Unit 3: Outcome 2 Flashcards
9 NHPA’s
Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions, dementia, asthma, diabetes mellitus, cancer control, obesity, mental health, injury prevention and control and cardiovascular health
Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions
Types
Main musculoskeletal conditions are oesteoarthritis, osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis.
Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions
Arthritis
Causes severe pain and inflammation of the joints, it does not directly relate to mortality but it highly contributes to morbidity.
Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions
Oesteoarthritis
One of the most common forms of arthritis and its when cartilage in the joints are worn down
Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions
Rheumatoid arthritis
Caused by inflammation of the joints. It’s when the immune system attacks the tissues lining the joints causing pain.
Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions
Osteoporosis
Bone density weakens meaning bones are more prone to fractures
Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions
NHPA?
Very high morbidity rates, meaning many Australians live with these diseases.
More than 3 million Australians have some form of arthritis.
Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions
Direct costs
Individual: Costs of medicine, seeing doctors and specialists.
Community: Medicare contributions, medication and prevention programs
Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions
Indirect costs
Individual: loss of income, carers or support systems and transport costs.
Community: social security and welfare payments, and loss of productivity.
Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions
Intangible costs
Individual: anxiety over the prospect of falls and fractures, missing out on social experiences, loss of self esteem
Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions
Biological determinants
Age- bone mass decreases as an individual gets older.
Sex- after menopause women have higher chances developing musculoskeletal conditions because the production of oestrogen reduces which is used to help maintain bone health.
Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions
Behavioural determinants
Dietary behaviour- lack of nutrients causes problems in bone growth.
Lack of vitamin D- lack of sun exposure reduces bone mineral density
Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions
Social determinants
SES- lower SES groups tend to have less knowledge and opportunity to prevent and treat musculoskeletal illnesses.
Food security- lack of nutritional foods mean a person’s bones cannot form hard tissue
Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions
Physical environment
Work environment: workplaces that require physical labour cause higher changes of back and joint pain.
Access to healthcare: no access to healthcare means these conditions can’t be detected and prevented.
Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions
Program
Kids get arthritis too
Developed by: arthritis Australia .
Audience: kids and parents.
Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions
Kids get arthritis too
Aims
Educate Australians that there are over 6000 kids suffering from arthritis including toddlers and baby’s.
Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions
Kids get arthritis too
What it does
Making a 5 point plan to address what needs to be done.
- Fund training in Aus
- Expanding public services
- Develop educational material for healthcare professionals.
- Develop consumer services
- Fund research into a cure
Asthma
A condition characterised by inflammation of the airways which causes them to narrow and leads to difficulty breathing.
Triggers are pollen, animal hair, smoke, physical activity, colds and flus
Asthma
NHPA
Contributes significantly to the overall burden of disease in Australia.
2.2 million Australians suffered from asthma in 2011-12
Asthma
Direct costs
Individual: doctors appointment, hospital administrations and pharmaceuticals.
Community: Medicare, pbs
Asthma
Indirect costs
Individual: loss of income, costs of carers
Community: lost productivity, lost tax revenue
Asthma
Intangible costs
Individual: increased anxiety if attacks become frequent, missing school due to sleep disturbance, not being able to participate in sport.
Community: anxiety experienced by parents
Asthma
Biological determinants
Excess body weight- higher risk of developing asthma.
Genetic predisposition- family history increased risk
Asthma
Behavioural determinants
Tobacco smoke- being exposed to smoke either at hi or in the womb increases the risk.
Asthma
Social determinants
Low SES- due to smoking
Asthma
Physical environment
Work environment- exposure to pollutants in the workplace can increase risk.
Housing- that doesn’t have adequate ventilation may increase odour pollution
Asthma
Program
Developed by? Asthma Australia
Audience? Asthma suffers and parents
Asthma
Sensitive choice
Aims
Assist those with asthma and allergies to make better lifestyle choices, resulting in reduced exposure to triggers.
Asthma
Sensitive choice
What it does?
Encourages manufacturers to produce products and services that reduce the risk of asthma and allergic reactions.
The program’s provides consumers with a way of identifying products that may benefit people with asthma
Diabetes mellitus
A serious chronic conditions which can affect the entire body. Diabetes refers to when the body cannot maintain healthy levels of glucose in the blood.
3 main types type 1, type 2 and gestational
Diabetes mellitus
NHPA
Long term affects of diabetes can be severe and include poor circulation, CVD, blindness and kidney disease.
Diabetes is a life threatening disease if not managed, can result in severe consequences or death.
Diabetes is the leading contributor to burden of disease
Diabetes mellitus
Direct costs
Individual- co-payments for health services and medication
Community- Medicare, PBS
Diabetes mellitus
Indirect costs
Individual- paying for carers and loss of income
Community- social service payments, payments for cars and loss of productivity
Diabetes mellitus
Intangible costs
Individual- loss of self esteem, anxiety and stress.
Community- family stress and anxiety
Diabetes mellitus
Biological determinants
Body weight- obesity/overweight is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes.
Age- risk for type 2 diabetes increases with age
Diabetes mellitus
Behavioural determinants
Dietary behaviour- high fat diets can contribute to weight gain resulting in type 2 diabetes
Physical activity- being physically inactive can lead to weight gain resulting in t2d
Diabetes mellitus
Physical environment determinants
Access to recreational facilities- reduced access equals reduced physical activity resulting in t2d.
Work environment- if someone’s job involves sitting down all day it can result in weight gain and t2d
Diabetes mellitus
Social determinants
SES- higher rates of obesity increases risk of t2d
Diabetes mellitus
Program
Healthy weight guide
Developed by? Australian government
Audience? Parents, adults, kids
Diabetes mellitus
Aims
Provide information to the Australian public on how to maintain and achieve a healthy body weight
Diabetes mellitus
What it does
Helps plan, keep track and achieve goals
Cardiovascular health
Define
Refers to the health of the heart and blood vessels
Cardiovascular health
Cardiovascular disease
Includes all disease of the heart and/or blood vessels such as stroke, coronary heart disease and heart failure
Cardiovascular health
Main cause of CVD
Atherosclerosis which is a build up of plaque on the walls of the blood vessels
Cardiovascular health
NHPA
Selected as a result of the contribution of CVD to the burden of disease.
Most common cardiovascular condition in Aus is hypertension, 9.5% of the population.
Cardiovascular health
Direct costs
Individual- ambulance transport I case of heart attack, medication and specialist services.
Community- Medicare, PBS, private health insurance
Cardiovascular health
Indirect costs
Individual- changes to living conditions, social and financial changes.
Community- lost productivity, cost of carers and social security payments
Cardiovascular health
Intangible costs
Individual- Pain and suffering, associated mental health issues.
Community- lifestyle changes for family members, family stress and anxiety
Cardiovascular health
Biological determinants
Body weight- overweight/obese places greater strain on the heart.
Blood pressure- high blood pressure increases the risk of heart attacks and stroke
Cardiovascular health
Behavioural determinants
Tobacco smoking- increases blood pressure.
Physical activity- not being active increases obesity risk causing CVD
Cardiovascular health
Physical environment determinants
Work environment- work that doesn’t promote physical activity increases risk of obesity.
Access to recreational facilities- no accessed means no physical activity which increases obesity risk and therefore CVD risk
Cardiovascular health
Social determinants
SES- low SES means more likely to be obese and suffer from CVD.
Unemployment- experience high stress levels and reduced SES
Obesity
Define
Carrying excess body weight in the form of fat with a BMI of 30+ or a weight circumference of 88cm for females and 102 for males
Obesity
NHPA
Relationship to the development of other conditions.
Obesity and overweight rates continue to increase.
Preventable through education and awareness
Obesity
Direct costs
Individual- weight management plans and medication
Community- Medicare
Obesity
Indirect costs
Individual- reduces productivity, loss of income.
Community- lost productivity, welfare payments and carers
Obesity
Intangible costs
Individual- mental health, sleep disturbance and less energy.
Community- family stress and frustration
Obesity
Biological determinants
Age- as age increases metabolism decreases.
Genetic predisposition- run in the family
Obesity
Behavioural determinants
Lack of pa- weight gain.
Dietary behaviour- high fat, energy dense diet equals weight gain
Obesity
Physical environment determinants
Access to recreational facilities- no access means no pa participation which means weight gain.
Work environments- that don’t involve moving around can mean weight gain
Obesity
Social determinants
Low SES- increases risk of obesity.
Stress- eating may be a response leading to weight gain
Mental health
Definition
A state of wellbeing I’m which every individual realises his or her abilities and can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully and is able to make a contribution to his or her community
Mental health
Anxiety
A feeling of worry, nervousness or unease about something with an uncertain outcome
Mental health
Depression.
Feelings of sever despondency and dejection
Mental health
NHPA
Stigma attached to mental illness.
45% of Australian will experience mental health illnesses at some stage in their life
Mental health
Direct costs
Individual- medication, counselling, psychologist/ specialist payments.
Community- health insurance, PBS, Medicare and ambulance cover
Mental health
Indirect costs
Individual- loss of income, paying for services and carers, loss of productivity.
Community- loss of productivity, income support, housing assistance, community care, social security payments
Mental health
Intangible costs
Individual- depression, social exclusion, feeling hopeless and lonely.
Community- stress and worry from family and friends, missing school
Mental health
Biological determinants
Body weight- may eat as a result which can lead to obesity.
Genetic predisposition- can run in the family
Mental health
Behavioural determinants
Tobacco use- may result to smoking for relief.
Physical activity- makes people feel good by releasing endorphins
Mental health
Social determinants
SES- lower SES have higher rates of mental illnesses
Stress- increased risk of mental health issues
Mental health
Physical environment determinants
Housing- overcrowding can cause stress and anxiety.
Access to recreational facilities- no access means no PA and obesity which causes low self esteem
Mental health
Program
Brains can have a mind of their own.
Developed by? Beyond blue
Audience? Teens ages 13-18 specifically if they’re experiencing it for the first time
Mental health
Brains can have a mind of their own
Aims
To show young people they shouldn’t feel personally responsible for how they’re feeling because their brain can have a mind of its own
Mental health
Brains can have a mind of their own
What it does
Uses a humorous approach by making the brain annoying and mischievous which is an affective way to encourage young people
Injury prevention and control
Injury related to the damaging of harmful effects on the body that result from a range of different events.
Can either be accidental- poisoning, car, work accidents, drowning, falls.
Or intentional- suicide and violence
Injury prevention and control
NHPA
Responsible for about 7% of the bod in Daly, in Aus 2010.
Aims to prevent injuries and reduce impact.
Main cause,of death for people under 45 years old
Injury prevention and control
Direct costs
Individual-medical treatments, pharmaceuticals, ambulance transport.
Community- PBS, AIDS such as wheelchairs and crutches, health promotion programs
Injury prevention and control
Indirect costs
Individual- long term care, transportation costs, service payments such as cleaning.
Community- lost productivity, welfare payments, lost tax revenue
Injury prevention and control
Intangible costs
Individual- mental health issues, frustration if they’re permanently disabled and need attention.
Community- family dealing with deaths.
Injury prevention and control
Biological determinants
Age- as people get older they have a higher risk of getting injured due to weak bones.
Testosterone- boys are more likely to participate in risk taking behaviour
Injury prevention and control
Behavioural determinants
Alcohol use- people under the influence of alcohol are more likely to participate in risk taking behaviours which can result in injuries.
Physical activity- those who participate in high contact sports have a higher risk of sport related injuries.
Injury prevention and control
Social determinants
SES- low SES means higher risk due to lack of financial resources- may not be able to ensure their car is running safely.
Social exclusion- those who feel socially isolated and excluded are more likely to be at risk of mental health issues which can lead to suicide
Injury prevention and control
Physical environment determinants
Work environment- working that involves heavy machinery have increased risks of injuries.
Transport- vehicles that are unsafe or roads with poor signage can cause car accidents.
Injury prevention and control
Program
Hello Sunday morning
Developed by? National binge drinking foundation
Audience? Young teens/adults
Injury prevention and control
Hello Sunday morning
Aims
Build technology that supports any individual to change their relationship with alcohol.
Injury prevention and control
What it does
Supports people to quit or cut back from drinking alcohol
Carbohydrates
To provide fuel for energy and it’s the body’s preferred fuel source.
Bread pasta rice
Fibre
Regulate the functioning of the digestive system. Also prevents constipation.
Fruit and vegetables
Protein
To promote growth, maintenance and repair of body cells. Also used as a fuel for energy production.
Eggs, beef, nuts
Fats
Fuel for energy
Monounsaturated fats
Healthier type of fat and can assist in the lowering density of LDL - bad cholesterol
Avocado, nuts and olive oil
Polyunsaturated fats
Healthier type of fat, two types - omega 3&6 and they act to lower LDL cholesterol and increase HDL, reducing the risk of heart disease
Fish, tuna, nuts and seeds
Saturated fats
Increase LDL cholesterol production in the liver which can contribute to CVD.
Cheese, cream and fried food
Trans fat
Also raise LDL lever and lower HDL levels
Pastries and cakes
Vitamin D
Required for absorption of calcium and phosphorous from the intestine into the blood stream.
Cheese, egg yolk and beef liver
Calcium
Acts as a hardening agent for hard tissue such as teeth, bone and cartilage.
Green vegetables, salmon and tofu
Phosphorous
Works with calcium as a hardening agent for bones and teeth.
Eggs, fish, nuts and milk
Sodium
Regulation of fluids I’m the body including water and blood.
Table salt, olives and fish
Water
No nutritional value however it’s vital for human survival
Water fruit and vegetable s
Role of nutrients
Cardiovascular disease
Risk
Saturated and trans fats- contain LDL cholesterol which is a risk factor for atherosclerosis which can cause CVD
Role of nutrients
Cardiovascular disease
Protective
Fibre- increases the feeling of fullness, can reduce overeating, obesity and risk of CVD
Role of nutrients
Diabetes mellitus
Risk
Carbs proteins and fats, contribute to energy in a diet which can lead to weight gain, obesity and risk of type 2 diabetes
Role of nutrients
Diabetes mellitus
Protective
Fibre, increase feelings of overeating, decreasing overeating, obesity and risk of diabetes
Role of nutrients
Colorectal cancer
Risk
Carbs proteins and fats, contribute to energy, lead to weight gain, which leads to obesity, and risk of colorectal cancer
Role of nutrients
Colorectal cancer
Protective
Water, contributes no kj to energy intake so can reduce the risk of obesity and associated conditions such as colorectal cancer
Role of nutrients
Osteoporosis
Risk
Sodium- excess sodium, causes calcium, to be excreted in the urine which can decrease bone density and contribute to osteoporosis
Role of nutrients
Osteoporosis
Protective
Calcium acts as a hardening agent for bones which increases bone mass and reduces risk of osteoporosis
Role of nutrients
Obesity
Risk
Carbs protein and fats, can lead to weight gain and obesity if not used for energy
Role of nutrients
Obesity
Protective
Water, contribute no kj to energy intake, can reduce risk of obesity
NHPA
Represent the disease groups with the largest burden of disease and potential costs to the Australia community
