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Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four major parts of the brain?

A

Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Cerebellum
Brain stem

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2
Q

What are the three functions of the nervous system?

A
  • maintain homeostasis
  • transmit information
  • voluntary and involuntary movement
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3
Q

What is the nervous system composed of?

A

Neural Tissue

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4
Q

What is neural tissue composed of?

A

Neurons and neuroglia

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5
Q

What is the flow of information?

A

Sensory –> Integration –> motor function

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6
Q

The brain is the center for…

A
  • intelligence, behavior, memory and emotion
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7
Q

What does the brain coordinate?

A

Activity of skeletal muscles

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8
Q

Which activity does the brain influence

A

Visceral organs and glands

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9
Q

Anatomical changes occur when we…

A

learn and develop new skills

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10
Q

What forms during plasticity?

A

new synapses

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11
Q

Plasticity

A

a pattern of neuronal activity develops

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12
Q

neurogenesis

A

formation of new neurons

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13
Q

Neurons

A

excitable cells

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14
Q

Function of neuroglia

A

Support, protect, and nourish neurons

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15
Q

Which part of a neuron receives information

A

the cell body and dendrites

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16
Q

which part of the neuron sends out information?

A

the axon

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17
Q

Where do neurons transmit their information?

A

At synapses

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18
Q

Sensory function (afferent neurons)

A

Information goes to the brain and spinal cord via cranial and spinal nerves

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19
Q

Integrative function (interneurons)

A

Integrates sensory information by analyzing and storing it

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20
Q

Motor function (efferent neurons)

A

Information from the brain and spinal cord is sent out to muscles or glands

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21
Q

Effectors

A

Muscles or glands

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22
Q

Functions of Cranial Meninges

A
  • protect neural tissue

- anchor the brain to the cranial cavity

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23
Q

Cranial meninges

A

Connective tissue coverings that surround the brain

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24
Q

Where is the dura mater found?

A

Subdural space

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25
Which space houses arachnoid mater?
Subarachnoid space
26
What are the three layers of cranial meninges?
1. dura mater 2. arachnoid mater 3. pia mater
27
Dura mater is the most ________ layer
superficial
28
The outer layer of the dura fuses with...
the periosteum of the skull
29
The inner layer of the dura mater folds into parts of the cranial cavity forming...
sinuses
30
Three major dural folds
- Falx cerebri - Falc cerebelli - Tentorium cerebelli
31
Arachnoid matter contains spaces for...
blood vessels
32
What fluid is the subarachnoid space filled with?
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
33
Pia mater is a...
thin layer of protective tissue
34
What does the pia mater cover?
nerves and neuroglia
35
What composes cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
- Filtrate of plasma | - glucose, oxygen, and ions such as Na, Cl, and Mg
36
Three functions of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- Cushioning and shock absorption - Chemical protection - Exchange nutrients and wastes
37
Ventricles are
fluid filled chambers within the brain
38
Where does CSF form?
ventricles
39
From which ventricle down CSF empty into the spinal cord?
4th
40
Hydrocephalus
buildup of CSF in the ventricles which puts pressure on surrounding brain tissue
41
What is the purpose of the blood brain barrier?
To maintain a stable environment for the brain
42
What protects the brain from foreign substance in the blood?
blood brain barrier
43
What protects the brain from hormones and neurotransmitters in the blood?
blood brain barrier
44
What are the least permeable capillaries?
capillaries of the blood brain barrier
45
What are the components to the diencephalon?
Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus
46
What are the components to the brain stem?
Pons Medulla Oblongata Midbrain
47
Name the lobes of the cerebrum
``` Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital Insula ```
48
Name the hemispheres of the cerebrum
Right | Left
49
What is the function of the frontal lobe
``` reasoning planning speech movement emotion problem solving ```
50
What is the function of the parietal lobe?
Perception of stimuli related to touch, pressure, temperature, and pain
51
What is the function of the temporal lobe?
Perception and recognition of auditory stimuli | Memory
52
What is the function of the occipital lobe?
Vision
53
What is the function of the insula lobe?
integrates autonomic information | visceral function
54
Which hemisphere of the brain focuses on reasoning?
left
55
Which hemisphere of the brain focuses on numeral/scientific skills?
left
56
Which hemisphere of the brain focuses on spoken and written language?
left
57
Which hemisphere of the brain focuses on sign language?
left
58
Which hemisphere of the brain focuses on musical/artistic awareness?
right
59
Which hemisphere of the brain focuses on spatial and pattern perception?
right
60
Which hemisphere of the brain focuses on emotional content of language?
right
61
Which hemisphere of the brain focuses on smell?
right
62
Which hemisphere of the brain focuses on generating mental images?
right
63
The functional areas of the cerebral cortex is also called
gray matter
64
What are the three functional areas of the cerebral cortex classified as?
1. sensory areas 2. motor areas 3. association areas
65
What is the location of the primary motor area?
Precentral gyrus in the frontal lobe
66
What is the function of the primary motor area?
Voluntary activation of skeletal muscles
67
Where is the location of the premotor (motor association area)?
Anterior to primary motor area in the frontal lobe
68
what is the function of the premotor (motor association area)?
communicates with primary motor area and thalamus to coordinate complex learned movements
69
Where is the location of the primary somatosensory area?
Postcentral gyrus in parietal lobe
70
What is the function of the primary somatosensory area?
Receives sensory impulses from sensory receptors responding to touch Temperature and Proprioception
71
What is the location of the primary visual area?
medial portion of the occipital lobe
72
What is the function of the primary visual area?
Nervous signals traveling along the optic nerve provide information about color, shape, and movement of visual stimuli
73
What is the location of the visual association area?
Occipital lobe | Anterior to primary visual area
74
What is the function of the visual association area?
Receives sensory impulses from the primary visual area for recognition of visual stimuli
75
What is the location of the primary auditory area?
Superior portion of the temporal lobe
76
What is the function of the primary auditory area?
Receives impulses arising from the vestibulocochlear nerve which provides information on the basic characteristics of sound
77
What is the location of the auditory association area?
Inferior and posterior to the primary auditory area on the temporal lobe
78
What is the function of the auditory association area?
Recognition of a particular sound as speech, music, or noise
79
What is the location of Wernicke's Area?
Temporal lobe, posterior to primary auditory area of the LEFT lobe
80
What is the function of Wernicke's Area?
Interprets the meaning of speech | Translates words into thoughts
81
What is the location of the motor speech (Broca's) area?
Frontal lobe on the left side
82
What is the function of the motor speech (Broca's) area?
Controls the activity of muscles of vocal cords to facilitate speech
83
Aphasia
A disorder that impairs a persons ability to process language but does not affect intelligence
84
What is the most common cause of aphasia?
Stroke
85
Describe brocas aphasia?
Non-fluent or expressive aphasia
86
Describe wernicke's aphasia
Fluent or receptive aphasia
87
Nucleus
Cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS
88
Ganglion
a cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS
89
Tract
a bundle of neurons in the CNS
90
Nerve
a bundle of axons in the PNS
91
Association tracts
axons conducting impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere
92
Commissural tracts
axons conducting impulses between corresponding gyri from one hemisphere to another
93
Three major commissures
corpus callosum anterior commissure posterior commissure
94
The right and left hemispheres communicate via the...
corpus callosum
95
Projection tracts
Axons conducting impulses to and from lower parts of the CNS
96
The basal nuclei
three clusters of cell bodies located deep in the cortex (cerebral gray matter)
97
What is the function of the basal nuclei
Help initiate and terminate movement Suppress unwanted movement Regulate muscle tone Control subconscious contraction of skeletal muscle
98
Three specific regions of the diencephalon
Epithalamus Thalamus Hypothalamus
99
Pineal gland
Epithalamus | Contributes to setting the biological clock
100
Habenular nuclei
Epithalamus | Involved in emotional responses to odors
101
What is the thalamus a relay station for?
Sensory information
102
What forms the walls of the 3rd ventricle?
Thalamus
103
What part of the diencephalon regulates body temperature, eating and drinking behavior, and other biological drives?
Hypothalamus
104
What part of the diencephalon is the main control center for visceral function?
Hypothalamus
105
What part of the diencephalon receives information from the cerebrum, brain stem, and spinal cord?
Hypothalamus
106
What part of the diencephalon regulates emotions?
Hypothalamus
107
What part of the diencephalon regulates diurnal rhythms with help from the pineal gland?
Hypothalamus
108
What gland excretes melatonin?
Pineal gland
109
What links the nervous system to the endocrine system?
hypothalamus
110
Limbic system
emotional brain
111
Emotional brain creates
``` Pleasure Pain Docility Affection Fear Anger ```
112
What constitutes the limbic system?
Structures on the inner border of the cerebrum and floor of the diencephalon
113
What is the limbic system important for?
Storage for storage and retrieval of memory
114
In the limbic system what plays a role in emotion?
Cingulate gyrus
115
In the limbic system what is involved in learning and memory?
Hippocampus
116
In the limbic system what is involved in emotion and memory?
Amygala
117
The cerebellum receives input from proprioceptors leading to...
the cerebellum coordinating movements
118
The cerebellum receives input from visual and equilibrium receptors leading to...
the cerebellum regulates posture and balance
119
What are the three regions of the brain stem?
Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata
120
What is the bridge between the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata?
Pons
121
What are the two centers for respiratory control in the pons?
Apneustic center | Pneumotaxic center
122
Apneustic center
controls depth of breathing
123
Pneumotaxic center
controls rate of breathing
124
What connects the brain to the spinal cord?
Medulla oblongata
125
What contains all nerve tracts going to or from the brain?
Medulla oblongata
126
Which does the cardiovascular center of the medulla oblongata control?
Heart rate Contractile force Blood pressure
127
The medulla oblongata has control of which vegetative functions?
Swallowing Coughing Sneezing Vomiting
128
What part of the brain is the superior colliculi?
Midbrain
129
Superior colliculi
Reflexes for certain visual activities and movements of the head and trunk in response to visual stimuli
130
Inferior colliculi
Part of the auditory pathway and startle reflex
131
What part of the brain is inferior colliculi?
Midbrain
132
What part of the brain is the substantia nigra?
Midbrain
133
What part of the brain is the red nucleus?
Midbrain
134
Substantia nigra
contains neurons that release dopamine to help control subconscious muscle
135
What is the loss of neurons in the substantia nigra associated with?
Parkinson's disease
136
Red nucleus
Helps control voluntary movements of limbs
137
The parasympathetic division of the nervous system is a branch of the...
Autonomic nervous system
138
The cranial nervous system is important for...
the integration and processing of information
139
Under normal conditions, compared to the rate CSF is produced the rate the CSF is recycled is....
equal to the rate of CSF production
140
Where do cervical nerves supply?
Pectoral girdle and upper limbs
141
Where do lumbar nerves supply?
Pelvis and lower limbs
142
Where is the conus medullaris found?
L2
143
Cauda equina
extension of nerves exiting from end of spinal cord
144
Filum terminale
Extension of pia mater that anchors the spinal cord to coccyx
145
Filum terminale
Extension of pia mater that anchors the spinal cord to coccyx
146
Reflex
a rapid automatic response to a stimulus
147
Reflex arc
the wiring of a particular reflex
148
Innate reflex
a reflex you are born with
149
Learned reflex
reflex acquired through experience
150
Sensory receptor
responds to a stimulus by producing a receptor potential
151
Sensory neuron
axon conducts impulses from receptor to integrating center
152
Integrating center
one or more regions within the CNS that relay impulses from sensory to motor neurons
153
The integrating center may or may not include a ...
interneuron
154
Motor neuron
axon conducts impulses from integrating center to effector
155
Effector
Muscle or gland that responds to motor nerve impulses
156
What is the purpose of the stretch reflex?
prevent injury from over-stretching a muscle
157
What is the result of the stretch reflex?
Contraction of the muscle that was stretched
158
During the stretch reflex, the stretch is sensed by...
muscle spindles
159
What is the purpose of the tendon reflex?
to prevent damage from development of too much tension in a muscle
160
What is the result of the tendon reflex?
Inhibition of the muscle that is contracting
161
In the tendon reflex, the tension is sensed by ...
golgi tendon organ
162
What is the purpose of the flexor reflex?
To protect the body part from further injury
163
What is the result of the flexor reflex?
Flexion of affected limb
164
During the flexor reflex, pain is sensed by....
nociceptors
165
What is the purpose of the crossed extensor reflex?
To stabilize body position when a painful stimulus results in flexion of opposite limb
166
What reflex is the crossed extensor reflex usually paired with?
The flexor reflex
167
What is the result of the crossed extensor reflex?
Extension of the opposite limb
168
During the crossed extensor reflex, pain is sensed by ...
nociceptors
169
Reflexes maintain homeostasis by...
responding to changes in the environment
170
Absent or impaired reflexes can indicate...
damage or disease
171
Where are spinal cord injuries most common?
Cervical Lower thoracic Lumbar
172
An injury in the spinal cord can cause...
paralysis
173
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
Repeated concussions
174
Contusion
Bruising in a specific area of the brain
175
Hematoma
Blood clot from ruptured vessel
176
Laceration in traumatic brain injury
Torn brain tissue
177
Large blood vessels ruptured from traumatic brain injury
Cerebral hematoma | Edema
178
What operates without conscious control via reflex arcs?
The autonomic nervous system
179
What is controlled by centers in the hypothalamus and brain stem?
The autonomic nervous system
180
What is the effector of the somatic nervous system?
skeletal muscle
181
What type of control falls under the somatic nervous system?
Voluntary
182
What are the effectors of the autonomic nervous system?
Cardiac muscle Smooth Muscle Glands
183
What type of control falls under the autonomic nervous system?
Involuntary
184
What part of the ANS prepares the body for stress?
sympathetic division
185
What part of the ANS creates the "fight or flight" response?
sympathetic divison
186
What part of the ANS promotes digestion and storage of nutrients
parasympathetic division
187
What part of the ANS controls the "rest and digest" response?
parasympathetic division
188
What is the goal of the sympathetic division of the ANS?
Increase mental alertness Increase energy availability Increase the body's ability to handle a stressor
189
What division of the ANS handles mobilization of fuels?
sympathetic
190
What division of the ANS handles redistribution of bloodflow?
sympathetic
191
What division of the ANS handles decrease in urinary output and digestive function?
sympathetic
192
What division of the ANS handles increase in heart rate and blood pressure?
sympathetic
193
What division of the ANS handles an increase in activity of sweat glands?
sympathetic
194
What division of the ANS handles an increase in diameter of bronchioles?
sympathetic
195
What division of the ANS handles the dilation of pupils?
sympathetic
196
What are the two things sympathetic preganglionic neurons release?
ACh | NE except at the sweat glands
197
What are the sympathetic motor pathways called?
Thoracolumbar
198
Where do preganglionic neurons begin in the sympathetic divison?
Thoracic and lumbar region of the spinal cord
199
In the sympathetic division the preganglionic neuron is ______ in length
short
200
In the sympathetic divison the postganglionic neuron is generally ______ in length
long
201
Most ganglia are located near the ...
spinal cord
202
Sympathetic trunk ganglia
paired ganglia near spinal cord
203
Postganglionic neuron innervates _______ ________ in the thoracic cavity
visceral organs
204
Prevertebral ganglia
unpaired ganglia anterior to vertebral bodies
205
What innervates abdominopelvic organs?
Postganglionic neurons
206
Adrenal medulla
acts as a modified sympathetic ganglion
207
Postganglionic neurons are short and release what into the blood stream?
norepinephrine and epinephrine
208
Epinephrine and norepinephrine (NE) are...
catecholamines
209
What is NE when it is released from sympathetic nerve endings?
Neurotransmitter
210
When NE is a neurotransmitter it...
acts directly at nearby tissues with short lived effects
211
When NE is released from the adrenal gland it is a ...
hormone
212
When NE is a hormone it is...
released into the blood stream for longer lasting effects
213
Epinephrine is always a...
hormone
214
What binds NE to epinephrine?
Adrenergic receptors
215
Where are α-adrenergic receptors found?
Smooth muscle or arterioles and bladder
216
What do α-adrenergic receptors result in?
result in constriction when activated
217
Where are β-adrenergic receptors found?
Heart Bronchioles Liver
218
What do β-adrenergic receptors do?
Cause an increase in metabolism
219
In the sympathetic division what binds ACh?
cholinergic receptors
220
What are the two types of cholinergic receptors?
Niotinic | Muscarinic
221
Where are nicotinic receptors found?
Dendrites and cell bodies of post ganglionic neurons and chromaffin cells
222
What do nictotinic receptors do?
Binding to ACh results in the excitement of postganglionic neurons
223
Where can muscarinic receptors be found?
Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Sweat glands
224
Muscarinic receptors binding to ACh ...
can be excitatory or inhibitory and produces various effects at target tissues
225
Sympathetic signaling is
thoracolumbar
226
Most sympathetic ganglia are located near
the spinal cord
227
NE is released at most
target organs/tissues
228
What is the only division that innervates the smooth muscle that surrounds blood vessels?
sympathetic division
229
What division has no direct control over blood flow?
parasympathetic
230
Chromaffin cells
Sympathetic postganglionic neurons that are specialized cells
231
What is the only division that innervates sweat glands?
sympathetic
232
What is the general goal of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
digestion of food and absorption of nutrients
233
What are the characteristics of the parasympathetic division?
``` Salivation Lacrimation Urination Digestion Defecation ```
234
What division of the ANS handles increased digestive enzyme/hormone secretion?
parasympathetic
235
What division of the ANS handles increased smooth muscle activity of the GI tract?
parasympathetic
236
What division of the ANS handles constriction of pupils for near vision?
parasympathetic
237
What division of the ANS handles a decreased heart rate, contractibility, and blood pressure?
parasympathetic
238
What division of the ANS handles contraction of muscular wall of bladder and intestine to promote urination and defacation?
parasympathetic
239
What division of the ANS handles increased secretion of lacrimal glands?
parasympathetic
240
In the parasympathetic division the preganglionic neuron is _______
very short
241
In the parasympathetic division the postganglionic neuron is _____
very short
242
In the parasympathetic division ACh is ....
always released at target organs/tissues
243
The motor pathway of the parasympathetic division is called...
craniosacral
244
In the parasympathetic division how many cranial nerves contain preganglionic neurons?
four
245
Where do cranial preganlionic neurons synapse?
Ciliary ganglion Pterygopalatine ganglion Submandibular ganglion Otic ganglion
246
In the parasympathetic motor pathway, postganglionic fibers exit ganglia called...
terminal ganglia
247
Cranial Nerves | Oculomotor (III)
Mixed cranial nerve | Responsible for eyeball movement and stimulation of the lacrimal gland
248
Cranial nerves | Facial (VII)
Mixed cranial nerve stimulates salivation
249
Cranial nerves | Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Mixed cranial nerve | Involved in swallowing and salivation
250
Cranial nerves | Vagus (X)
Mixed cranial nerve Carries 80% of parasympathetic outflow to heart, airways, liver, gallbladder, stomach, small intestine and part of the large intestine
251
All parasympathetic division receptors are...
cholinergic receptors
252
cholinergic receptors
respond to ACh
253
Nicotinic receptors can only generate...
excitatory post-synaptic potentials
254
Muscarinic receptors can generate...
excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) AND inhibitory post-synaptic potentials (IPSPs)
255
Syncope (fainting) is the transient loss of consciousness from...
low oxygen supply to brain
256
During syncope, the ability to maintain blood pressure creates...
hypotension which leads to insufficient cerebral perfusion
257
Syncope can be avoided by increasing circulation of the blood to the brain by...
Laying supine Elevating feet Contracting leg and arm muscles to bring blood back to the heart

PSIO201 (6 decks)

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