Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSIO201 > Unit 3 Muscles > Flashcards

Unit 3 Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Groups of muscle are covered by…

A

deep fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Muscle is covered by…

A

epimysium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Fascicle is covered by…

A

perimysium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Muscle fiber is covered by…

A

endomysium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which cells do muscle “fibers” arise from?

A

Myoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Can muscle fibers undergo mitosis?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What performs the conduction of electrical signals?

A

Sarcolemma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What controls muscle contraction?

A

Sacroplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What allows for muscle contraction?

A

Myofibrils inside muscle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Longitudinal bundles of protein filaments inside the muscle fiber

A

Actin and Myosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Highly organized into repeating units

A

Sarcomeres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Contractile proteins

A

Actin and myosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Regulatory proteins

A

Troponin and tropomyosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Actin

A
  • found in thin filaments

- has myosin binding sites for crossbridge formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Myosin

A
  • motor protein found in thick filaments

- head of myosin binds to the binding site on actin during muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In which filament is actin found?

A

thin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In which filament is myosin found?

A

thick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which part of myosin binds to the actin binding cite?

A

the head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Sarcomeres

A

Functional unit of contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The binding site on actin is covered by what?

A

regulatory proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which muscle protein gives muscles elasticity and extensibility?

A

Titin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which muscle protein helps the sarcomere return to its resting length?

A

Titin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is a cytoskeletal protein that links thin filaments to the sarcolemma?

A

Dystrophin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which muscle protein is attached to the extracellular proteins in the connective tissues surrounding the muscle fibers?

A

Dystrophin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Which muscle protein helps transmit tension from sarcomeres to tendons?

A

Dystrophin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which muscle protein spans the length of the thin filament?

A

Nebulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Which muscle protein anchors thin filaments to Z disc?

A

Nebulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Which muscle protein is found in the Z disc?

A

α-actinin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Which muscle protein binds to actin molecules of the thin filament to titin?

A

α-actinin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Which muscle protein is found in the M line?

A

myomesin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Which muscle protein binds titin and thick filament to connect them together at the M line?

A

Myomesin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Myosin heads bind to actin to form a ________

A

crossbridge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Conformational change is energized by ________ to cause thin filaments to slide along thick filaments

A

ATP hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

As thick / thin filament overlap increases….

A

I band length decreases
A band length remains constant
H zone length decreases
Zone of overlap increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

the attached head group after the power stroke is called a _______

A

Rigor complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Rigor mortis

A

the rigor of death because lack of ATP to detach the crossbridge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Functions of skeletal muscle

A
  • locomotion
  • facial expression
  • heat production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Function of cardiac muscle

A

pump blood into systemic circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Functions of smooth muscle

A
  • propel food

- mix food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The immediate source of energy to support development of tension

A

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Hydrolysis by the myosin head group fuels _________

A

tension generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Hydrolysis by the Ca-pump of the SR supports ________

A

relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are three ways ATP re-synthesizes?

A
  1. creatine phosphate
  2. anaerobic glycolysis
  3. aerobic metabolism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

How long does ATP support force?

A

2 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

How long does creatine phosphate support force?

A

15 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Creatine phosphate pool after a meal

A

ATP + C –> ADP + CP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Creatine phosphate pool during exercise

A

ADP + CP –> ATP + C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Small amino acid-like molecule

A

Creatine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Where is creatine synthesized?

A

Liver, kidney, and pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Where is creatine transported?

A

Muscle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

In a relaxed muscle fiber what is 3-6x more plentiful than ATP

A

Creatine phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

How long does glycolysis support force?

A

2 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Rapidly, cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

How long does aerobic respiration support contraction?

A

40 minutes to several hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Fatigue is caused by

A
  • glycogen depletion
  • lactic acid buildup
  • phosphate buildup from creatine phosphate metabolism
  • potassium accumulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What structural muscle protein spans the z disc to m line

A

Titin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Which structural protein stabilizes thick filament?

A

titin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Which muscle protein gives muscle its elasticity and extensibility?

A

Titin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Which structural muscle protein helps the sarcomere return to its resting length?

A

Titin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Which regulatory proteins are found in thin filaments?

A

Tropomyosin and troponin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Which regulatory protein covers the myosin binding sites on actin?

A

Tropomyosin

64
Q

Which regulatory protein holds tropomyosin in place?

A

Troponin

65
Q

During muscle contraction, what binds to troponin?

A

Calcium

66
Q

Contraction cycle

A
  1. Binding sites exposed
  2. Myosin heads bind (crossbridges)
  3. Myosin heads pivot
  4. ATP binds –> detachment
  5. ATP Hydrolyzed

BCMDH

67
Q

Excitation

A

Electrical signal from neuron to muscle fiber

68
Q

Excitation Contraction Coupling

A

Releases CA from SR

69
Q

Contraction

A

Crossbridges form

70
Q

Relaxation

A

removal of Ca

71
Q

Pyruvic acid turns into what during anaerbic glycolysis

A

Lactic acid

72
Q

At rest, myosin heads cannot bind because

A

Tropomyosin is covering the binding sites on actin

73
Q

When ATP is hydrolyzed by the myosin ATPase, which immediate step occurs

A

The myosin head moves into a cocked position

74
Q

In the cori cycle, lactic acid…

A

is converted into glucose in liver cells

75
Q

Tetanus (tetanic contraction)

A

summation of individual twitches over time

76
Q

Mechanism for increasing tension

A

Tetanus (temporal summation) is a mechanism for increasing tension

77
Q

Motor Unit

A

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

78
Q

Spatial Summation

A

Activating increasing numbers of motor units to increase tension

79
Q

The first motor units recruited are…

A

small

innervate few fibers

80
Q

As more force is required activate fibers…

A

larger motor units are recruited

81
Q

Motor united are recruited in order from…

A

small to large

82
Q

Standing required what size motor units?

A

Smallest motor units

83
Q

Sprinting and jumping require what sized motor units?

A

Large to largest

84
Q

Isometric means …

A

same length

85
Q

During isometric contraction …

A

muscle generates tension but does not shorten

86
Q

every contraction begins …

A

isometrically

87
Q

Isotonic means …

A

same tension

88
Q

During isotonic contraction …

A

after sufficient tension is generated to move the load, the muscle changes length

89
Q

What does creatine phosphate donate to?

A

Donates a phosphate to ADP to create ATP

90
Q

Lactic acid can be transformed back into glucose where?

A

Liver

91
Q

What does lactic acid inhibit

A

Glycolysis

92
Q

Pyruvate –> lactic acid

A

anaerobic

93
Q

pyruvate –> mitochondria

A

aerobic

94
Q

How will capillary density change during exercise?

A

Increase

95
Q

How does mitochondrial density change from exercise?

A

Increase

96
Q

How does the cross sectional area change from exercise?

A

Increase

97
Q

How long does increased capillary density take?

A

3-4 weeks

98
Q

Increased mitochondria help improve…

A

aerobic capacity

99
Q

How fast do slow fibers contract?

A

Slowly

100
Q

Are small fibers slow in diameter?

A

no

101
Q

What type of metabolism do slow fibers use?

A

Aerobic

102
Q

What metabolism do fast fibers use?

A

Anaerobic

103
Q

How fast do intermediate fibers move?

A

Relatively fast

104
Q

What metabolism do intermediate fibers use?

A

Primarily anaerobic

105
Q

Within a motor unit all the fibers are…

A

the same type

106
Q

Slow fibers are which type

A

Type I

107
Q

Type I fibers

A
  1. Low ATPase speed

2. High resistance to fatigue

108
Q

Slow oxidative type I fibers rely on which metabolism

A

aerobic

109
Q

Slow oxidative fibers have a ____ myoglobin content

A

high

110
Q

Slow oxidative fibers have a ____ capillary supply

A

dense (for O2)

111
Q

Myoglobin is a protein that carries ______ through the cell

A

oxygen

112
Q

Fast- glycolytic IIb fibers

A
  1. High ATPase speed

2. Low resistance to fatigue

113
Q

FG type IIb fibers rely on what metabolism?

A

anaerobic glycolysis

114
Q

FG IIb fibers have _____ mitochondria

A

few

115
Q

FG IIb fibers have _____ myoglobin content

A

low

116
Q

FG IIb fibers have ______ glycolytic enzyme content

A

high

117
Q

FG IIb has _____ creatine kinase content

A

high

118
Q

Glycolytic and cratine kinase enzymes are used for

A

anaerobic

119
Q

Intermediate, fast oxidative glycolytic, Type IIa fibers

A
  1. Moderate ATPase speed

2. Intermediate resistance to fatigue

120
Q

FOG type IIa fibers rely on what metabolism?

A

glycolysis but have a higher aerobic capacity compared to IIb

121
Q

Myoglobin contains _____ that allows it to bind to oxygen

A

heme (iron)

122
Q

What is responsible for muscles red color?

A

myoglobin

123
Q

Slow oxidative fibers have more fat because

A

they have better aerobic respiration

124
Q

Latent period can be compared to…

A

excitement- contraction coupling with no tension development

125
Q

The more calcium is present…..

A

the more crossbridges form

126
Q

The eye muscles twitch at which speed?

A

Fast twitch

127
Q

What is the time course for the soleus?

A

Slow twitch

128
Q

Muscles that slow twitch are more for which purposes….

A

posture

129
Q

In a second class lever

A

the load is between the fulcrum and the effort

130
Q

Nodding your head yes involves

A

flexion of the head at the first class lever

131
Q

ATP binds to the myosin head and causes

A

the detachment of myosin from actin

132
Q

The type of contraction that generates tension while they lengthen

A

eccentric

133
Q

In skeletal muscle, what acts as ATPase during the contraction cycle?

A

myosin head groups

134
Q

Characterization for intercalated discs

A

cardiac muscle

135
Q

characterization for numerous large mitochondria

A

cardiac muscle

136
Q

Which muscle allows for tubes like blood vessels to change in diameter?

A

smooth muscle

137
Q

In which contraction is the effort greater than the load

A

Concentric

138
Q

What are two common muscle themes?

A

Sliding filament

Regulation of cytoplasmic Ca

139
Q

Cardiac muscles compared to skeletal muscles have a _____ extensive T-tubule and SR system

A

less

140
Q

gap junctions are…

A

channels that allow signals to pass between cells

141
Q

Desmosomes help to…

A

keep cardiac cells together

142
Q

For cardiac muscle SR Ca…

A

is not enough to support contraction

143
Q

What initiates cardiac muscle contraction?

A

Cardiac muscle has its own signal… not the nervous system

144
Q

Autorhythmicty

A

pacemaker cells —> generation of APs

145
Q

Cardiac muscle cells have no _____ ________

A

motor units

145
Q

Cardiac muscle cells have no _____ ________

A

motor units

146
Q

Twitch

A

the response of the cell of one electrical signal

147
Q

Every cardiac muscle contraction is considered a _______

A

twitch

148
Q

In skeletal muscle it is considered _______ not twitches

A

tetanus

149
Q

Describe smooth muscles nucleus

A

small single nuclei

150
Q

Describe the structure of smooth muscle

A

lacks a clearly organized structure

151
Q

Does smooth muscle have sarcomeres

A

no

152
Q

Describe smooth muscle t-tubule/SR system

A

has none

153
Q

In smooth muscle Ca DOES NOT interact with….

A

regulatory proteins

154
Q

In smooth muscle contraction what does Ca bind to

A

calmodulin

PSIO201 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions