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YEAR 12: HHD > Unit 3: Outcome 2 > Flashcards

Unit 3: Outcome 2 Flashcards

1
Q

9 NHPA’s

A

Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions, dementia, asthma, diabetes mellitus, cancer control, obesity, mental health, injury prevention and control and cardiovascular health

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2
Q

Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions

Types

A

Main musculoskeletal conditions are oesteoarthritis, osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis.

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3
Q

Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions

Arthritis

A

Causes severe pain and inflammation of the joints, it does not directly relate to mortality but it highly contributes to morbidity.

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4
Q

Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions

Oesteoarthritis

A

One of the most common forms of arthritis and its when cartilage in the joints are worn down

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5
Q

Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Caused by inflammation of the joints. It’s when the immune system attacks the tissues lining the joints causing pain.

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6
Q

Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions

Osteoporosis

A

Bone density weakens meaning bones are more prone to fractures

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7
Q

Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions

NHPA?

A

Very high morbidity rates, meaning many Australians live with these diseases.
More than 3 million Australians have some form of arthritis.

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8
Q

Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions

Direct costs

A

Individual: Costs of medicine, seeing doctors and specialists.
Community: Medicare contributions, medication and prevention programs

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9
Q

Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions

Indirect costs

A

Individual: loss of income, carers or support systems and transport costs.
Community: social security and welfare payments, and loss of productivity.

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10
Q

Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions

Intangible costs

A

Individual: anxiety over the prospect of falls and fractures, missing out on social experiences, loss of self esteem

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11
Q

Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions

Biological determinants

A

Age- bone mass decreases as an individual gets older.
Sex- after menopause women have higher chances developing musculoskeletal conditions because the production of oestrogen reduces which is used to help maintain bone health.

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12
Q

Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions

Behavioural determinants

A

Dietary behaviour- lack of nutrients causes problems in bone growth.
Lack of vitamin D- lack of sun exposure reduces bone mineral density

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13
Q

Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions

Social determinants

A

SES- lower SES groups tend to have less knowledge and opportunity to prevent and treat musculoskeletal illnesses.
Food security- lack of nutritional foods mean a person’s bones cannot form hard tissue

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14
Q

Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions

Physical environment

A

Work environment: workplaces that require physical labour cause higher changes of back and joint pain.
Access to healthcare: no access to healthcare means these conditions can’t be detected and prevented.

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15
Q

Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions

Program

A

Kids get arthritis too
Developed by: arthritis Australia .
Audience: kids and parents.

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16
Q

Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions
Kids get arthritis too
Aims

A

Educate Australians that there are over 6000 kids suffering from arthritis including toddlers and baby’s.

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17
Q

Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions
Kids get arthritis too
What it does

A

Making a 5 point plan to address what needs to be done.

  1. Fund training in Aus
  2. Expanding public services
  3. Develop educational material for healthcare professionals.
  4. Develop consumer services
  5. Fund research into a cure
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18
Q

Asthma

A

A condition characterised by inflammation of the airways which causes them to narrow and leads to difficulty breathing.
Triggers are pollen, animal hair, smoke, physical activity, colds and flus

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19
Q

Asthma

NHPA

A

Contributes significantly to the overall burden of disease in Australia.
2.2 million Australians suffered from asthma in 2011-12

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20
Q

Asthma

Direct costs

A

Individual: doctors appointment, hospital administrations and pharmaceuticals.
Community: Medicare, pbs

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21
Q

Asthma

Indirect costs

A

Individual: loss of income, costs of carers
Community: lost productivity, lost tax revenue

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22
Q

Asthma

Intangible costs

A

Individual: increased anxiety if attacks become frequent, missing school due to sleep disturbance, not being able to participate in sport.
Community: anxiety experienced by parents

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23
Q

Asthma

Biological determinants

A

Excess body weight- higher risk of developing asthma.

Genetic predisposition- family history increased risk

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24
Q

Asthma

Behavioural determinants

A

Tobacco smoke- being exposed to smoke either at hi or in the womb increases the risk.

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25
Asthma | Social determinants
Low SES- due to smoking
26
Asthma | Physical environment
Work environment- exposure to pollutants in the workplace can increase risk. Housing- that doesn't have adequate ventilation may increase odour pollution
27
Asthma | Program
Developed by? Asthma Australia | Audience? Asthma suffers and parents
28
Asthma Sensitive choice Aims
Assist those with asthma and allergies to make better lifestyle choices, resulting in reduced exposure to triggers.
29
Asthma Sensitive choice What it does?
Encourages manufacturers to produce products and services that reduce the risk of asthma and allergic reactions. The program's provides consumers with a way of identifying products that may benefit people with asthma
30
Diabetes mellitus
A serious chronic conditions which can affect the entire body. Diabetes refers to when the body cannot maintain healthy levels of glucose in the blood. 3 main types type 1, type 2 and gestational
31
Diabetes mellitus | NHPA
Long term affects of diabetes can be severe and include poor circulation, CVD, blindness and kidney disease. Diabetes is a life threatening disease if not managed, can result in severe consequences or death. Diabetes is the leading contributor to burden of disease
32
Diabetes mellitus | Direct costs
Individual- co-payments for health services and medication | Community- Medicare, PBS
33
Diabetes mellitus | Indirect costs
Individual- paying for carers and loss of income | Community- social service payments, payments for cars and loss of productivity
34
Diabetes mellitus | Intangible costs
Individual- loss of self esteem, anxiety and stress. | Community- family stress and anxiety
35
Diabetes mellitus | Biological determinants
Body weight- obesity/overweight is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Age- risk for type 2 diabetes increases with age
36
Diabetes mellitus | Behavioural determinants
Dietary behaviour- high fat diets can contribute to weight gain resulting in type 2 diabetes Physical activity- being physically inactive can lead to weight gain resulting in t2d
37
Diabetes mellitus | Physical environment determinants
Access to recreational facilities- reduced access equals reduced physical activity resulting in t2d. Work environment- if someone's job involves sitting down all day it can result in weight gain and t2d
38
Diabetes mellitus | Social determinants
SES- higher rates of obesity increases risk of t2d
39
Diabetes mellitus | Program
Healthy weight guide Developed by? Australian government Audience? Parents, adults, kids
40
Diabetes mellitus | Aims
Provide information to the Australian public on how to maintain and achieve a healthy body weight
41
Diabetes mellitus | What it does
Helps plan, keep track and achieve goals
42
Cardiovascular health | Define
Refers to the health of the heart and blood vessels
43
Cardiovascular health | Cardiovascular disease
Includes all disease of the heart and/or blood vessels such as stroke, coronary heart disease and heart failure
44
Cardiovascular health | Main cause of CVD
Atherosclerosis which is a build up of plaque on the walls of the blood vessels
45
Cardiovascular health | NHPA
Selected as a result of the contribution of CVD to the burden of disease. Most common cardiovascular condition in Aus is hypertension, 9.5% of the population.
46
Cardiovascular health | Direct costs
Individual- ambulance transport I case of heart attack, medication and specialist services. Community- Medicare, PBS, private health insurance
47
Cardiovascular health | Indirect costs
Individual- changes to living conditions, social and financial changes. Community- lost productivity, cost of carers and social security payments
48
Cardiovascular health | Intangible costs
Individual- Pain and suffering, associated mental health issues. Community- lifestyle changes for family members, family stress and anxiety
49
Cardiovascular health | Biological determinants
Body weight- overweight/obese places greater strain on the heart. Blood pressure- high blood pressure increases the risk of heart attacks and stroke
50
Cardiovascular health | Behavioural determinants
Tobacco smoking- increases blood pressure. | Physical activity- not being active increases obesity risk causing CVD
51
Cardiovascular health | Physical environment determinants
Work environment- work that doesn't promote physical activity increases risk of obesity. Access to recreational facilities- no accessed means no physical activity which increases obesity risk and therefore CVD risk
52
Cardiovascular health | Social determinants
SES- low SES means more likely to be obese and suffer from CVD. Unemployment- experience high stress levels and reduced SES
53
Obesity | Define
Carrying excess body weight in the form of fat with a BMI of 30+ or a weight circumference of 88cm for females and 102 for males
54
Obesity | NHPA
Relationship to the development of other conditions. Obesity and overweight rates continue to increase. Preventable through education and awareness
55
Obesity | Direct costs
Individual- weight management plans and medication | Community- Medicare
56
Obesity | Indirect costs
Individual- reduces productivity, loss of income. | Community- lost productivity, welfare payments and carers
57
Obesity | Intangible costs
Individual- mental health, sleep disturbance and less energy. Community- family stress and frustration
58
Obesity | Biological determinants
Age- as age increases metabolism decreases. | Genetic predisposition- run in the family
59
Obesity | Behavioural determinants
Lack of pa- weight gain. | Dietary behaviour- high fat, energy dense diet equals weight gain
60
Obesity | Physical environment determinants
Access to recreational facilities- no access means no pa participation which means weight gain. Work environments- that don't involve moving around can mean weight gain
61
Obesity | Social determinants
Low SES- increases risk of obesity. | Stress- eating may be a response leading to weight gain
62
Mental health | Definition
A state of wellbeing I'm which every individual realises his or her abilities and can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully and is able to make a contribution to his or her community
63
Mental health | Anxiety
A feeling of worry, nervousness or unease about something with an uncertain outcome
64
Mental health | Depression.
Feelings of sever despondency and dejection
65
Mental health | NHPA
Stigma attached to mental illness. | 45% of Australian will experience mental health illnesses at some stage in their life
66
Mental health | Direct costs
Individual- medication, counselling, psychologist/ specialist payments. Community- health insurance, PBS, Medicare and ambulance cover
67
Mental health | Indirect costs
Individual- loss of income, paying for services and carers, loss of productivity. Community- loss of productivity, income support, housing assistance, community care, social security payments
68
Mental health | Intangible costs
Individual- depression, social exclusion, feeling hopeless and lonely. Community- stress and worry from family and friends, missing school
69
Mental health | Biological determinants
Body weight- may eat as a result which can lead to obesity. | Genetic predisposition- can run in the family
70
Mental health | Behavioural determinants
Tobacco use- may result to smoking for relief. | Physical activity- makes people feel good by releasing endorphins
71
Mental health | Social determinants
SES- lower SES have higher rates of mental illnesses | Stress- increased risk of mental health issues
72
Mental health | Physical environment determinants
Housing- overcrowding can cause stress and anxiety. | Access to recreational facilities- no access means no PA and obesity which causes low self esteem
73
Mental health | Program
Brains can have a mind of their own. Developed by? Beyond blue Audience? Teens ages 13-18 specifically if they're experiencing it for the first time
74
Mental health Brains can have a mind of their own Aims
To show young people they shouldn't feel personally responsible for how they're feeling because their brain can have a mind of its own
75
Mental health Brains can have a mind of their own What it does
Uses a humorous approach by making the brain annoying and mischievous which is an affective way to encourage young people
76
Injury prevention and control
Injury related to the damaging of harmful effects on the body that result from a range of different events. Can either be accidental- poisoning, car, work accidents, drowning, falls. Or intentional- suicide and violence
77
Injury prevention and control | NHPA
Responsible for about 7% of the bod in Daly, in Aus 2010. Aims to prevent injuries and reduce impact. Main cause,of death for people under 45 years old
78
Injury prevention and control | Direct costs
Individual-medical treatments, pharmaceuticals, ambulance transport. Community- PBS, AIDS such as wheelchairs and crutches, health promotion programs
79
Injury prevention and control | Indirect costs
Individual- long term care, transportation costs, service payments such as cleaning. Community- lost productivity, welfare payments, lost tax revenue
80
Injury prevention and control | Intangible costs
Individual- mental health issues, frustration if they're permanently disabled and need attention. Community- family dealing with deaths.
81
Injury prevention and control | Biological determinants
Age- as people get older they have a higher risk of getting injured due to weak bones. Testosterone- boys are more likely to participate in risk taking behaviour
82
Injury prevention and control | Behavioural determinants
Alcohol use- people under the influence of alcohol are more likely to participate in risk taking behaviours which can result in injuries. Physical activity- those who participate in high contact sports have a higher risk of sport related injuries.
83
Injury prevention and control | Social determinants
SES- low SES means higher risk due to lack of financial resources- may not be able to ensure their car is running safely. Social exclusion- those who feel socially isolated and excluded are more likely to be at risk of mental health issues which can lead to suicide
84
Injury prevention and control | Physical environment determinants
Work environment- working that involves heavy machinery have increased risks of injuries. Transport- vehicles that are unsafe or roads with poor signage can cause car accidents.
85
Injury prevention and control | Program
Hello Sunday morning Developed by? National binge drinking foundation Audience? Young teens/adults
86
Injury prevention and control Hello Sunday morning Aims
Build technology that supports any individual to change their relationship with alcohol.
87
Injury prevention and control | What it does
Supports people to quit or cut back from drinking alcohol
88
Carbohydrates
To provide fuel for energy and it's the body's preferred fuel source. Bread pasta rice
89
Fibre
Regulate the functioning of the digestive system. Also prevents constipation. Fruit and vegetables
90
Protein
To promote growth, maintenance and repair of body cells. Also used as a fuel for energy production. Eggs, beef, nuts
91
Fats
Fuel for energy
92
Monounsaturated fats
Healthier type of fat and can assist in the lowering density of LDL - bad cholesterol Avocado, nuts and olive oil
93
Polyunsaturated fats
Healthier type of fat, two types - omega 3&6 and they act to lower LDL cholesterol and increase HDL, reducing the risk of heart disease Fish, tuna, nuts and seeds
94
Saturated fats
Increase LDL cholesterol production in the liver which can contribute to CVD. Cheese, cream and fried food
95
Trans fat
Also raise LDL lever and lower HDL levels | Pastries and cakes
96
Vitamin D
Required for absorption of calcium and phosphorous from the intestine into the blood stream. Cheese, egg yolk and beef liver
97
Calcium
Acts as a hardening agent for hard tissue such as teeth, bone and cartilage. Green vegetables, salmon and tofu
98
Phosphorous
Works with calcium as a hardening agent for bones and teeth. | Eggs, fish, nuts and milk
99
Sodium
Regulation of fluids I'm the body including water and blood. | Table salt, olives and fish
100
Water
No nutritional value however it's vital for human survival | Water fruit and vegetable s
101
Role of nutrients Cardiovascular disease Risk
Saturated and trans fats- contain LDL cholesterol which is a risk factor for atherosclerosis which can cause CVD
102
Role of nutrients Cardiovascular disease Protective
Fibre- increases the feeling of fullness, can reduce overeating, obesity and risk of CVD
103
Role of nutrients Diabetes mellitus Risk
Carbs proteins and fats, contribute to energy in a diet which can lead to weight gain, obesity and risk of type 2 diabetes
104
Role of nutrients Diabetes mellitus Protective
Fibre, increase feelings of overeating, decreasing overeating, obesity and risk of diabetes
105
Role of nutrients Colorectal cancer Risk
Carbs proteins and fats, contribute to energy, lead to weight gain, which leads to obesity, and risk of colorectal cancer
106
Role of nutrients Colorectal cancer Protective
Water, contributes no kj to energy intake so can reduce the risk of obesity and associated conditions such as colorectal cancer
107
Role of nutrients Osteoporosis Risk
Sodium- excess sodium, causes calcium, to be excreted in the urine which can decrease bone density and contribute to osteoporosis
108
Role of nutrients Osteoporosis Protective
Calcium acts as a hardening agent for bones which increases bone mass and reduces risk of osteoporosis
109
Role of nutrients Obesity Risk
Carbs protein and fats, can lead to weight gain and obesity if not used for energy
110
Role of nutrients Obesity Protective
Water, contribute no kj to energy intake, can reduce risk of obesity
111
NHPA
Represent the disease groups with the largest burden of disease and potential costs to the Australia community

YEAR 12: HHD (6 decks)

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