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PSIO201 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four major parts of the brain?

A

Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Cerebellum
Brain stem

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2
Q

What are the three functions of the nervous system?

A
  • maintain homeostasis
  • transmit information
  • voluntary and involuntary movement
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3
Q

What is the nervous system composed of?

A

Neural Tissue

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4
Q

What is neural tissue composed of?

A

Neurons and neuroglia

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5
Q

What is the flow of information?

A

Sensory –> Integration –> motor function

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6
Q

The brain is the center for…

A
  • intelligence, behavior, memory and emotion
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7
Q

What does the brain coordinate?

A

Activity of skeletal muscles

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8
Q

Which activity does the brain influence

A

Visceral organs and glands

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9
Q

Anatomical changes occur when we…

A

learn and develop new skills

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10
Q

What forms during plasticity?

A

new synapses

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11
Q

Plasticity

A

a pattern of neuronal activity develops

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12
Q

neurogenesis

A

formation of new neurons

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13
Q

Neurons

A

excitable cells

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14
Q

Function of neuroglia

A

Support, protect, and nourish neurons

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15
Q

Which part of a neuron receives information

A

the cell body and dendrites

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16
Q

which part of the neuron sends out information?

A

the axon

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17
Q

Where do neurons transmit their information?

A

At synapses

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18
Q

Sensory function (afferent neurons)

A

Information goes to the brain and spinal cord via cranial and spinal nerves

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19
Q

Integrative function (interneurons)

A

Integrates sensory information by analyzing and storing it

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20
Q

Motor function (efferent neurons)

A

Information from the brain and spinal cord is sent out to muscles or glands

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21
Q

Effectors

A

Muscles or glands

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22
Q

Functions of Cranial Meninges

A
  • protect neural tissue

- anchor the brain to the cranial cavity

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23
Q

Cranial meninges

A

Connective tissue coverings that surround the brain

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24
Q

Where is the dura mater found?

A

Subdural space

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25
Q

Which space houses arachnoid mater?

A

Subarachnoid space

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26
Q

What are the three layers of cranial meninges?

A
  1. dura mater
  2. arachnoid mater
  3. pia mater
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27
Q

Dura mater is the most ________ layer

A

superficial

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28
Q

The outer layer of the dura fuses with…

A

the periosteum of the skull

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29
Q

The inner layer of the dura mater folds into parts of the cranial cavity forming…

A

sinuses

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30
Q

Three major dural folds

A
  • Falx cerebri
  • Falc cerebelli
  • Tentorium cerebelli
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31
Q

Arachnoid matter contains spaces for…

A

blood vessels

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32
Q

What fluid is the subarachnoid space filled with?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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33
Q

Pia mater is a…

A

thin layer of protective tissue

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34
Q

What does the pia mater cover?

A

nerves and neuroglia

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35
Q

What composes cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A
  • Filtrate of plasma

- glucose, oxygen, and ions such as Na, Cl, and Mg

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36
Q

Three functions of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A
  • Cushioning and shock absorption
  • Chemical protection
  • Exchange nutrients and wastes
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37
Q

Ventricles are

A

fluid filled chambers within the brain

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38
Q

Where does CSF form?

A

ventricles

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39
Q

From which ventricle down CSF empty into the spinal cord?

A

4th

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40
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

buildup of CSF in the ventricles which puts pressure on surrounding brain tissue

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41
Q

What is the purpose of the blood brain barrier?

A

To maintain a stable environment for the brain

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42
Q

What protects the brain from foreign substance in the blood?

A

blood brain barrier

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43
Q

What protects the brain from hormones and neurotransmitters in the blood?

A

blood brain barrier

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44
Q

What are the least permeable capillaries?

A

capillaries of the blood brain barrier

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45
Q

What are the components to the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus

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46
Q

What are the components to the brain stem?

A

Pons
Medulla Oblongata
Midbrain

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47
Q

Name the lobes of the cerebrum

A 
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Insula
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48
Q

Name the hemispheres of the cerebrum

A

Right

Left

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49
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe

A 
reasoning
planning
speech
movement
emotion
problem solving
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50
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

Perception of stimuli related to touch, pressure, temperature, and pain

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51
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

Perception and recognition of auditory stimuli

Memory

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52
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

Vision

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53
Q

What is the function of the insula lobe?

A

integrates autonomic information

visceral function

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54
Q

Which hemisphere of the brain focuses on reasoning?

A

left

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55
Q

Which hemisphere of the brain focuses on numeral/scientific skills?

A

left

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56
Q

Which hemisphere of the brain focuses on spoken and written language?

A

left

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57
Q

Which hemisphere of the brain focuses on sign language?

A

left

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58
Q

Which hemisphere of the brain focuses on musical/artistic awareness?

A

right

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59
Q

Which hemisphere of the brain focuses on spatial and pattern perception?

A

right

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60
Q

Which hemisphere of the brain focuses on emotional content of language?

A

right

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61
Q

Which hemisphere of the brain focuses on smell?

A

right

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62
Q

Which hemisphere of the brain focuses on generating mental images?

A

right

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63
Q

The functional areas of the cerebral cortex is also called

A

gray matter

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64
Q

What are the three functional areas of the cerebral cortex classified as?

A
  1. sensory areas
  2. motor areas
  3. association areas
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65
Q

What is the location of the primary motor area?

A

Precentral gyrus in the frontal lobe

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66
Q

What is the function of the primary motor area?

A

Voluntary activation of skeletal muscles

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67
Q

Where is the location of the premotor (motor association area)?

A

Anterior to primary motor area in the frontal lobe

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68
Q

what is the function of the premotor (motor association area)?

A

communicates with primary motor area and thalamus to coordinate complex learned movements

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69
Q

Where is the location of the primary somatosensory area?

A

Postcentral gyrus in parietal lobe

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70
Q

What is the function of the primary somatosensory area?

A

Receives sensory impulses from sensory receptors responding to touch
Temperature and Proprioception

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71
Q

What is the location of the primary visual area?

A

medial portion of the occipital lobe

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72
Q

What is the function of the primary visual area?

A

Nervous signals traveling along the optic nerve provide information about color, shape, and movement of visual stimuli

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73
Q

What is the location of the visual association area?

A

Occipital lobe

Anterior to primary visual area

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74
Q

What is the function of the visual association area?

A

Receives sensory impulses from the primary visual area for recognition of visual stimuli

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75
Q

What is the location of the primary auditory area?

A

Superior portion of the temporal lobe

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76
Q

What is the function of the primary auditory area?

A

Receives impulses arising from the vestibulocochlear nerve which provides information on the basic characteristics of sound

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77
Q

What is the location of the auditory association area?

A

Inferior and posterior to the primary auditory area on the temporal lobe

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78
Q

What is the function of the auditory association area?

A

Recognition of a particular sound as speech, music, or noise

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79
Q

What is the location of Wernicke’s Area?

A

Temporal lobe, posterior to primary auditory area of the LEFT lobe

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80
Q

What is the function of Wernicke’s Area?

A

Interprets the meaning of speech

Translates words into thoughts

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81
Q

What is the location of the motor speech (Broca’s) area?

A

Frontal lobe on the left side

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82
Q

What is the function of the motor speech (Broca’s) area?

A

Controls the activity of muscles of vocal cords to facilitate speech

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83
Q

Aphasia

A

A disorder that impairs a persons ability to process language but does not affect intelligence

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84
Q

What is the most common cause of aphasia?

A

Stroke

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85
Q

Describe brocas aphasia?

A

Non-fluent or expressive aphasia

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86
Q

Describe wernicke’s aphasia

A

Fluent or receptive aphasia

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87
Q

Nucleus

A

Cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS

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88
Q

Ganglion

A

a cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS

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89
Q

Tract

A

a bundle of neurons in the CNS

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90
Q

Nerve

A

a bundle of axons in the PNS

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91
Q

Association tracts

A

axons conducting impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere

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92
Q

Commissural tracts

A

axons conducting impulses between corresponding gyri from one hemisphere to another

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93
Q

Three major commissures

A

corpus callosum
anterior commissure
posterior commissure

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94
Q

The right and left hemispheres communicate via the…

A

corpus callosum

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95
Q

Projection tracts

A

Axons conducting impulses to and from lower parts of the CNS

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96
Q

The basal nuclei

A

three clusters of cell bodies located deep in the cortex (cerebral gray matter)

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97
Q

What is the function of the basal nuclei

A

Help initiate and terminate movement
Suppress unwanted movement
Regulate muscle tone
Control subconscious contraction of skeletal muscle

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98
Q

Three specific regions of the diencephalon

A

Epithalamus
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

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99
Q

Pineal gland

A

Epithalamus

Contributes to setting the biological clock

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100
Q

Habenular nuclei

A

Epithalamus

Involved in emotional responses to odors

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101
Q

What is the thalamus a relay station for?

A

Sensory information

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102
Q

What forms the walls of the 3rd ventricle?

A

Thalamus

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103
Q

What part of the diencephalon regulates body temperature, eating and drinking behavior, and other biological drives?

A

Hypothalamus

104
Q

What part of the diencephalon is the main control center for visceral function?

A

Hypothalamus

105
Q

What part of the diencephalon receives information from the cerebrum, brain stem, and spinal cord?

A

Hypothalamus

106
Q

What part of the diencephalon regulates emotions?

A

Hypothalamus

107
Q

What part of the diencephalon regulates diurnal rhythms with help from the pineal gland?

A

Hypothalamus

108
Q

What gland excretes melatonin?

A

Pineal gland

109
Q

What links the nervous system to the endocrine system?

A

hypothalamus

110
Q

Limbic system

A

emotional brain

111
Q

Emotional brain creates

A 
Pleasure
Pain
Docility
Affection
Fear
Anger
112
Q

What constitutes the limbic system?

A

Structures on the inner border of the cerebrum and floor of the diencephalon

113
Q

What is the limbic system important for?

A

Storage for storage and retrieval of memory

114
Q

In the limbic system what plays a role in emotion?

A

Cingulate gyrus

115
Q

In the limbic system what is involved in learning and memory?

A

Hippocampus

116
Q

In the limbic system what is involved in emotion and memory?

A

Amygala

117
Q

The cerebellum receives input from proprioceptors leading to…

A

the cerebellum coordinating movements

118
Q

The cerebellum receives input from visual and equilibrium receptors leading to…

A

the cerebellum regulates posture and balance

119
Q

What are the three regions of the brain stem?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

120
Q

What is the bridge between the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata?

A

Pons

121
Q

What are the two centers for respiratory control in the pons?

A

Apneustic center

Pneumotaxic center

122
Q

Apneustic center

A

controls depth of breathing

123
Q

Pneumotaxic center

A

controls rate of breathing

124
Q

What connects the brain to the spinal cord?

A

Medulla oblongata

125
Q

What contains all nerve tracts going to or from the brain?

A

Medulla oblongata

126
Q

Which does the cardiovascular center of the medulla oblongata control?

A

Heart rate
Contractile force
Blood pressure

127
Q

The medulla oblongata has control of which vegetative functions?

A

Swallowing
Coughing
Sneezing
Vomiting

128
Q

What part of the brain is the superior colliculi?

A

Midbrain

129
Q

Superior colliculi

A

Reflexes for certain visual activities and movements of the head and trunk in response to visual stimuli

130
Q

Inferior colliculi

A

Part of the auditory pathway and startle reflex

131
Q

What part of the brain is inferior colliculi?

A

Midbrain

132
Q

What part of the brain is the substantia nigra?

A

Midbrain

133
Q

What part of the brain is the red nucleus?

A

Midbrain

134
Q

Substantia nigra

A

contains neurons that release dopamine to help control subconscious muscle

135
Q

What is the loss of neurons in the substantia nigra associated with?

A

Parkinson’s disease

136
Q

Red nucleus

A

Helps control voluntary movements of limbs

137
Q

The parasympathetic division of the nervous system is a branch of the…

A

Autonomic nervous system

138
Q

The cranial nervous system is important for…

A

the integration and processing of information

139
Q

Under normal conditions, compared to the rate CSF is produced the rate the CSF is recycled is….

A

equal to the rate of CSF production

140
Q

Where do cervical nerves supply?

A

Pectoral girdle and upper limbs

141
Q

Where do lumbar nerves supply?

A

Pelvis and lower limbs

142
Q

Where is the conus medullaris found?

A

L2

143
Q

Cauda equina

A

extension of nerves exiting from end of spinal cord

144
Q

Filum terminale

A

Extension of pia mater that anchors the spinal cord to coccyx

145
Q

Filum terminale

A

Extension of pia mater that anchors the spinal cord to coccyx

146
Q

Reflex

A

a rapid automatic response to a stimulus

147
Q

Reflex arc

A

the wiring of a particular reflex

148
Q

Innate reflex

A

a reflex you are born with

149
Q

Learned reflex

A

reflex acquired through experience

150
Q

Sensory receptor

A

responds to a stimulus by producing a receptor potential

151
Q

Sensory neuron

A

axon conducts impulses from receptor to integrating center

152
Q

Integrating center

A

one or more regions within the CNS that relay impulses from sensory to motor neurons

153
Q

The integrating center may or may not include a …

A

interneuron

154
Q

Motor neuron

A

axon conducts impulses from integrating center to effector

155
Q

Effector

A

Muscle or gland that responds to motor nerve impulses

156
Q

What is the purpose of the stretch reflex?

A

prevent injury from over-stretching a muscle

157
Q

What is the result of the stretch reflex?

A

Contraction of the muscle that was stretched

158
Q

During the stretch reflex, the stretch is sensed by…

A

muscle spindles

159
Q

What is the purpose of the tendon reflex?

A

to prevent damage from development of too much tension in a muscle

160
Q

What is the result of the tendon reflex?

A

Inhibition of the muscle that is contracting

161
Q

In the tendon reflex, the tension is sensed by …

A

golgi tendon organ

162
Q

What is the purpose of the flexor reflex?

A

To protect the body part from further injury

163
Q

What is the result of the flexor reflex?

A

Flexion of affected limb

164
Q

During the flexor reflex, pain is sensed by….

A

nociceptors

165
Q

What is the purpose of the crossed extensor reflex?

A

To stabilize body position when a painful stimulus results in flexion of opposite limb

166
Q

What reflex is the crossed extensor reflex usually paired with?

A

The flexor reflex

167
Q

What is the result of the crossed extensor reflex?

A

Extension of the opposite limb

168
Q

During the crossed extensor reflex, pain is sensed by …

A

nociceptors

169
Q

Reflexes maintain homeostasis by…

A

responding to changes in the environment

170
Q

Absent or impaired reflexes can indicate…

A

damage or disease

171
Q

Where are spinal cord injuries most common?

A

Cervical
Lower thoracic
Lumbar

172
Q

An injury in the spinal cord can cause…

A

paralysis

173
Q

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy

A

Repeated concussions

174
Q

Contusion

A

Bruising in a specific area of the brain

175
Q

Hematoma

A

Blood clot from ruptured vessel

176
Q

Laceration in traumatic brain injury

A

Torn brain tissue

177
Q

Large blood vessels ruptured from traumatic brain injury

A

Cerebral hematoma

Edema

178
Q

What operates without conscious control via reflex arcs?

A

The autonomic nervous system

179
Q

What is controlled by centers in the hypothalamus and brain stem?

A

The autonomic nervous system

180
Q

What is the effector of the somatic nervous system?

A

skeletal muscle

181
Q

What type of control falls under the somatic nervous system?

A

Voluntary

182
Q

What are the effectors of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Cardiac muscle
Smooth Muscle
Glands

183
Q

What type of control falls under the autonomic nervous system?

A

Involuntary

184
Q

What part of the ANS prepares the body for stress?

A

sympathetic division

185
Q

What part of the ANS creates the “fight or flight” response?

A

sympathetic divison

186
Q

What part of the ANS promotes digestion and storage of nutrients

A

parasympathetic division

187
Q

What part of the ANS controls the “rest and digest” response?

A

parasympathetic division

188
Q

What is the goal of the sympathetic division of the ANS?

A

Increase mental alertness
Increase energy availability
Increase the body’s ability to handle a stressor

189
Q

What division of the ANS handles mobilization of fuels?

A

sympathetic

190
Q

What division of the ANS handles redistribution of bloodflow?

A

sympathetic

191
Q

What division of the ANS handles decrease in urinary output and digestive function?

A

sympathetic

192
Q

What division of the ANS handles increase in heart rate and blood pressure?

A

sympathetic

193
Q

What division of the ANS handles an increase in activity of sweat glands?

A

sympathetic

194
Q

What division of the ANS handles an increase in diameter of bronchioles?

A

sympathetic

195
Q

What division of the ANS handles the dilation of pupils?

A

sympathetic

196
Q

What are the two things sympathetic preganglionic neurons release?

A

ACh

NE except at the sweat glands

197
Q

What are the sympathetic motor pathways called?

A

Thoracolumbar

198
Q

Where do preganglionic neurons begin in the sympathetic divison?

A

Thoracic and lumbar region of the spinal cord

199
Q

In the sympathetic division the preganglionic neuron is ______ in length

A

short

200
Q

In the sympathetic divison the postganglionic neuron is generally ______ in length

A

long

201
Q

Most ganglia are located near the …

A

spinal cord

202
Q

Sympathetic trunk ganglia

A

paired ganglia near spinal cord

203
Q

Postganglionic neuron innervates _______ ________ in the thoracic cavity

A

visceral organs

204
Q

Prevertebral ganglia

A

unpaired ganglia anterior to vertebral bodies

205
Q

What innervates abdominopelvic organs?

A

Postganglionic neurons

206
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

acts as a modified sympathetic ganglion

207
Q

Postganglionic neurons are short and release what into the blood stream?

A

norepinephrine and epinephrine

208
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine (NE) are…

A

catecholamines

209
Q

What is NE when it is released from sympathetic nerve endings?

A

Neurotransmitter

210
Q

When NE is a neurotransmitter it…

A

acts directly at nearby tissues with short lived effects

211
Q

When NE is released from the adrenal gland it is a …

A

hormone

212
Q

When NE is a hormone it is…

A

released into the blood stream for longer lasting effects

213
Q

Epinephrine is always a…

A

hormone

214
Q

What binds NE to epinephrine?

A

Adrenergic receptors

215
Q

Where are α-adrenergic receptors found?

A

Smooth muscle or arterioles and bladder

216
Q

What do α-adrenergic receptors result in?

A

result in constriction when activated

217
Q

Where are β-adrenergic receptors found?

A

Heart
Bronchioles
Liver

218
Q

What do β-adrenergic receptors do?

A

Cause an increase in metabolism

219
Q

In the sympathetic division what binds ACh?

A

cholinergic receptors

220
Q

What are the two types of cholinergic receptors?

A

Niotinic

Muscarinic

221
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors found?

A

Dendrites and cell bodies of post ganglionic neurons and chromaffin cells

222
Q

What do nictotinic receptors do?

A

Binding to ACh results in the excitement of postganglionic neurons

223
Q

Where can muscarinic receptors be found?

A

Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Sweat glands

224
Q

Muscarinic receptors binding to ACh …

A

can be excitatory or inhibitory and produces various effects at target tissues

225
Q

Sympathetic signaling is

A

thoracolumbar

226
Q

Most sympathetic ganglia are located near

A

the spinal cord

227
Q

NE is released at most

A

target organs/tissues

228
Q

What is the only division that innervates the smooth muscle that surrounds blood vessels?

A

sympathetic division

229
Q

What division has no direct control over blood flow?

A

parasympathetic

230
Q

Chromaffin cells

A

Sympathetic postganglionic neurons that are specialized cells

231
Q

What is the only division that innervates sweat glands?

A

sympathetic

232
Q

What is the general goal of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

A

digestion of food and absorption of nutrients

233
Q

What are the characteristics of the parasympathetic division?

A 
Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Digestion
Defecation
234
Q

What division of the ANS handles increased digestive enzyme/hormone secretion?

A

parasympathetic

235
Q

What division of the ANS handles increased smooth muscle activity of the GI tract?

A

parasympathetic

236
Q

What division of the ANS handles constriction of pupils for near vision?

A

parasympathetic

237
Q

What division of the ANS handles a decreased heart rate, contractibility, and blood pressure?

A

parasympathetic

238
Q

What division of the ANS handles contraction of muscular wall of bladder and intestine to promote urination and defacation?

A

parasympathetic

239
Q

What division of the ANS handles increased secretion of lacrimal glands?

A

parasympathetic

240
Q

In the parasympathetic division the preganglionic neuron is _______

A

very short

241
Q

In the parasympathetic division the postganglionic neuron is _____

A

very short

242
Q

In the parasympathetic division ACh is ….

A

always released at target organs/tissues

243
Q

The motor pathway of the parasympathetic division is called…

A

craniosacral

244
Q

In the parasympathetic division how many cranial nerves contain preganglionic neurons?

A

four

245
Q

Where do cranial preganlionic neurons synapse?

A

Ciliary ganglion
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Submandibular ganglion
Otic ganglion

246
Q

In the parasympathetic motor pathway, postganglionic fibers exit ganglia called…

A

terminal ganglia

247
Q

Cranial Nerves

Oculomotor (III)

A

Mixed cranial nerve

Responsible for eyeball movement and stimulation of the lacrimal gland

248
Q

Cranial nerves

Facial (VII)

A

Mixed cranial nerve stimulates salivation

249
Q

Cranial nerves

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

A

Mixed cranial nerve

Involved in swallowing and salivation

250
Q

Cranial nerves

Vagus (X)

A

Mixed cranial nerve
Carries 80% of parasympathetic outflow to heart, airways, liver, gallbladder, stomach, small intestine and part of the large intestine

251
Q

All parasympathetic division receptors are…

A

cholinergic receptors

252
Q

cholinergic receptors

A

respond to ACh

253
Q

Nicotinic receptors can only generate…

A

excitatory post-synaptic potentials

254
Q

Muscarinic receptors can generate…

A

excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) AND inhibitory post-synaptic potentials (IPSPs)

255
Q

Syncope (fainting) is the transient loss of consciousness from…

A

low oxygen supply to brain

256
Q

During syncope, the ability to maintain blood pressure creates…

A

hypotension which leads to insufficient cerebral perfusion

257
Q

Syncope can be avoided by increasing circulation of the blood to the brain by…

A

Laying supine
Elevating feet
Contracting leg and arm muscles to bring blood back to the heart

PSIO201 (6 decks)

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