s and domestic services.
3 main ways to gain access to economic resources:
1) Participation of labor market
2) Acquiring a share of the family property
3) Establishing a business or taking part in the informal economy
Happens because women are looking after the house and people
What has been done:
A number of self-help groups (SHGs) have been set up to empower women from poor households.
Women meet weekly in neighborhoods to discuss experiences and get training.
There are also microfinance systems
