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PCS > Unit 3- Reproductive hormones > Flashcards

Unit 3- Reproductive hormones Flashcards

1
Q

what are three layers of the adrenal cortex?

A

zona granulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

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2
Q

what hormone does the zona granulosa produce?

A

mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

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3
Q

what hormone does the zona fasciculata produce?

A

glucocorticoids (cortisol)

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4
Q

what hormone does the zona reticularis produce?

A

androgens

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5
Q

what are androgens and give the five main ones

A

male sex hormones:

  • testosterone
  • dihydrotesterone (DHT)
  • androstenedione
  • androstenediol
  • dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA/ DHEA-S)
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6
Q

describe the biosynthesis of steroid hormones

A

cholesterol - pregnenolone - progestagens - androgen (then converted into estrogen)/ cortisol/ aldosterone

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7
Q

what enzyme does zona glomerulosa lack?

A

17-hydroxylase

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8
Q

what enzyme does zona fasciculata and reticularis lack?

A

18-hydroxylase

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9
Q

what condition will occur if deficiency in 21-hydroxylase?

A

sexual ambiguity (unable to produce cortisol/ aldosterone so excess production of androgens)

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10
Q

what role does testerone produced in adrenal glands have in men and women?

A

small role in men as most from testes - responsible for secondary characteristics
primary source for women - converted into oestrogen -responsible for growth of pubic hair/ sex drive

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11
Q

what happens if there is an overproduction of ACTH in men and women?

A

no effect in men

masculinisation in women: acne/ hirsitism (facial hair)/ breast shrinkage

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12
Q

what does the first decline in DHEA signify?

A

adrenarche in boys due to development of zona reticularis - hit puberty

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13
Q

what is the equivalent of adrenarche in girls?

A

menarche - menstrual cycle

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14
Q

what are the two major functions of the testes? what hormones control these?

A

spermatogenesis
steroidogenesis
- controlled by FSH/ LH

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15
Q

where does spermatogenesis occur? describe process

A

seminiferous tubules - spermatagonia produce sperm which enters epididymis for sperm maturation - gain motility and then to vas deferens to combine with prostate fluid to secrete as semen

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16
Q

what role do sertoli cells have and what hormone stimulates them?

A

surround and faciliate spermatogonia by nourishing germ cells

  • produce androgen binding proteins (SHBG) to keep high conc of androgens in testes and carries testosterone to epididymis
  • stimulated by FSH
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17
Q

what is the function of the three hormones secreted by sertoli cells?

A

inhibin - inhibits FSH
activin - stimulates FSH
follistatin - binds & deactivates activin

18
Q

what role do leydig cells have and what hormone stimulates them?

A

secrete testosterone

stimulated by LH

19
Q

what enzyme converts testosterone to DHT?

A

5 alpha reductase

20
Q

what enzyme convert testosterone to androstenedione?

A

17-ketoreductase

21
Q

what enzyme converts testosterone to estradiol (oestrogen)?

A

aromatase

22
Q

what is primary hypogonadism?

A

serum testosterone and sperm count below normal

FSH/LH above normal

23
Q

what is secondary hypogonadism?

A

indicates problem in pituitary gland/hypothalamus

24
Q

what is the effect of anabolic steroids on men?

A

partial hypogonadism - feminism - development of breasts but decrease in testicle size - no stimulation of sertoli cells

25
Q

what condition is an example of congenital primary hypogonadism?

A

Klinefelter’s syndrome - extra copy of X chromosome - less chest hair/ wide lips/ small testicles

26
Q

what is the effect of 5-ARD deficiency?

A

inability to convert testosterone to DHT (which is more physiologically active) - look female at birth but develop small penis in later life
(autosomal recessive)

27
Q

what is AIS?

A

androgen insensitivity syndrome - mutation of androgen receptor
genetically male but genitals are female
- body is insensitive to testosterone

28
Q

what are the two stages of the menstrual cycle?

A 
follicular phase- menstrual phase (0-4)/ proliferative phase (4-14)
luteal phase (14-28)
29
Q

explain hormonal changes and uterine changes that occur in the follicular phase

A

menstrual phase: decrease in progesterone - breakdown of endometrial lining = bleeding
proliferative phase: increase in oestrogen = endometrial proliferation - follicles develop and secrete more oestrogen/ development of uterine glands
at day 14; surge in oestrogen - causes surge in FSH and LH- LH surge stimulates ovulation

30
Q

what process occurs in the luteal phase?

A

formation of corpus luteum - follicles undergo luteinization

  • collapse into space behind - formation of blood clot forms core surrounded by collapsed layer of granulosa cells in a thecal cells
  • enlarge and develop lipid inclusions
31
Q

what is the effects of the corpus luteum?

A

contain large amounts of golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria

  • secrete progesterone = build up of stromal cells/ stimulate uterine glands to secrete uterine milk (high in protein and glycogen) to maintain endometrium
  • secrete oestrogen - negative feedback to decrease FSH/LH
32
Q

what will happen if ovum is not fertilised?

A

corpus luteum degenerated by luteolysis whoch causes decrease in levels of progesterone and oestrogen
- levels of FSH/LH increase in preparation for next menstrual cycle

33
Q

which hormones will increase if ovum is fertilised?

A

following implantation of egg, hCG, progesterone and oestrogen levels increase

34
Q

what is the effect of hCG?

A

maintains corpus luteum in ovary so that it continues to secrete progesterone - stimulates growth of endometrium eventually form the placenta. once placenta developed levels of hCG decrease after 8 weeks

35
Q

what are the other effects of progesterone apart from growth of endometrium?

A
  • increases blood flow to uterus
  • stimulation of uterine glands
  • stimulates production of decidua - supports attachment of placenta
36
Q

what are the effects of oestrogen during pregnance?

A
  • growth of breasts / lactation
  • growth of placenta
  • development of fetal organs
37
Q

what hormone is produced prior to parturition?

A

relaxin - produced by corpus luteum and placenta

- relaxes joints/ ligaments in pelvis which causes ripening of cervix and dilation of blood vessels

38
Q

what hormones stimulate contractions?

A

oestrogen causes contraction - stimulates uterus to produce prostaglandins which decreases level of progesterone and initiate labour
oxytocin - stimulated by pressure of baby on cervix/ pelvic floor - causes powerful contractions

39
Q

what is the effect of decreased progesterone levels?

A

braxton hicks - increased myometrial excitability

40
Q

what is the function of thecal and granulosa cells?

A

theca - stimulated by LH - converts cholesterol to androgens

granulosa - stimulated by FSH - produces aromatase to convert androgens to oestrogen

PCS (29 decks)

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