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YEAR 12: HHD > Unit 3: Outcome 2 > Flashcards

Unit 3: Outcome 2 Flashcards

1
Q

9 NHPA’s

A

Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions, dementia, asthma, diabetes mellitus, cancer control, obesity, mental health, injury prevention and control and cardiovascular health

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2
Q

Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions

Types

A

Main musculoskeletal conditions are oesteoarthritis, osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis.

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3
Q

Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions

Arthritis

A

Causes severe pain and inflammation of the joints, it does not directly relate to mortality but it highly contributes to morbidity.

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4
Q

Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions

Oesteoarthritis

A

One of the most common forms of arthritis and its when cartilage in the joints are worn down

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5
Q

Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Caused by inflammation of the joints. It’s when the immune system attacks the tissues lining the joints causing pain.

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6
Q

Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions

Osteoporosis

A

Bone density weakens meaning bones are more prone to fractures

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7
Q

Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions

NHPA?

A

Very high morbidity rates, meaning many Australians live with these diseases.
More than 3 million Australians have some form of arthritis.

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8
Q

Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions

Direct costs

A

Individual: Costs of medicine, seeing doctors and specialists.
Community: Medicare contributions, medication and prevention programs

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9
Q

Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions

Indirect costs

A

Individual: loss of income, carers or support systems and transport costs.
Community: social security and welfare payments, and loss of productivity.

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10
Q

Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions

Intangible costs

A

Individual: anxiety over the prospect of falls and fractures, missing out on social experiences, loss of self esteem

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11
Q

Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions

Biological determinants

A

Age- bone mass decreases as an individual gets older.
Sex- after menopause women have higher chances developing musculoskeletal conditions because the production of oestrogen reduces which is used to help maintain bone health.

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12
Q

Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions

Behavioural determinants

A

Dietary behaviour- lack of nutrients causes problems in bone growth.
Lack of vitamin D- lack of sun exposure reduces bone mineral density

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13
Q

Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions

Social determinants

A

SES- lower SES groups tend to have less knowledge and opportunity to prevent and treat musculoskeletal illnesses.
Food security- lack of nutritional foods mean a person’s bones cannot form hard tissue

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14
Q

Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions

Physical environment

A

Work environment: workplaces that require physical labour cause higher changes of back and joint pain.
Access to healthcare: no access to healthcare means these conditions can’t be detected and prevented.

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15
Q

Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions

Program

A

Kids get arthritis too
Developed by: arthritis Australia .
Audience: kids and parents.

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16
Q

Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions
Kids get arthritis too
Aims

A

Educate Australians that there are over 6000 kids suffering from arthritis including toddlers and baby’s.

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17
Q

Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions
Kids get arthritis too
What it does

A

Making a 5 point plan to address what needs to be done.

  1. Fund training in Aus
  2. Expanding public services
  3. Develop educational material for healthcare professionals.
  4. Develop consumer services
  5. Fund research into a cure
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18
Q

Asthma

A

A condition characterised by inflammation of the airways which causes them to narrow and leads to difficulty breathing.
Triggers are pollen, animal hair, smoke, physical activity, colds and flus

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19
Q

Asthma

NHPA

A

Contributes significantly to the overall burden of disease in Australia.
2.2 million Australians suffered from asthma in 2011-12

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20
Q

Asthma

Direct costs

A

Individual: doctors appointment, hospital administrations and pharmaceuticals.
Community: Medicare, pbs

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21
Q

Asthma

Indirect costs

A

Individual: loss of income, costs of carers
Community: lost productivity, lost tax revenue

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22
Q

Asthma

Intangible costs

A

Individual: increased anxiety if attacks become frequent, missing school due to sleep disturbance, not being able to participate in sport.
Community: anxiety experienced by parents

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23
Q

Asthma

Biological determinants

A

Excess body weight- higher risk of developing asthma.

Genetic predisposition- family history increased risk

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24
Q

Asthma

Behavioural determinants

A

Tobacco smoke- being exposed to smoke either at hi or in the womb increases the risk.

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25
Q

Asthma

Social determinants

A

Low SES- due to smoking

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26
Q

Asthma

Physical environment

A

Work environment- exposure to pollutants in the workplace can increase risk.
Housing- that doesn’t have adequate ventilation may increase odour pollution

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27
Q

Asthma

Program

A

Developed by? Asthma Australia

Audience? Asthma suffers and parents

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28
Q

Asthma
Sensitive choice
Aims

A

Assist those with asthma and allergies to make better lifestyle choices, resulting in reduced exposure to triggers.

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29
Q

Asthma
Sensitive choice
What it does?

A

Encourages manufacturers to produce products and services that reduce the risk of asthma and allergic reactions.
The program’s provides consumers with a way of identifying products that may benefit people with asthma

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30
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

A serious chronic conditions which can affect the entire body. Diabetes refers to when the body cannot maintain healthy levels of glucose in the blood.
3 main types type 1, type 2 and gestational

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31
Q

Diabetes mellitus

NHPA

A

Long term affects of diabetes can be severe and include poor circulation, CVD, blindness and kidney disease.
Diabetes is a life threatening disease if not managed, can result in severe consequences or death.
Diabetes is the leading contributor to burden of disease

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32
Q

Diabetes mellitus

Direct costs

A

Individual- co-payments for health services and medication

Community- Medicare, PBS

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33
Q

Diabetes mellitus

Indirect costs

A

Individual- paying for carers and loss of income

Community- social service payments, payments for cars and loss of productivity

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34
Q

Diabetes mellitus

Intangible costs

A

Individual- loss of self esteem, anxiety and stress.

Community- family stress and anxiety

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35
Q

Diabetes mellitus

Biological determinants

A

Body weight- obesity/overweight is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes.
Age- risk for type 2 diabetes increases with age

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36
Q

Diabetes mellitus

Behavioural determinants

A

Dietary behaviour- high fat diets can contribute to weight gain resulting in type 2 diabetes
Physical activity- being physically inactive can lead to weight gain resulting in t2d

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37
Q

Diabetes mellitus

Physical environment determinants

A

Access to recreational facilities- reduced access equals reduced physical activity resulting in t2d.
Work environment- if someone’s job involves sitting down all day it can result in weight gain and t2d

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38
Q

Diabetes mellitus

Social determinants

A

SES- higher rates of obesity increases risk of t2d

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39
Q

Diabetes mellitus

Program

A

Healthy weight guide
Developed by? Australian government
Audience? Parents, adults, kids

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40
Q

Diabetes mellitus

Aims

A

Provide information to the Australian public on how to maintain and achieve a healthy body weight

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41
Q

Diabetes mellitus

What it does

A

Helps plan, keep track and achieve goals

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42
Q

Cardiovascular health

Define

A

Refers to the health of the heart and blood vessels

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43
Q

Cardiovascular health

Cardiovascular disease

A

Includes all disease of the heart and/or blood vessels such as stroke, coronary heart disease and heart failure

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44
Q

Cardiovascular health

Main cause of CVD

A

Atherosclerosis which is a build up of plaque on the walls of the blood vessels

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45
Q

Cardiovascular health

NHPA

A

Selected as a result of the contribution of CVD to the burden of disease.
Most common cardiovascular condition in Aus is hypertension, 9.5% of the population.

46
Q

Cardiovascular health

Direct costs

A

Individual- ambulance transport I case of heart attack, medication and specialist services.
Community- Medicare, PBS, private health insurance

47
Q

Cardiovascular health

Indirect costs

A

Individual- changes to living conditions, social and financial changes.
Community- lost productivity, cost of carers and social security payments

48
Q

Cardiovascular health

Intangible costs

A

Individual- Pain and suffering, associated mental health issues.
Community- lifestyle changes for family members, family stress and anxiety

49
Q

Cardiovascular health

Biological determinants

A

Body weight- overweight/obese places greater strain on the heart.
Blood pressure- high blood pressure increases the risk of heart attacks and stroke

50
Q

Cardiovascular health

Behavioural determinants

A

Tobacco smoking- increases blood pressure.

Physical activity- not being active increases obesity risk causing CVD

51
Q

Cardiovascular health

Physical environment determinants

A

Work environment- work that doesn’t promote physical activity increases risk of obesity.
Access to recreational facilities- no accessed means no physical activity which increases obesity risk and therefore CVD risk

52
Q

Cardiovascular health

Social determinants

A

SES- low SES means more likely to be obese and suffer from CVD.
Unemployment- experience high stress levels and reduced SES

53
Q

Obesity

Define

A

Carrying excess body weight in the form of fat with a BMI of 30+ or a weight circumference of 88cm for females and 102 for males

54
Q

Obesity

NHPA

A

Relationship to the development of other conditions.
Obesity and overweight rates continue to increase.
Preventable through education and awareness

55
Q

Obesity

Direct costs

A

Individual- weight management plans and medication

Community- Medicare

56
Q

Obesity

Indirect costs

A

Individual- reduces productivity, loss of income.

Community- lost productivity, welfare payments and carers

57
Q

Obesity

Intangible costs

A

Individual- mental health, sleep disturbance and less energy.
Community- family stress and frustration

58
Q

Obesity

Biological determinants

A

Age- as age increases metabolism decreases.

Genetic predisposition- run in the family

59
Q

Obesity

Behavioural determinants

A

Lack of pa- weight gain.

Dietary behaviour- high fat, energy dense diet equals weight gain

60
Q

Obesity

Physical environment determinants

A

Access to recreational facilities- no access means no pa participation which means weight gain.
Work environments- that don’t involve moving around can mean weight gain

61
Q

Obesity

Social determinants

A

Low SES- increases risk of obesity.

Stress- eating may be a response leading to weight gain

62
Q

Mental health

Definition

A

A state of wellbeing I’m which every individual realises his or her abilities and can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully and is able to make a contribution to his or her community

63
Q

Mental health

Anxiety

A

A feeling of worry, nervousness or unease about something with an uncertain outcome

64
Q

Mental health

Depression.

A

Feelings of sever despondency and dejection

65
Q

Mental health

NHPA

A

Stigma attached to mental illness.

45% of Australian will experience mental health illnesses at some stage in their life

66
Q

Mental health

Direct costs

A

Individual- medication, counselling, psychologist/ specialist payments.
Community- health insurance, PBS, Medicare and ambulance cover

67
Q

Mental health

Indirect costs

A

Individual- loss of income, paying for services and carers, loss of productivity.
Community- loss of productivity, income support, housing assistance, community care, social security payments

68
Q

Mental health

Intangible costs

A

Individual- depression, social exclusion, feeling hopeless and lonely.
Community- stress and worry from family and friends, missing school

69
Q

Mental health

Biological determinants

A

Body weight- may eat as a result which can lead to obesity.

Genetic predisposition- can run in the family

70
Q

Mental health

Behavioural determinants

A

Tobacco use- may result to smoking for relief.

Physical activity- makes people feel good by releasing endorphins

71
Q

Mental health

Social determinants

A

SES- lower SES have higher rates of mental illnesses

Stress- increased risk of mental health issues

72
Q

Mental health

Physical environment determinants

A

Housing- overcrowding can cause stress and anxiety.

Access to recreational facilities- no access means no PA and obesity which causes low self esteem

73
Q

Mental health

Program

A

Brains can have a mind of their own.
Developed by? Beyond blue
Audience? Teens ages 13-18 specifically if they’re experiencing it for the first time

74
Q

Mental health
Brains can have a mind of their own
Aims

A

To show young people they shouldn’t feel personally responsible for how they’re feeling because their brain can have a mind of its own

75
Q

Mental health
Brains can have a mind of their own
What it does

A

Uses a humorous approach by making the brain annoying and mischievous which is an affective way to encourage young people

76
Q

Injury prevention and control

A

Injury related to the damaging of harmful effects on the body that result from a range of different events.
Can either be accidental- poisoning, car, work accidents, drowning, falls.
Or intentional- suicide and violence

77
Q

Injury prevention and control

NHPA

A

Responsible for about 7% of the bod in Daly, in Aus 2010.
Aims to prevent injuries and reduce impact.
Main cause,of death for people under 45 years old

78
Q

Injury prevention and control

Direct costs

A

Individual-medical treatments, pharmaceuticals, ambulance transport.
Community- PBS, AIDS such as wheelchairs and crutches, health promotion programs

79
Q

Injury prevention and control

Indirect costs

A

Individual- long term care, transportation costs, service payments such as cleaning.
Community- lost productivity, welfare payments, lost tax revenue

80
Q

Injury prevention and control

Intangible costs

A

Individual- mental health issues, frustration if they’re permanently disabled and need attention.
Community- family dealing with deaths.

81
Q

Injury prevention and control

Biological determinants

A

Age- as people get older they have a higher risk of getting injured due to weak bones.
Testosterone- boys are more likely to participate in risk taking behaviour

82
Q

Injury prevention and control

Behavioural determinants

A

Alcohol use- people under the influence of alcohol are more likely to participate in risk taking behaviours which can result in injuries.
Physical activity- those who participate in high contact sports have a higher risk of sport related injuries.

83
Q

Injury prevention and control

Social determinants

A

SES- low SES means higher risk due to lack of financial resources- may not be able to ensure their car is running safely.
Social exclusion- those who feel socially isolated and excluded are more likely to be at risk of mental health issues which can lead to suicide

84
Q

Injury prevention and control

Physical environment determinants

A

Work environment- working that involves heavy machinery have increased risks of injuries.
Transport- vehicles that are unsafe or roads with poor signage can cause car accidents.

85
Q

Injury prevention and control

Program

A

Hello Sunday morning
Developed by? National binge drinking foundation
Audience? Young teens/adults

86
Q

Injury prevention and control
Hello Sunday morning
Aims

A

Build technology that supports any individual to change their relationship with alcohol.

87
Q

Injury prevention and control

What it does

A

Supports people to quit or cut back from drinking alcohol

88
Q

Carbohydrates

A

To provide fuel for energy and it’s the body’s preferred fuel source.
Bread pasta rice

89
Q

Fibre

A

Regulate the functioning of the digestive system. Also prevents constipation.
Fruit and vegetables

90
Q

Protein

A

To promote growth, maintenance and repair of body cells. Also used as a fuel for energy production.
Eggs, beef, nuts

91
Q

Fats

A

Fuel for energy

92
Q

Monounsaturated fats

A

Healthier type of fat and can assist in the lowering density of LDL - bad cholesterol
Avocado, nuts and olive oil

93
Q

Polyunsaturated fats

A

Healthier type of fat, two types - omega 3&6 and they act to lower LDL cholesterol and increase HDL, reducing the risk of heart disease
Fish, tuna, nuts and seeds

94
Q

Saturated fats

A

Increase LDL cholesterol production in the liver which can contribute to CVD.
Cheese, cream and fried food

95
Q

Trans fat

A

Also raise LDL lever and lower HDL levels

Pastries and cakes

96
Q

Vitamin D

A

Required for absorption of calcium and phosphorous from the intestine into the blood stream.
Cheese, egg yolk and beef liver

97
Q

Calcium

A

Acts as a hardening agent for hard tissue such as teeth, bone and cartilage.
Green vegetables, salmon and tofu

98
Q

Phosphorous

A

Works with calcium as a hardening agent for bones and teeth.

Eggs, fish, nuts and milk

99
Q

Sodium

A

Regulation of fluids I’m the body including water and blood.

Table salt, olives and fish

100
Q

Water

A

No nutritional value however it’s vital for human survival

Water fruit and vegetable s

101
Q

Role of nutrients
Cardiovascular disease
Risk

A

Saturated and trans fats- contain LDL cholesterol which is a risk factor for atherosclerosis which can cause CVD

102
Q

Role of nutrients
Cardiovascular disease
Protective

A

Fibre- increases the feeling of fullness, can reduce overeating, obesity and risk of CVD

103
Q

Role of nutrients
Diabetes mellitus
Risk

A

Carbs proteins and fats, contribute to energy in a diet which can lead to weight gain, obesity and risk of type 2 diabetes

104
Q

Role of nutrients
Diabetes mellitus
Protective

A

Fibre, increase feelings of overeating, decreasing overeating, obesity and risk of diabetes

105
Q

Role of nutrients
Colorectal cancer
Risk

A

Carbs proteins and fats, contribute to energy, lead to weight gain, which leads to obesity, and risk of colorectal cancer

106
Q

Role of nutrients
Colorectal cancer
Protective

A

Water, contributes no kj to energy intake so can reduce the risk of obesity and associated conditions such as colorectal cancer

107
Q

Role of nutrients
Osteoporosis
Risk

A

Sodium- excess sodium, causes calcium, to be excreted in the urine which can decrease bone density and contribute to osteoporosis

108
Q

Role of nutrients
Osteoporosis
Protective

A

Calcium acts as a hardening agent for bones which increases bone mass and reduces risk of osteoporosis

109
Q

Role of nutrients
Obesity
Risk

A

Carbs protein and fats, can lead to weight gain and obesity if not used for energy

110
Q

Role of nutrients
Obesity
Protective

A

Water, contribute no kj to energy intake, can reduce risk of obesity

111
Q

NHPA

A

Represent the disease groups with the largest burden of disease and potential costs to the Australia community

YEAR 12: HHD (6 decks)

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