Unit 1 - Principles of Microanatomy Flashcards
what is microanatomy?
aka histology
study of microscopic structure of cells, tissues and organs in relation to their function
what are the four tissue types?
- epithelial
- nerve
- muscle
- connective
what are the two types of layers in epithelial tissue?
- simple
- stratified (multiple layers- protection)
what are three main types of shapes of epithelial cells? and what processes are they involved in?
- squamous: diffusion
- cuboidal: secretion/ absorption
- columnar: absorption/ secretion of mucus
what are the other two rare types of epithelial cells?
- transitional: stretch readily to accomodate fluctuations of volume
- pseudostratified - only found in trachea
describe the polarity of epithelia tissue
polar due to discrete regions
- top: apical
- side: lateral
- base: basal
where do epithelial cell lie?
lie on basement membrane - matrix of connective fibres consisting of basal lamina and lamina propria
give other properties of epithelial cells
- avascular but innervated
- regenerative (desquamation)
- high cellularity - tightly packed
what are the two types of neural tissue?
- neurons: info processing
- neuroglia: neuron support, regulatory & protection
what are the layers of a nerve?
- epineurium
- perineurium - sheath covers fascicles
- endoneurium`
what is a fascicle?
small bundle of nerve fibres covered by the perineurium
what type of connective tissue is the epineurium made from?
dense, irregular connective tissue
what are the three types of muscle?
- smooth
- cardiac
- skeletal
what are the two general types of connective tissue?
- proper
- special
what are the three types of proper connective tissue?
- loose/areolar - often found in skin
- dense regular - parallel arrangement -unidirectional pull -found in tendons
- dense irregular - arrangement allow resistance of stretch from all directions
name six types of special connective tissue
- bone
- adipose
- blood cells
- blood vessels
- myeloid/ lymphoid ( blood cell-forming tissues)
- cartilage
what are the two types of bone?
- spongy/ trabecular/ cancellous
- compact/ cortical
what is the haversian system and where is it found?
- functional unit of compact bone
- supply of oxygenated blood and nutrients to bones
what is the role of bone?
- support/ protection/ site of haemopoesis/ storehouse of minerals (calcium phosphate)
what are the three types of bone cells?
- osteoblast: resorption of bone
- osteocyte: regulation
- osteoclast: formation of bone
describe adipose tissue
large aggregates of adipocytes
- nuclei on periphery - lipid droplet pushes it out
what are the three types of cartilage?
- hyaline
- fibrocartilage
- elastic
what are the functions of connective tissue?
- repair
- binding/packing/support
- insulation
- transportation/ nourishment
- protection/ defence
what are the two main components of connective tissue?
- ECM: fibres/ ground substance
- cells: adipocytes/ fibroblast/ plasma/ pericytes/ endothelial/ mast/ macrophage
what is ground substance made of?
clear interstitial fluif mafe of GAGs (glycosaminoglycans) and proteoglycans
what are the three types of fibres?
- collagen
- elastin
- reticular
what are the four types of collagen?
1) tensile strength
2) hyaline and elastic cartilage
3) reticular lamina - wound healin
4) basal lamina
what type of epithelial cells line the oesophagus?
stratified squamous non-keratinising
what type of epithelial cells line the trachea?
pseudostratified
what type of epithelial cells line kidneys?
simple cuboidal
what type of epithelial cells line skin?
stratified squamous
what type of epithelial cells line pleural cavity?
simple squamous
what type of epithelial cells line simple columnar?
stomach/ intestines/ cervix
